Overall Evidence Ranking

Grade Criteria

Grades summarize the evidence hierarchy from A to F. Within the same grade, higher scores appear first; verdicts without a score stay at the end of that grade.

Grade A · 6 verdicts

The evidence is relatively strong.

• A 92 Creatine (creatine monohydrate) x Strength and exercise performance
  Across many double-blind human RCTs and meta-analyses, creatine monohydrate consistently improves direct measures such as 1RM and repeated-performa... · View verdict →
• A 90 Plant sterols and stanols x Reduction in LDL cholesterol
  Replication across 59-124 RCTs, dose-response, and high-certainty evidence in a 2026 umbrella review support A with 90 points for the LDL-lowering... · View verdict →
• A 88 Oat beta-glucan x Blood cholesterol improvement (LDL-C and total cholesterol)
  Whether enough oat beta-glucan with preserved viscosity and molecular weight is consumed, usually at least 3 g/day, largely determines the effect;... · View verdict →
• A 88 Caffeine x Alertness and exercise performance
  Acute alertness/attention and exercise-performance effects of standalone caffeine are repeatedly positive in human RCTs and meta-analyses, but the... · View verdict →
• A 84 Psyllium husk (psyllium husk; dietary fiber from Plantago ovata/Plantago spp. seed husk) x Smooth bowel movements and improvement of blood cholesterol
  For bowel movements, there are RCT meta-analyses of direct markers such as bowel movement frequency and stool condition, and for cholesterol, singl... · View verdict →
• A 82 St. John's wort (St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum) x depression
  Short-term monotherapy evidence for mild-to-moderate depression is sufficient in RCTs and meta-analyses to view as A, but expansion to severe depre... · View verdict →

Grade B · 34 verdicts

Human evidence exists, but important limits remain.

• B 78 Whey protein (WPI/WPC) x Muscle and dieting
  Whey protein provides a small, consistent contribution to muscle/lean mass when resistance training and insufficient total protein are addressed, b... · View verdict →
• B 78 Lactase enzyme x Prevention of bloating and diarrhea from lactose intolerance
  The lactose-hydrolysis mechanism is A, but symptom relief is B because of small crossover trials and formulation variation, yielding B with 78 poin... · View verdict →
• B 76 Saffron (Crocus sativus) x depression and mood
  In clinical depression groups, short-term RCTs and meta-analyses are repeatedly positive, but small size, regional concentration, publication bias,... · View verdict →
• B 74 Cranberry (proanthocyanidins, PAC) x Urinary tract and bladder health: inhibition of harmful bacterial adhesion in the urinary tract and reduced risk of recurrent urinary tract infection
  There is clinical RCT and meta-analysis evidence for prevention of recurrent UTI, but broadening this to treatment of current cystitis or improveme... · View verdict →
• B 74 Potassium x Blood pressure
  Increased potassium intake has repeated RCT evidence for blood pressure reduction, but the reduction in clinical events in salt-substitution studie... · View verdict →
• B 74 Saccharomyces boulardii x Diarrhea, gut health
  For diarrhea prevention and shortening duration this is B; if broadened to general gut health, the evidence range is narrow. · View verdict →
• B 74 Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) x High-intensity exercise performance
  There are direct RCTs and synthesis evidence for short-duration high-intensity performance. · View verdict →
• B 72 Beet (red beet, beetroot juice/powder; inorganic nitrate NO3-) x Blood pressure and exercise performance
  Beet nitrate has real RCT/meta-analytic evidence for systolic blood pressure and some exercise-performance measures, but the effect is small and de... · View verdict →
• B 72 Fructooligosaccharides (FOS; prebiotics) x Gut health and smoother bowel movements
  Bowel frequency is a positive direct endpoint in RCTs/meta-analyses, but effects are modest and heterogeneous; beneficial-bacteria growth is a surr... · View verdict →
• B 72 Beta-alanine x Exercise performance (high-intensity and endurance)
  For high-intensity 1-4 minute performance, meta-analyses show a small positive effect, but the effect size and range of application are narrow. · View verdict →
• B 70 Peppermint oil (enteric-coated peppermint oil) x Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
  For IBS symptoms, there is positive direct RCT and meta-analysis evidence, so this is B. · View verdict →
• B 70 Vitamin D, bone-health axis x Calcium absorption, prevention of osteomalacia, and reduction of fracture risk
  Established correction of deficiency and fracture prevention through extra supplementation in nondeficient adults are different questions. · View verdict →
• B 68 L-carnitine x Body fat and dieting
  Human meta-analyses repeatedly show a small mean weight-loss signal of about 1 kg, but body-fat percentage, waist circumference, and large dieting... · View verdict →
• B 68 Ginger (gingerol) x digestion, anti-inflammatory effects, and nausea
  The nausea evidence is genuinely strong, but digestion is centered on surrogate markers and specific ingredients/combinations, while anti-inflammat... · View verdict →
• B 68 Tart cherry (Montmorency, Prunus cerasus) x improving sleep quality/sleep duration and post-exercise muscle recovery
  There are repeated signals for objective sleep indicators and post-exercise MVC recovery, but studies are small, heterogeneous, and often industry-... · View verdict →
• B 68 Berberine x Blood glucose, cholesterol, and lipids
  Evidence for improvement in blood glucose and lipid surrogate markers is repeated, but it is not evidence for prevention of clinical events, and co... · View verdict →
• B 66 Cinnamon (cinnamon; mainly cassia cinnamon/Ceylon cinnamon and cinnamon extract) x blood glucose
  Fasting glucose repeatedly shows a small decrease in short-term RCTs and meta-analyses, but HbA1c, diabetes prevention, and long-term clinical outc... · View verdict →
• B 66 Riboflavin (vitamin B2) x Migraine prevention
  When narrowed to adult 400 mg/day migraine prevention, it corresponds to B because there are direct symptom RCT and guideline evidence. · View verdict →
• B 65 Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v x Relief of IBS abdominal pain, gas, and bloating
  Five strain-specific RCTs have conflicting positive and null results, low certainty, industry influence, and short-term subjective outcomes, yieldi... · View verdict →
• B 64 Saffron extract, including affron, sleep-efficacy axis x Improvement of sleep onset and sleep quality
  Sleep-specific trials do exist, but mood and depression results should not be repurposed as sleep efficacy, and proprietary-ingredient concentratio... · View verdict →
• B 63 Complex extract including Cynanchum wilfordii (EstroG-100: Cynanchum wilfordii/Cynanchum, Phlomis umbrosa, and Angelica gigas complex) and pomegranate extract/pomegranate concentrate x Relief of menopausal symptoms in women
  Because there are multiple human symptom RCTs, the grade is B, but it is the lower end of B because Cynanchum wilfordii is a complex extract rather... · View verdict →
• B 62 Red yeast rice (monacolin K, red yeast rice) x Cholesterol improvement
  The LDL-C-lowering efficacy of red yeast rice standardized for monacolin K supports grade B, but greater than 120-fold content variation across mar... · View verdict →
• B 62 Avocado-soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) x Improvement of knee osteoarthritis pain and function
  Four placebo-controlled studies with 651 participants found small improvements in knee symptoms, but effect size, product specificity, and heteroge... · View verdict →
• B 62 Kava (Piper methysticum) x Relief of anxiety symptoms
  A significant small effect across double-blind RCTs coexists with later large negative trials, supporting the bottom of B with 62 points. · View verdict →
• B 61 Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) x stress and anxiety relief
  Human evidence exists but has limitations · View verdict →
• B 61 Lemon verbena extract (Aloysia citrodora) x Improvement of sleep quality and stress
  The independent 100-person trial and a separate 71-person trial support B for sleep, while null PSS results support C for stress; the overall grade... · View verdict →
• B 61 Glycerol supplement (glycerol, GlycerPump) x Fluid retention during exercise and improved endurance
  Independent trials and meta-analyses support fluid retention and a small performance benefit for high-dose pure-glycerol hyperhydration, but retail... · View verdict →
• B 60 Vitamin A (retinol/beta-carotene) x Eye health, night blindness, skin, and immunity
  Evidence for correcting deficiency and for night blindness and xerophthalmia corresponds to B, but claims of general eye, skin, and immune improvem... · View verdict →
• B 60 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) x PMS (premenstrual syndrome) and morning sickness
  Morning sickness is B based on direct symptom RCTs and ACOG recommendations, while PMS is a combined claim closer to C because of small studies and... · View verdict →
• B 60 Inulin (chicory-derived/chicory root) x Gut health, bowel movements, and blood glucose
  Bowel function is B; blood-glucose and lipid-number claims are separated as C. · View verdict →
• B 60 Zinc x Acne and skin
  There is evidence for direct clinical endpoints in acne lesion counts and severity, but it does not extend to claims about skin overall. · View verdict →
• B 60 Maqui berry extract (Aristotelia chilensis) x Improvement in dry eye and tear production
  Tear volume and patient symptoms were replicated across two placebo-controlled RCTs, but supplied-ingredient concentration and small samples result... · View verdict →
• B 60 Andrographis (Andrographis paniculata) x Reduction of common-cold symptoms and duration
  Symptom relief is B on the independent meta-analysis, while duration is C because of extreme heterogeneity and a day-3-only signal; the overall gra... · View verdict →
• B score not listed Low-molecular-weight collagen (collagen peptides) x Skin hydration and elasticity
  There are many human studies, but most were funded by companies that sell collagen · View verdict →

Grade C · 249 verdicts

The evidence is mixed or limited.

• C 59 Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) x Adjunctive support for intraocular pressure and glaucoma
  The intraocular-pressure surrogate is repeatedly positive, but total samples are small and clinical glaucoma-progression outcomes remain uncertain,... · View verdict →
• C 58 Folate/folic acid (vitamin B9) x Compound claims for anemia, pregnancy, and cardiovascular health
  Periconceptional neural-tube-defect prevention is A-grade, but advertising that bundles general anemia and cardiovascular prevention extends beyond... · View verdict →
• C 58 Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa/roselle) x Blood pressure
  Blood-pressure RCTs and meta-analyses are positive, but because this is a surrogate marker, it is upper-end C. · View verdict →
• C 58 Lavender oil (Silexan) x Anxiety
  The symptom-scale RCT signal for oral Silexan is strong, but the grade is C because of the rule for absence of independent replication. · View verdict →
• C 58 Chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus/chasteberry) x PMS and premenstrual syndrome
  There are direct symptom-scale RCT signals for PMS, but they are concentrated in specific standardized-extract/product studies. · View verdict →
• C 58 Olive leaf extract x Improvement in blood pressure
  A large RCT and meta-analyses show a blood-pressure reduction signal, but surrogate-marker status, formulation heterogeneity, and some negative tri... · View verdict →
• C 58 Siberian rhubarb extract (ERr 731) x Relief of menopausal hot flashes and symptoms
  The effect size is large, but absent independent replication and concerns about duplication, heterogeneity, and publication bias in the meta-analys... · View verdict →
• C 58 Blueberry concentrate x Improved memory and cognitive function
  Only two memory domains were meta-analytically positive, while other cognitive domains and the latest 24-week trial were null; industry concentrati... · View verdict →
• C 58 Okra extract (Abelmoschus esculentus) x Improvement in postprandial glucose and HbA1c
  Repeated positive signals exist for glycemic surrogates, but regional concentration, formulation heterogeneity, and low certainty yield C with 58 p... · View verdict →
• C 58 Tisochrysis lutea powder x Improvement of dry-eye symptoms and tear secretion
  The primary OSDI endpoint was positive, but objective measures were partial and no independent replication exists, resulting in C with 58 points. · View verdict →
• C 58 D-allulose (D-psicose) x Attenuation of postprandial glucose rise
  The acute postprandial signal has moderate certainty, but long-term HbA1c and fasting-glucose benefits are absent, resulting in C with 58 points. · View verdict →
• C 57 Chamomile (chamomile, Matricaria recutita/chamomilla) x Anxiety and sleep
  Anxiety remains at the level of a direct symptom-scale RCT signal, and sleep remains at the level of a small subjective-scale signal. · View verdict →
• C 57 Sage extract (Salvia officinalis/lavandulifolia) x Improvement of memory and attention
  Cognitive-task signals are repeated, but small acute trials, extract heterogeneity, and industry concentration result in C with 57 points. · View verdict →
• C 57 Stinging nettle root extract x Improvement of urinary symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia
  The large pooled IPSS effect combines heterogeneous formulations and comparators under very low certainty, while quality of life was null, supporti... · View verdict →
• C 57 Grape-skin enzymatic fermented extract (KL-GEFE) x Improvement of dry eye and tear-film measures
  One RCT found concurrent improvement in symptoms and tear-film measures, but it was a single developer-linked study, resulting in C with 57 points. · View verdict →
• C 56 Citrulline (L-citrulline, citrulline malate/malate) x Exercise performance and blood-flow/nitric-oxide-related support
  There is a small positive signal for high-intensity repetitions, but effects are small and aerobic/blood-flow evidence is inconsistent and surrogat... · View verdict →
• C 56 Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum/Reishi; beta-1,3/1,6-D-glucan and polysaccharides) x Immune function
  Human RCTs moved immune-cell surrogate markers, but direct clinical endpoints such as infection reduction or cancer survival have not been proven,... · View verdict →
• C 56 Colostrum (mainly bovine colostrum) x immunity and gut
  Reduction of upper-respiratory-infection symptoms is positive in small RCT meta-analyses, but broad general 'immune and gut health' claims broadly... · View verdict →
• C 56 NAC (N-acetylcysteine) x liver, respiratory health, and antioxidant effects
  Evidence for NAC reducing COPD/chronic-bronchitis exacerbations is acknowledged, but the core evidence for liver detox, antioxidant, and general lu... · View verdict →
• C 56 Inositol (myo-inositol/D-chiro-inositol) x PCOS, mood, and blood glucose
  There are PCOS metabolic-marker signals, but clinical efficacy, mood, and general glucose claims are low-certainty and surrogate-marker centered, s... · View verdict →
• C 56 Grape seed extract (proanthocyanidins/OPC) x Antioxidant, vascular, and edema effects
  Blood pressure shows a small positive signal, but the core antioxidant, vascular, and edema claims rely on surrogate markers and small/industry-fun... · View verdict →
• C 56 Yeast/mushroom beta-glucan x Immunity
  There are upper-respiratory-infection symptom signals, but raw-material heterogeneity, industry funding, and scope issues make this C. · View verdict →
• C 56 Centella asiatica extract powder x Maintenance of macular pigment density and eye health
  One randomized trial supports improved MPOD, but there are no visual-function or macular-degeneration prevention outcomes and no independent replic... · View verdict →
• C 56 Heukharang lettuce extract (Lactuca sativa) x Improved sleep quality and sleep onset
  One positive RCT covered subjective and objective sleep measures, but independent accumulation and sleep-onset evidence are insufficient, resulting... · View verdict →
• C 55 Lactium (milk protein hydrolysate, alpha-s1-casein-derived) x sleep and stress relief
  For sleep, there are standalone RCT signals, but they are centered on subjective diaries, with core questionnaires and PSG mixed; for stress, the e... · View verdict →
• C 55 Octacosanol x fatigue and endurance
  Endurance has small exercise-time signals, but fatigue is mainly inferred from surrogate indicators and exercise performance, and most studies are... · View verdict →
• C 55 Zinc x immunity and common cold
  Evidence for deficiency correction and high-dose lozenges shortening cold duration cannot be extended to cold prevention or immune strengthening by... · View verdict →
• C 55 Vitamin K2 (MK-7, menaquinone-7) x Bone health and vascular calcification/calcium metabolism
  Mechanism and some RCT signals exist, but bone findings for MK-7 alone are not robustly reproduced and vascular evidence is centered on CAC/valve i... · View verdict →
• C 55 Garlic (including allicin and aged garlic extract) x Blood pressure and cholesterol
  Blood pressure shows repeated small reductions in RCTs and meta-analyses of hypertensive groups, but cholesterol has a negative large independent R... · View verdict →
• C 55 Lion's mane mushroom (Lion's mane, Hericium erinaceus) x cognition, memory, and nerves
  Human RCT signals exist, but most studies are small, use inconsistent formulations, have conflicts of interest or insufficient independent replicat... · View verdict →
• C 55 Astaxanthin (astaxanthin, Haematococcus extract) x eye fatigue, skin health, and antioxidant effects
  Human RCTs and a skin meta-analysis exist, but most are small, short-term, industry-funded, and centered on surrogate markers, so C is the limit fo... · View verdict →
• C 55 Lactoferrin x Immune function, iron, and gut health
  Iron-anemia studies are relatively strong, but the bundled immune-iron-gut consumer claim lacks adult clinical consistency, standalone evidence, an... · View verdict →
• C 55 Hovenia dulcis fruit extract (HDE; hovenic acid) x Liver health and hangover
  Hangover has small human RCT signals, but liver health is centered on surrogate markers and animal evidence rather than human clinical outcomes, so... · View verdict →
• C 55 Artichoke leaf extract x Cholesterol, digestion, and liver
  This is a C judgment mixing blood-lipid and liver-enzyme surrogate markers with small evidence for digestive symptoms. · View verdict →
• C 55 Resistant maltodextrin (resistant maltodextrin/resistant dextrin) x Postprandial blood glucose, bowel movements, and triglycerides
  Postprandial blood glucose and triglycerides are numerical markers, so under the methodology rules it is difficult to go above C. · View verdict →
• C 55 Mulberry leaf extract (DNJ/1-deoxynojirimycin) x Postprandial blood glucose
  There is a signal of reduced postprandial glucose pIAUC in Lown 2017, but the maximum grade is C because it is a surrogate marker, and there is a c... · View verdict →
• C 55 Huperzine A (derived from club moss) x Memory and cognition
  There are small RCT signals in disease populations, but study quality and generalizability problems are substantial, so this is upper C. · View verdict →
• C 55 Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) x Gut health, bowel movements, IBS
  There are IBS and bowel-movement signals, but study-design and surrogate-marker limitations make this upper-end C. · View verdict →
• C 55 Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) x Improvement of constipation and stool frequency, and increased bifidobacteria
  Microbial change is consistent but surrogate, while the bowel clinical endpoint is mixed and industry-concentrated, resulting in C with 52 points. · View verdict →
• C 55 Rye grass pollen extract (Cernilton) x Improvement of urinary symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia
  Only the specific Cernilton preparation has self-rated symptom signals; urinary flow and residual volume were null, and the updated Cochrane record... · View verdict →
• C 55 PeakATP (oral adenosine triphosphate) x Improved strength and exercise performance
  A positive maximal-strength meta-analytic signal coexists with null repetitions, maximum power, and individual-trial outcomes, resulting in C with... · View verdict →
• C 55 Touchi extract (fermented soybean extract) x Suppression of postprandial blood glucose elevation
  Randomized human trials exist, but they are small and heavily concentrated within one commercial research program. · View verdict →
• C 54 Flaxseed (lignans, flaxseed) x menopausal symptoms (hot flashes/night sweats), gut health (constipation/bowel movements), cholesterol (LDL/total cholesterol)
  Flaxseed has human evidence for LDL/total cholesterol and constipation, but 'lignan relief of menopausal hot flashes' repeatedly failed to hold in... · View verdict →
• C 54 HMB (beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate) x Muscle mass, strength, and sarcopenia (older adults)
  There is a muscle-mass signal, but it does not consistently extend to functional improvement, so the claim for sarcopenia in older adults remains a... · View verdict →
• C 54 Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) x Stress, anxiety, and sleep
  There are anxiety and stress questionnaire signals, but the number of studies, sample sizes, and formulation heterogeneity are substantial, so the... · View verdict →
• C 54 Rosehip (Rosa canina) x Joints (osteoarthritis) and antioxidant
  There is a pain-reduction signal from a meta-analysis of 3 RCTs, but because of small scale, small effect, and lack of large independent replicatio... · View verdict →
• C 54 Quisqualis fruit extract powder (Combretum indicum) x Prostate health and improved urinary symptoms
  HU033 improved IPSS at 12 weeks, but objective measures were inconsistent and independent replication and clinical outcomes are absent, resulting i... · View verdict →
• C 54 Chrysanthemum zawadskii extract (GCWB106) x Joint and cartilage health and improvement of knee pain
  A randomized human trial exists, but its findings cannot be generalized to every Chrysanthemum product or to cartilage preservation. · View verdict →
• C 53 Elderberry (elderberry, Sambucus nigra) x Colds, influenza, and immunity
  There is a symptom-relief signal, but study size, independence, and the scope of claims are limited. · View verdict →
• C 52 Propolis x immunity/oral: general immune-function/cold-prevention claims and oral antibacterial/gum/plaque claims evaluated separately
  The core gap is whether short-term oral-indicator signals from formulations directly contacting the mouth can be expanded to immune strengthening o... · View verdict →
• C 52 GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid, oral) x Stress and sleep
  There is a signal for shortened sleep onset, but it is centered on small manufacturer-supported RCTs, and stress evidence is mainly HRV, hormone, a... · View verdict →
• C 52 BCAA (branched-chain amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, valine) x Muscle and exercise (muscle mass/strength/exercise performance, post-exercise recovery and muscle soreness)
  BCAA has some meta-analytic signals for short-term recovery markers such as muscle soreness and CK, but improved muscle mass, strength, and exercis... · View verdict →
• C 52 Kimchi-derived probiotics (plant-derived lactic acid bacteria) x gut health
  Gut-health signals are confined to specific strains or small kimchi-food studies, and independent replication, non-kimchi controls, and strain gene... · View verdict →
• C 52 Pycnogenol (French maritime pine bark extract) x Antioxidant, vascular, and skin effects
  Human RCTs and meta-analyses exist, but antioxidant, vascular, and skin claims are all centered on short-term surrogate markers, with limits in ind... · View verdict →
• C 52 Iodine x Thyroid function
  Evidence for correcting deficiency is established, but general thyroid-function-improvement supplementation claims in iodine-sufficient regions are... · View verdict →
• C 52 Bacopa monnieri (brahmi) x Memory and cognition
  Meta-analyses and small RCTs show signals, but there are no large confirmatory independent RCTs or clinical endpoints for preventing cognitive decl... · View verdict →
• C 52 Pomegranate (pomegranate) x Antioxidant, vascular, blood pressure, and skin effects
  Blood-pressure-number improvement is C; extending it to cardiovascular-event prevention or skin efficacy lacks evidence. · View verdict →
• C 52 Sulforaphane/broccoli sprout extract x Antioxidant, detoxification, and anticancer
  There are relatively large human biomarker RCTs, but because they are only surrogate markers, C is the limit. · View verdict →
• C 52 L-tyrosine x Stress, focus, and cognitive performance
  There is a signal for short-term cognitive-performance support in acute high-stress situations, but the scope of application is narrow, so the rati... · View verdict →
• C 52 Vitamin B1 (thiamine) x Fatigue and nerve function
  Evidence for deficiency correction is strong, but evidence for general fatigue and energy enhancement in non-deficient people is weak, so the gener... · View verdict →
• C 52 Holy basil (tulsi, Ocimum tenuiflorum) x Relief of stress and anxiety
  Two placebo-controlled trials were positive, but the key evidence is concentrated within one manufacturer group, resulting in C with 52 points. · View verdict →
• C 52 Fennel seed extract x Relief of menopausal symptoms
  Positive and null trials of overall menopausal-symptom scores coexist, producing limited and conflicting evidence rated C with 52 points. · View verdict →
• C 52 Artemisia annua extract powder x Liver protection and liver-function improvement
  The multicenter RCT was positive for liver enzymes, but one SPB-201 trial, surrogate endpoints, and no independent replication limit efficacy to C... · View verdict →
• C 52 Nicotinamide riboside (NR) x Increased NAD+ and healthy aging
  Blood NAD+ elevation is repeated, but healthspan-related clinical effects are inconsistent, resulting in C with 52 points. · View verdict →
• C 52 Enzymatically hydrolyzed Tremella fuciformis extract x Improvement of age-related cognitive function
  The positive 75-person RCT had 15 placebo versus 60 active participants and limitations in developer lineage, process identity, and replication, re... · View verdict →
• C 52 Gastrodia elata extract x Improvement of memory and cognitive function
  The positive 2025 standalone trial conflicts with an earlier overall-population null result and selective small-study findings, resulting in C with... · View verdict →
• C 50 B-complex vitamins x Fatigue
  In general fatigue without deficiency, the key limitation is that the evidence is not independently replicated proof of a B-vitamin-specific effect... · View verdict →
• C 50 Fucoidan (sulfated polysaccharides from brown algae such as sea mustard and kelp) x immune and anticancer claims
  Human RCTs exist, but positive signals are centered on surrogate or auxiliary endpoints such as NK activity, DCR, QOL, and fatigue, and there is no... · View verdict →
• C 50 Choline: choline bitartrate, phosphatidylcholine/lecithin, citicoline/CDP-choline, and alpha-GPC/choline alfoscerate x Liver health/fatty liver and cognition/memory
  Choline is essential for preventing deficiency, but advertised 'liver health plus memory' supplementation effects rely on small, surrogate, formula... · View verdict →
• C 50 Gelatin x Joints, skin, and hair
  Standalone gelatin clinical evidence is at a surrogate-marker level, while positive joint, skin, and hair RCTs mostly involve specific hydrolyzed c... · View verdict →
• C 50 Niacin (vitamin B3) x Cholesterol and lipids
  Niacin has grade A effects on lipid surrogate markers, but grade D evidence for cardiovascular-event prevention when added to statins and meaningfu... · View verdict →
• C 50 Alpha-GPC (alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine, choline alfoscerate) x Cognition and exercise performance
  The cognition evidence centers on patients and medicinal doses, while exercise-performance evidence is small, so health-functional-food claims are C. · View verdict →
• C 50 Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) x Male vitality and testosterone
  There is a testosterone surrogate-marker signal, but independent replication and clinical endpoints are weak, so the grade is C. · View verdict →
• C 50 Glycine x Sleep
  There are small RCT signals for 3 g before bedtime, but independent large-scale replication is lacking. · View verdict →
• C 50 Natural eggshell membrane (NEM) x Improvement of knee-joint pain, stiffness, and function
  A small average symptom improvement was pooled, but ingredient-company links and inconsistent primary endpoints place the evidence at C with 52 poi... · View verdict →
• C 50 Multi-enzyme digestive supplement x Improved digestion and bloating in the general population
  Functional-dyspepsia RCTs exist, but the products differ and their results cannot be attributed to all multi-enzyme supplements, supporting the upp... · View verdict →
• C 50 Ecklonia stolonifera extract x Liver health and liver-enzyme improvement
  The liver-enzyme result in one 12-week RCT was positive, but manufacturer linkage, small size, surrogate endpoints, and no independent replication... · View verdict →
• C 50 Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaf extract x Relief of tension caused by stress
  Two small RCTs provide signals on selected anxiety scales, but selective findings and limited replication result in C with 50 points. · View verdict →
• C 50 Fermented porcine placenta extract x Improvement of fatigue
  One RCT was positive for FSS and IL-1 beta, but the LG-linked HORUS material, per-protocol analysis, subgroup findings, and no independent replicat... · View verdict →
• C 50 L-arabinose x Attenuation of sucrose digestion and absorption and postprandial glucose control
  An acute co-ingestion effect exists for sucrose drinks, but mixed-meal and CGM findings are null and long-term evidence is absent, resulting in C w... · View verdict →
• C 50 MS-10 thistle complex x Relief of menopausal symptoms in women
  Human RCTs exist, but they are concentrated around one branded ingredient and its developer network, resulting in C with 50 points. · View verdict →
• C 50 Rice bran ethanolic extract x Improved sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and sleep onset
  Objective polysomnographic signals exist, but this was one supplier-linked two-week trial analyzing 42 participants, and PSQI was null, resulting i... · View verdict →
• C 50 EpiCor dried yeast fermentate x Reduction of cold and flu-like symptoms and immune support
  The evidence is product-specific, small, and industry-linked, and it mixes self-reported symptoms and immune surrogates rather than confirmed infec... · View verdict →
• C 50 Glycine x Improved sleep quality and daytime alertness when taken before bed
  Human randomized trials exist, but samples of only 7 to 19 participants, subjective outcomes, and concentration in an Ajinomoto-linked research net... · View verdict →
• C 49 L-theanine x sleep and tension relief
  The evidence is conflicting or limited · View verdict →
• C 49 Ecklonia cava extract (phlorotannins) x sleep
  The core is not perceived sleep improvement but a WASO reduction signal in a 1-week small PSG study, with insufficient total PSQI and independent r... · View verdict →
• C 49 Glutamine (L-glutamine) x Gut, exercise recovery, and immunity
  There are RCT signals for narrow gut symptoms such as IBS-D, but supplement claims bundling general gut health, exercise recovery, and immunity are... · View verdict →
• C 49 Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) x Cognition and diabetic neuropathy
  Human studies exist for both neuropathy and cognition, but certainty is low by Cochrane standards. · View verdict →
• C 49 AHCC (active hexose correlated compound; shiitake mycelial extract) x Immunity
  There are human signals, but general immunity claims do not go beyond surrogate markers and small product studies. · View verdict →
• C 49 SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) x Relief of depressive symptoms and antidepressant augmentation
  Monotherapy meta-analyses conflict and the latest augmentation estimate is negative, supporting C with 49 points. · View verdict →
• C 49 Polypodium leucotomos extract x Oral ultraviolet protection and erythema reduction
  The MED and sunburn signal in a 40-person RCT is a surrogate for clinical prevention, and a combination follow-up is not single-ingredient replicat... · View verdict →
• C 49 Black seed oil (Nigella sativa) x Combined improvement of blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids
  Signals of improvement in surrogate markers are repeated across three metabolic domains, but formulation and population heterogeneity and the absen... · View verdict →
• C 49 L-ornithine x Hangover and liver-fatigue improvement
  Small human signals exist for post-hangover and general fatigue, but they are not evidence of improved liver function and lack independent replicat... · View verdict →
• C 49 Persimmon-leaf ethanolic extract x Improvement of dry eye
  Several dry-eye measures were positive, but the evidence is one company-funded preprint centered on completer analysis, resulting in C with 54 points. · View verdict →
• C 48 Undenatured type II collagen (UC-II) x Joint pain, function, and flexibility
  Clinical symptom and function markers improve in several small RCTs and a limited meta-analysis, but key UC-II evidence is short-term, heavily indu... · View verdict →
• C 48 Curcumin (turmeric, curcumin/turmeric) x Anti-inflammatory and joint health
  Short-term relief of pain and functional impairment in knee osteoarthritis is supported at a B level by multiple RCTs and meta-analyses, but genera... · View verdict →
• C 48 Taurine x Fatigue and vitality
  For everyday fatigue, direct RCT evidence is insufficient and the representative direct fatigue RCT was negative; the small signal for exercise dur... · View verdict →
• C 48 Aloe (aloe vera; aloe gel/whole leaf/latex must be distinguished) x gut health, bowel movements, and skin health
  There are short-term RCT signals in disease groups for aloe gel and laxative action for aloe whole leaf/latex, but the evidence is small for speaki... · View verdict →
• C 48 Resveratrol x anti-aging and cardiovascular
  Anti-aging lacks human clinical endpoints for lifespan or delayed aging, and the SIRT1 meta-analysis was negative overall. Cardiovascular evidence... · View verdict →
• C 48 Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA, alpha-lipoic acid, thioctic acid) x antioxidant, blood glucose, and nerves
  There are signals for short-term improvement in diabetic nerve symptoms, but long-term neuroprotection and blood-glucose/antioxidant health effects... · View verdict →
• C 48 Melatonin x sleep
  There is relatively consistent clinical evidence for sleep rhythm and jet-lag adaptation, but universal sleep-improvement effects in general adult... · View verdict →
• C 48 Green coffee (chlorogenic acids; green coffee bean extract/chlorogenic acid) x Weight loss and body weight/body fat reduction
  Small short-term RCTs show a roughly 1 kg signal, but broader meta-analyses find unstable weight effects and the key large-loss advertising trial w... · View verdict →
• C 48 Quercetin x Allergy, antioxidant, and immune effects
  Allergy-symptom RCT signals exist, but they are small and formulation-specific; antioxidant evidence is surrogate-marker based and a large immune/c... · View verdict →
• C 48 Cocoa flavanols (cocoa polyphenols) x Cognitive function and vascular/blood-flow health
  Vascular outcomes show modest consistent signals in surrogate markers such as FMD and blood pressure, but clinical CVD primary endpoints were not m... · View verdict →
• C 48 Chlorella (chlorella) x Detoxification, immunity, and cholesterol
  There are signals for cholesterol and immune markers, but the detoxification claim has very weak human efficacy evidence. · View verdict →
• C 48 Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) x Testosterone, strength, blood glucose, and lactation
  Glucose markers are C, testosterone/strength is C-, and lactation is D/C-, so the combined whole is close to the lower end of C. · View verdict →
• C 48 Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) x Anxiety and sleep
  There are direct human RCTs, but most are small, and the sleep evidence in particular is short or centered on single studies. · View verdict →
• C 48 Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) x Improved bowel movements and increased bifidobacteria
  Increased bifidobacteria has been observed repeatedly but is a surrogate marker, while bowel improvement remains limited to small, short trials, su... · View verdict →
• C 48 Pygeum (African plum tree bark extract) x Improvement of urinary symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia
  A positive pooled signal remains, but the evidence consists of old, short, small, low-quality trials without modern large independent replication,... · View verdict →
• C 48 Red clover isoflavones x Relief of menopausal hot flashes and night sweats
  A null 252-person large trial and Cochrane synthesis conflict with a modestly positive 2026 meta-analysis, resulting in C with 48 points. · View verdict →
• C 48 Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) x Improvement of menopausal symptoms and female sexual function
  RCTs of 70, 80, and 135 participants exist, but eight-week duration, multiple self-reported endpoints, commercial-ingredient concentration, and no... · View verdict →
• C 48 Pelargonium sidoides (EPs 7630) x Improvement of acute common-cold and bronchitis symptoms and recovery time
  Repeated placebo-controlled positives make D too low, but low certainty and null independent co-primary endpoints preclude B, resulting in C with 4... · View verdict →
• C 48 Lactobacillus-fermented kelp extract x Liver function and liver-marker improvement
  A four-week, 48-person RCT of a specific fermented ingredient found a liver-enzyme signal, but evidence is limited to one manufacturer-linked surro... · View verdict →
• C 48 Wild green oat extract (Neuravena) x Improvement of stress, mood, and focus
  There are signals for acute focus tasks and stress in a special setting, but the chronic cognition trial was negative and proprietary-industry conc... · View verdict →
• C 48 Lespedeza cuneata extract powder x Improved male climacteric symptoms
  Only AMS and ADAM were positive in one Naturalway-linked trial, with null objective outcomes and no standalone replication, resulting in C with 48... · View verdict →
• C 48 Phosphatidic acid (PA) x Increased muscle mass and strength during resistance training
  Positive and null RCTs coexist and each trial is very small, resulting in a low C with 48 points. · View verdict →
• C 48 Lilium lancifolium extract powder x Improvement of joint discomfort and function
  A human trial prevents an unknown rating, but the finding is not established for Lilium products generally without independent replication. · View verdict →
• C 48 Evening primrose seed extract (PGG) x Attenuation of postprandial blood-glucose rise
  A human trial means the evidence is not unknown, but a single manufacturer product and postprandial surrogate outcome limit it to C with 48 points. · View verdict →
• C 47 Ingredients claimed to express aquaporin (AQP3). Representative: glyceryl glucoside. Ingredients that are claimed together but whose cited evidence does not confirm AQP3/skin-moisture matching (such as resurrection plant, aloe, trimethylglycine, etc.) are separated as “claimed but evidence not matched.” x Skin moisture
  Evidence is conflicting or limited · based on topical (cosmetic) use · oral use lacks evidence · View verdict →
• C 47 Schisandra chinensis (schisandra) x Fatigue, liver, and antioxidant effects
  For fatigue, liver, and antioxidant claims, human RCT signals exist, but they center on surrogate markers such as strength, lactate, ALT/AST, and o... · View verdict →
• C 47 L-tryptophan x Sleep and mood
  Sleep signals are small, and mood evidence is insufficient by Cochrane standards, so the grade is C. · View verdict →
• C 47 PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone) x Energy and cognition
  Positive results on objective cognitive tests were repeated, but all trials were manufacturer-linked and there is no independent replication. In th... · View verdict →
• C 47 Devil's claw root (Harpagophytum procumbens) x Relief of osteoarthritis and low-back pain
  Specific low-back-pain preparations have short-term signals, but osteoarthritis evidence is weaker and the overall literature is old and heterogene... · View verdict →
• C 47 Apple cider vinegar x Improvement of postprandial glucose, HbA1c, and body weight
  Glycemic surrogate-marker signals are highly heterogeneous, the vinegar study has an ingredient-attribution limit, and the large-effect weight pape... · View verdict →
• C 47 Purple corn cob and husk extract powder x Improvement of dry eyes
  A human trial was conducted, but no public literature permits independent verification of its results, resulting in C with 47 points. · View verdict →
• C 46 Low-molecular-weight collagen (hydrolyzed collagen peptides) x claims of superior absorption rate and molecular weight
  The evidence is conflicting or limited · View verdict →
• C 46 Maca (maca; Lepidium meyenii, including gelatinized maca powder/black maca) x Vitality and male function (sexual desire, erectile function, late-onset hypogonadism symptoms, sperm parameters)
  There are small RCT signals for sexual desire, erection, and late-onset hypogonadism symptoms, but sperm, testosterone, and exercise vitality are u... · View verdict →
• C 46 Soy isoflavones (soy isoflavones; genistein, daidzein, glycitein, etc.) x Menopausal symptoms in women, especially vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes/night sweats
  There are small and heterogeneous RCT signals for hot flashes, but when broadened to menopausal symptoms overall, independent RCTs and recent meta-... · View verdict →
• C 46 Selenium x Antioxidant and immune function
  Selenium supplementation can move some antioxidant and immune surrogate markers in people with low selenium status, but consistent independent RCT... · View verdict →
• C 46 Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea) x Fatigue and stress
  Positive RCTs exist, but most are small, tied to specific standardized extracts and products, and a rigorous independent RCT was negative, so indep... · View verdict →
• C 46 Cordyceps (including C. militaris, C. sinensis/Cs-4, and Cordyceps mycelium culture extract) x Vitality, immunity, and exercise
  For immunity, NK/IgA surrogate markers are positive but URI reduction failed; exercise/vitality evidence is small, combination-product, and mixed,... · View verdict →
• C 46 Bilberry extract (anthocyanins/anthocyanosides) x eye fatigue, eye health, vision/night vision, and dry-eye-related claims
  Eye fatigue has surrogate-marker signals from industry-funded small RCTs, but improvement of vision and night vision is not supported by more direc... · View verdict →
• C 46 Chromium (mainly chromium picolinate) x blood-glucose management and dieting/weight loss
  Glycemic markers show some improvement signals but weak consistency and clinical meaning, and dieting effects are limited to low-certainty signals... · View verdict →
• C 46 Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) x Fatigue and anemia
  There is evidence for B12-deficiency anemia, but fatigue-recovery claims in normal B12 status are negative or insufficient. · View verdict →
• C 46 Betaine (TMG, trimethylglycine) x Exercise performance and homocysteine
  Homocysteine is a positive surrogate marker, while exercise performance evidence is small and inconsistent, so the representative judgment is C. · View verdict →
• C 46 Proteoglycan (from salmon nasal cartilage) x Skin and joints
  The positive skin results come from small manufacturer-linked trials without independent replication, while the full-cohort joint clinical endpoint... · View verdict →
• C 46 Sophora japonica fruit extract x Menopausal women’s health and improvement in the Kupperman Index
  One developer-linked 87-person RCT of a sophoricoside-standardized fruit extract found only a borderline symptom signal, resulting in C with 46 poi... · View verdict →
• C 45 Heat-killed lactic acid bacteria (postbiotics, paraprobiotics, heat-treated cultured bacterial cells) x Superiority claim that they are clinically better than live probiotics
  Delivery to the intestine, high counts, and storage stability are only surrogate logic for clinical efficacy superiority, and the effects of heat-k... · View verdict →
• C 45 Noni (noni, Morinda citrifolia) x Anti-inflammatory and cure-all-style claims
  The core leap is extending ingredient/animal mechanisms and smoker surrogate markers into perceived or disease effects described as 'removing infla... · View verdict →
• C 45 Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (Ginkgo biloba; flavonoid glycosides and terpenoids/terpene lactones) x Memory, cognition, and blood circulation
  Large independent RCTs are negative for healthy people, MCI, and dementia prevention, and only limited signals for short-term symptoms in diagnosed... · View verdict →
• C 45 Phosphatidylserine (PS) x Cognition, memory, and concentration
  There is a small positive meta signal in the memory domain, but current plant-based PS alone has negative independent RCTs, and positive evidence i... · View verdict →
• C 45 Calcium (supplement) x Bone health, maintenance of bone mineral density, and fracture prevention
  Bone mineral density rises slightly, but it is a surrogate marker; for fracture prevention, independent large RCTs and recent meta-analyses do not... · View verdict →
• C 45 Bromelain (pineapple enzyme) x Digestive support and relief of inflammation/edema
  Digestive efficacy lacks standalone human proof, and inflammation evidence is small, heterogeneous, and surrogate-marker centered, so broad adverti... · View verdict →
• C 45 Ecdysterone (ecdysterone/turkesterone) x Muscle and strength
  Ecdysterone is C, and turkesterone is separated because separate human evidence is absent. · View verdict →
• C 45 White kidney bean extract (Phaseolus vulgaris) x Inhibition of carbohydrate absorption and weight loss
  Mechanistic postprandial markers and small weight-loss signals exist, but an independent negative meta-analysis, product dependence, and industry c... · View verdict →
• C 45 Butyrate salts (butyrate) x IBS abdominal pain and bloating, and improved intestinal barrier
  IBS symptom results mix selected positive findings with negative key adult symptoms, while the intestinal-barrier claim has a D character because i... · View verdict →
• C 45 Perilla leaf extract x Eye-fatigue relief
  Small brief studies found an accommodation signal, but independent replication and clinical symptom data are insufficient, resulting in C with 45 p... · View verdict →
• C 45 Whole coffee fruit extract (NeuroFactor/CognatiQ) x Improvement in BDNF, focus, and memory
  There are signals for BDNF and some brief cognitive tests, but manufacturer concentration, small samples, and selective test findings yield C with... · View verdict →
• C 45 Korean black raspberry extract powder (individually recognized ingredient No. 2010-62) x Improvement of alcoholic liver-injury markers
  A human application trial of No. 2010-62 at 3,150 mg/day exists, but manufacturer-specific liver-enzyme surrogate evidence without independent repl... · View verdict →
• C 45 Larch arabinogalactan x Reduction of colds and upper respiratory infections and immune enhancement
  A small clinical signal and surrogate findings such as prebiotic or vaccine-antibody changes should not be combined into established prevention of... · View verdict →
• C 44 Krill oil (phospholipid omega-3) x superior absorption and blood markers versus omega-3
  Repeatedly positive lipid-marker meta-analyses make grade C more appropriate than D, but small studies, product variation, conflicting findings, an... · View verdict →
• C 44 Elastin (hydrolyzed elastin peptides) x skin elasticity and wrinkles
  The evidence is conflicting or limited · View verdict →
• C 44 Manuka honey (MGO/UMF) x Stomach health, Helicobacter pylori, GERD symptoms, and immunity
  There is test-tube antibacterial activity and a small positive GERD pilot, but the H. pylori human trial failed and there is no human immune eviden... · View verdict →
• C 44 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) x sleep and anxiety
  For sleep, there is a subjective improvement signal, but objective/quantitative indicators and independent large RCTs are inconsistent; for anxiety... · View verdict →
• C 44 Nopal/prickly pear cactus (Opuntia, prickly pear, nopal) x Blood glucose, weight loss, and cholesterol
  There are human signals, but most are small, acute, and surrogate-marker studies, so the grade is C. · View verdict →
• C 44 Keratin (oral keratin) x Hair and nails
  There is an RCT signal for a specific ingredient, but the evidence is manufacturer- and product-specific. · View verdict →
• C 44 African mango (Irvingia gabonensis) x Weight and body fat
  There are positive RCTs, but they are concentrated in specific extracts such as IGOB131 and in a same-author research line. · View verdict →
• C 44 Bergamot polyphenolic fraction x Improvement in LDL and triglycerides
  Positive lipid signals are repeated, but dependence on manufacturers and formulations, study quality, and surrogate-marker limitations are substant... · View verdict →
• C 44 Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract x Reduction of blood glucose and sugar cravings
  Design and heterogeneity limitations in glycemic studies and short, conflicting craving trials result in C with 43 points. · View verdict →
• C 44 Choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid x Improvement in skin elasticity and wrinkles, hair, and nails
  Evidence is limited to skin-roughness and hair-cross-sectional-area surrogates in manufacturer-supported ch-OSA-specific trials, resulting in C wit... · View verdict →
• C 44 Sea buckthorn oil (Hippophae rhamnoides) x Dry-eye symptoms and tear-film improvement
  A single manufacturer-linked RCT showed limited signals in selected endpoints alongside many null endpoints, resulting in C with 44 points. · View verdict →
• C 44 Sesamin (sesame lignan) x Lipids and blood pressure, and fatty liver and liver enzymes
  Sesamin-only RCTs show limited lipid and blood-pressure surrogate signals, resulting in C with 44 points, while fatty liver and liver enzymes remai... · View verdict →
• C 44 L-lysine x Relief of stress and anxiety
  The closest single-ingredient evidence is a fortified-food trial in a low-intake population, while the 108- and 29-person trials used lysine plus a... · View verdict →
• C 44 Chlorophyllin (distinct from liquid chlorophyll) x Body-odor reduction and detoxification
  Human trials evaluated chlorophyllin rather than liquid chlorophyll; general odor is D, the aflatoxin surrogate is C, and general detoxification is... · View verdict →
• C 44 Royal jelly x Fatigue recovery and increased vitality
  Mixed fatigue results in special patient groups and an 18-person exercise trial result in C with 44 points. · View verdict →
• C 44 White willow bark extract x Relief of osteoarthritis pain
  Evidence for S. alba alone is essentially absent, while a positive 78-person trial and a negative 127-person trial of other Salix species conflict,... · View verdict →
• C 44 Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) x Improvement in female pattern hair loss and hair growth
  Only the hair-cycle ratio was positive in one RCT, while hair count and thickness were negative; age imbalance and no replication result in C with... · View verdict →
• C 44 Theacrine (TeaCrine) x Improvement of alertness, energy, and fatigue
  Small subjective alertness signals exist, but independent replication is weak and objective performance is repeatedly null, resulting in C with 44... · View verdict →
• C 43 Multivitamin/multimineral x General health, fatigue, and disease prevention
  Deficiency correction is a separate issue; consistent clinical evidence does not support healthy adults' general health, fatigue, and disease-preve... · View verdict →
• C 43 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) x Mood, appetite, and sleep
  The serotonin-precursor mechanism is plausible, but the clinical evidence is small and old, so the grade is C. · View verdict →
• C 43 Aronia (aronia/chokeberry) x Antioxidant, blood pressure, and vascular effects
  Human signals are mostly surrogate markers such as blood pressure, oxidative markers, and lipids, and the studies are small. · View verdict →
• C 43 Eleuthero/Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) x Fatigue, stress, and exercise
  Human studies exist, but they are small, conflicting, and centered on subgroup signals, so the grade is C. · View verdict →
• C 43 Goji berry (wolfberry, Lycium barbarum/goji berry) x Eye, fatigue, immunity, antioxidant
  Eye and antioxidant signals are mostly surrogate markers, and direct clinical evidence for fatigue and immunity is weak, so this is C. · View verdict →
• C 43 Lycopene x Cardiovascular, prostate
  Because the evidence is centered on surrogate markers and observational studies, this is lower-end C. · View verdict →
• C 43 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) x Skin and collagen production
  The fact that it is an essential nutrient is strong, but the evidence for skin efficacy of general supplements is centered on surrogate markers. · View verdict →
• C 43 Grains of paradise extract (Aframomum melegueta) x Brown-fat activation, increased energy expenditure, and body-fat reduction
  Human trials exist, but evidence remains limited to BAT and energy-expenditure surrogates and manufacturer-linked short-term body-composition resul... · View verdict →
• C 43 Resistant starch x Improvement of insulin sensitivity and fasting glucose
  There are many RCTs, but pooled findings conflict and all outcomes are surrogate markers, resulting in C with 48 points. · View verdict →
• C 43 Pumpkin seed oil x Improvement of urinary symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia and male androgenetic alopecia
  Oil signals exist for urinary symptoms and hair count, but after excluding GRANU misattribution, evidence is small and product-specific, supporting... · View verdict →
• C 43 Shilajit x Improvement of testosterone, sperm, and fatigue
  Hormone surrogates, uncontrolled sperm data, and a strength-subgroup signal are concentrated on a manufacturer ingredient, resulting in C with 43 p... · View verdict →
• C 43 Urolithin A x Improvement of mitochondrial function, muscle endurance, and age-related muscle function
  Considering together the signals in some endurance measures and biomarkers, repeated negative primary functional endpoints, and concentration of ma... · View verdict →
• C 43 Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) x Improvement in fatty liver and liver enzymes
  There are data from a pharmaceutical formulation in a specific cholestatic disease and from small metabolic surrogate studies, but no direct fatty-... · View verdict →
• C 43 Gardenia-derived crocetin x Improvement of eye fatigue and accommodation
  Only one positive small manufacturer-linked crossover trial is available, resulting in C with 43 points. · View verdict →
• C 43 Diindolylmethane (DIM) x Estrogen balance and PMS improvement
  Specific estrogen metabolites change, but the clinical meaning of 'balance' is unestablished and no human PMS trial exists, resulting in C with 43... · View verdict →
• C 43 L-carnosine x Anti-glycation and slowing aging
  A few surrogate anti-glycation signals coexist with later null findings, and there is no clinical aging endpoint, resulting in C with 43 points. · View verdict →
• C 42 Arginine (L-arginine) x fatigue and vitality
  The core assumption is that blood-flow, ammonia, and exercise-performance surrogate indicators lead to perceived fatigue and everyday vitality, but... · View verdict →
• C 42 Spirulina and chlorella x Detoxification and immunity
  For detoxification, the evidence relies on specific toxic exposures and body-concentration surrogate markers; for immunity, it relies on NK/cytokin... · View verdict →
• C 42 Barley sprout (young barley shoot; Hordeum vulgare L. young barley leaf/sprout) x Diet and liver
  The liver RCTs are centered on oxidative-stress surrogate markers and show no difference versus placebo in liver fat or liver enzymes, while diet l... · View verdict →
• C 42 Iron (for non-deficient ordinary people) x Fatigue
  The positive evidence comes from correcting deficiency or low ferritin, and cannot be directly extrapolated to fatigue improvement in non-deficient... · View verdict →
• C 42 Chaga mushroom (Chaga, Inonotus obliquus/Fuscoporia obliqua) x Immune-function enhancement and anticancer/cancer-prevention or adjunct claims
  For anticancer claims there is no human cancer clinical evidence, and immune evidence is mainly small, surrogate-marker, and manufacturer-report ba... · View verdict →
• C 42 Balloon flower root (Platycodon grandiflorus, platycodin/platycodin D-series saponins) x bronchial health, cough, and phlegm
  There is no RCT showing that balloon flower root/platycodin alone reduces cough or phlegm in humans; evidence remains preclinical, surrogate-marker... · View verdict →
• C 42 Chitosan, including chitosan derivatives/polyglucosamine x Fat absorption inhibition and body fat/body weight reduction
  Overall meta-analyses show a small weight difference of about 1 kg, but higher-quality/larger RCTs and human fecal fat excretion studies weaken bot... · View verdict →
• C 42 Moringa (Moringa oleifera) x Nutrition, blood glucose, antioxidant, and cholesterol
  The nutrient content is close to factual, but efficacy for blood glucose, antioxidant effects, and cholesterol is at the small-study and surrogate-... · View verdict →
• C 42 Gamma-oryzanol (derived from rice bran) x Cholesterol, menopause, autonomic nervous system
  Human studies exist, but surrogates and old subjective ratings predominate, and direct exercise and hormone RCT evidence was largely null. · View verdict →
• C 42 Capsinoids (capsiate) x Thermogenesis and body-fat reduction
  A thermogenic surrogate signal exists, but the 2021 meta-analysis pooled ingredient classes and the representative RCT was negative for body weight... · View verdict →
• C 42 Uridine monophosphate (UMP) x Memory, cognition, and synaptic health
  A positive memory result from one manufacturer trial, together with limitations from surrogate and combination evidence, results in C with 42 points. · View verdict →
• C 42 Milk basic protein (MBP) x Maintenance of bone mineral density and suppression of bone resorption
  Small manufacturer-linked positive trials, a negative BMD result in the larger independent trial, and absence of fracture data support C with 42 po... · View verdict →
• C 42 Licorice glycyrrhizin x Improvement in hepatitis and liver enzymes
  C applies only to the ALT surrogate with intravenous SNMC and does not extend to ordinary oral licorice or antiviral efficacy, resulting in C with... · View verdict →
• C 42 Modified citrus pectin x Heavy-metal elimination and detoxification
  Only uncontrolled excretion-surrogate signals exist for the specific low-molecular-weight PectaSol product, so they cannot be generalized to generi... · View verdict →
• C 42 NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride) x Improved chronic fatigue
  Monotherapy trials conflict and later positive evidence uses a combination, resulting in C with 43 points. · View verdict →
• C 42 L-serine x Improvement in sleep quality and nighttime awakenings
  Subjective sleep scores were positive, but objective nighttime awakenings showed only a trend and there is no independent replication, yielding C w... · View verdict →
• C 42 Dried Tetraselmis chuii powder x Improvement of dry eye and tear secretion
  A human study exists in the regulatory dossier, but its results cannot be independently checked in public, resulting in C with 42 points. · View verdict →
• C 42 Clinoptilolite zeolite x Heavy-metal adsorption and systemic detoxification
  One sponsored RCT supports reduced intestinal uptake of simultaneously ingested lead, but removal of stored metals and systemic detoxification are... · View verdict →
• C 42 Bentonite clay x Gut cleansing and systemic toxin removal
  Reduction of aflatoxin absorption has been repeated with a specific refined material, but gut cleansing and general systemic detoxification remain... · View verdict →
• C 42 Aster glehni extract powder x Improvement of age-related cognitive decline
  The existence of a human trial is supported, but publicly verifiable cognitive results and independent replication are lacking, resulting in C with... · View verdict →
• C 42 Astragalus membranaceus extract x Immune enhancement and infection prevention
  The existence of a human immune-surrogate trial is not proof of a clinical infection-prevention outcome. · View verdict →
• C 41 Shiitake mushroom (lentinan, Lentinula edodes/lentinan) x Immunity, anticancer
  Immunity is based on surrogate markers, and anticancer evidence is in an adjunctive-therapy context, so this is C or lower, at the lower end of C. · View verdict →
• C 41 Picrorhiza kurroa (kutki) extract x Improvement in liver function and liver enzymes
  A single 33-person RCT provides a liver-biochemistry signal, but it is old and unreplicated, resulting in C with 41 points. · View verdict →
• C 41 Honeyberry extract powder x Protection from liver injury associated with metabolic abnormalities
  The existence of a human trial is confirmed through regulatory documentation, but publicly verifiable results and independent replication are absen... · View verdict →
• C 40 ABC juice (apple, beet, carrot) and cabbage juice x Stomach health and detoxification
  The key issue is whether classic ulcer healing, surrogate markers such as liver enzymes, and mechanistic plausibility can be directly connected to... · View verdict →
• C 40 Cassia seed (Cassia obtusifolia/Senna obtusifolia seed) x Eyes, constipation
  Constipation is plausible mechanistically, so this is lower-end C; the eye claim lacks evidence. · View verdict →
• C 40 Celery seed extract (Apium graveolens seed extract, 3nB) x Blood pressure
  This is a single small-study signal on the blood-pressure surrogate marker, so it is lower-end C. · View verdict →
• C 40 Boron x Bones, joints, and hormones
  For joints, the evidence is a calcium fructoborate pilot signal; for testosterone, it is an n=8 short-term surrogate-marker study, so this is at th... · View verdict →
• C 40 Squalene (from shark/olive sources) x Skin and immunity
  Human intervention studies exist, but they lack placebo controls and involve unrealistic high doses, surrogate outcomes, and inconsistent reporting. · View verdict →
• C 40 Hops (Humulus lupulus) x Sleep and anxiety
  There are more combination-product and food studies than sleep evidence for hops alone. · View verdict →
• C 40 Fucoxanthin x Reduction in body weight and abdominal fat
  Positive findings are concentrated in a combination product and a 33-participant ingredient-company trial, while the 37-participant direct trial wa... · View verdict →
• C 40 Hesperidin x Improvement of blood pressure, endothelial function, and venous circulation
  Pooled blood-pressure results were negative, FMD findings conflict, and venous evidence cannot be attributed to the single ingredient, placing the... · View verdict →
• C 40 Alpha-cyclodextrin x Improvement of postprandial triglycerides, LDL, and body weight
  Only the acute postprandial-triglyceride signal is C; the six-month LDL and weight results were negative and have a D character, yielding an overal... · View verdict →
• C 40 Salacia reticulata/oblonga extract x Suppression of the postprandial glucose rise
  An acute postprandial surrogate signal exists, but the species mismatch and negative long-term FPG and HbA1c place the judgment at the lower end of... · View verdict →
• C 40 Mastic gum (Pistacia lentiscus) x Functional dyspepsia and Helicobacter suppression
  Functional dyspepsia is C on one producer-supported RCT, while Helicobacter eradication is D after negative and nonsignificant results, yielding an... · View verdict →
• C 40 Fisetin x Senolytic activity and healthspan extension
  Human senescence-marker evidence is limited and there are no healthspan or lifespan data, resulting in an overall C with 40 points. · View verdict →
• C 40 Ergothioneine x Antioxidant effects and healthy aging
  Absorption and some exploratory cognitive and neuronal-injury signals exist, but antioxidant biomarkers and the primary endpoint of the larger tria... · View verdict →
• C 40 D-ribose x Improved fatigue in chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia
  The CFS and fibromyalgia evidence is limited to uncontrolled self-report, while a 17-person healthy-adult crossover trial was null, resulting in C... · View verdict →
• C 40 DMAE (dimethylaminoethanol) x Improvement in memory and focus
  Memory was negative in a direct Alzheimer's trial, but focus was positive in two small double-blind or placebo-controlled trials, resulting in C wi... · View verdict →
• C 40 Vanadyl sulfate x Improvement in insulin sensitivity and blood glucose
  Very small short-term before-and-after surrogate signals and the absence of rigorous controlled trials result in C with 41 points. · View verdict →
• C 40 Calcium D-glucarate x Enhanced liver detoxification and toxin elimination
  The beta-glucuronidase mechanistic surrogate was positive in a Phase I human trial, but actual liver-detoxification and toxin-elimination efficacy... · View verdict →
• C 40 Cycloastragenol (TA-65) x Telomerase activation and telomere maintenance
  An industry-linked signal for a telomere surrogate exists, but dose consistency and functional aging outcomes are absent, resulting in C with 40 po... · View verdict →
• C 40 Cantaloupe melon SOD-gliadin complex (GliSODin) x Antioxidant effects and reduced oxidative stress
  A small positive trial coexists with two null trials in product-specific surrogate evidence, resulting in C with 40 points. · View verdict →
• C 40 Molecular hydrogen-generating tablets x Reduced oxidative stress and anti-aging effects
  Tablet evidence is nearly limited to one 40-person pilot, and the mixed-formulation meta-analysis cannot be attributed to tablets, resulting in C w... · View verdict →
• C 40 American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) x Relief of anxiety and tension
  A small early positive signal coexists with a later null result on the main anxiety scale, resulting in C with 40 points. · View verdict →
• C 40 DL-phenylalanine (DLPA) x Improvement of depressive symptoms and mood
  A positive open study and no difference in an active-comparator trial are limited by no placebo, 33% attrition, and no replication, resulting in C... · View verdict →
• C 40 Fermented amino acid complex x Fatigue reduction during endurance exercise
  Public clinical data and independent replication for the specific composition are sparse, while general BCAA endurance findings are inconsistent, r... · View verdict →
• C 40 Germinated fermented soybean extract x Relief of menopausal symptoms in women
  Regulatory registration and trial preregistration confirm that a human study exists, but efficacy magnitude and reliability cannot be verified with... · View verdict →
• C score not listed Glutathione (oral) x Whitening and skin tone
  There are small studies, but they conflict with one another, and no study has ever shown the full path through to "it becomes brighter because you... · View verdict →
• C score not listed Probiotics (lactic acid bacteria, specific strains) x Body-fat reduction and dieting
  The evidence is conflicting or limited · View verdict →
• C score not listed Red ginseng (ginsenosides) x immune enhancement
  The evidence is conflicting or limited. · View verdict →
• C score not listed Milk thistle (silymarin) x liver health and fatigue improvement
  The evidence is conflicting or limited. · View verdict →
• C score not listed Lutein and zeaxanthin x macular health and eye health
  The evidence is conflicting or limited. · View verdict →
• C score not listed Omega-3 (EPA/DHA) x cardiovascular and blood-flow improvement
  The evidence is conflicting or limited. · View verdict →
• C score not listed Probiotics (lactic acid bacteria) x gut health and improved bowel movements
  The evidence is conflicting or limited. · View verdict →
• C score not listed Vitamin D x immunity and prevention of acute respiratory infections
  The evidence is conflicting or limited. · View verdict →
• C score not listed Green-lipped mussel oil (New Zealand green-lipped mussel) x joint pain relief
  The evidence is conflicting or limited. · View verdict →
• C score not listed Boswellia serrata (frankincense) x joint inflammation and pain relief
  The evidence is conflicting or limited. · View verdict →
• C score not listed Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone/ubiquinol) x antioxidant and blood-pressure improvement
  The evidence is conflicting or limited. · View verdict →
• C score not listed Banaba leaf extract (corosolic acid) x postprandial blood-glucose improvement
  The evidence is conflicting or limited. · View verdict →
• C score not listed Spinach extract (thylakoids) x appetite suppression and weight management
  The evidence is conflicting or limited · View verdict →
• C score not listed Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) x skin and hair-loss improvement
  The evidence is conflicting or limited · View verdict →
• C score not listed Oral hyaluronic acid x skin moisturization
  The evidence is conflicting or limited · View verdict →
• C score not listed Oral ceramides (rice- and wheat-derived) x skin moisturization and barrier
  The evidence is conflicting or limited · View verdict →
• C score not listed Collagen (hydrolyzed/UC-II) x joint and bone health
  The evidence is conflicting or limited · View verdict →

Grade D · 38 verdicts

Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials.

• D 38 Echinacea (echinacea) x Cold prevention and treatment
  Cochrane summarized the prevention signal as small and the treatment effect as unclear, and large independent RCTs did not produce clear differences. · View verdict →
• D 38 Acai berry (Euterpe oleracea) x Antioxidant and anti-aging
  The human data consist only of surrogate markers, and there are no clinical endpoints for anti-aging or health benefits, so the rating is D with 38... · View verdict →
• D 36 Pueraria root (kudzu root, Pueraria/kudzu, puerarin) x Menopause and hangover
  For Pueraria root, evidence for menopause and hangover efficacy is insufficient and graded D because species confusion and indirect endpoints are m... · View verdict →
• D 35 Chondroitin (chondroitin, mainly chondroitin sulfate) x Claims for joint and cartilage health, improvement of osteoarthritis pain and function, and maintenance of joint space
  The mechanism that the ingredient is a cartilage component, absorption rate, and surrogate markers such as joint space width do not directly transl... · View verdict →
• D 35 Probiotics (specific strains) x Atopic dermatitis and eczema
  The key evidence for the treatment claim remains at symptom and QoL no-difference findings and a SCORAD difference below the MCID. · View verdict →
• D 35 Kanna extract (Sceletium tortuosum) x Relief of stress and anxiety
  Pooled randomized anxiety results were null, while positive evidence is confined to tiny surrogate studies, resulting in D with 35 points. · View verdict →
• D 34 Nattokinase (nattokinase, fibrinolytic enzyme derived from Bacillus subtilis natto) x Blood clots and blood circulation
  There are coagulation and peripheral-blood-flow surrogate-marker signals from small short-term studies, but clinical effects on thrombosis and bloo... · View verdict →
• D 34 Glucomannan (konjac) x Weight loss and satiety
  Weight-loss signals are small in short-term, small adult studies, but meta-analyses are inconsistent and an independent adult RCT found null primar... · View verdict →
• D 34 Mistletoe (Viscum album) x Immunity, blood pressure, and anticancer effects (adjunctive therapy)
  Anticancer survival and blood-pressure claims have not been confirmed, and the quality-of-life signal also has major methodological controversy, so... · View verdict →
• D 33 Black cohosh (black cohosh, Cimicifuga/Actaea racemosa) x Menopausal symptoms (hot flashes)
  The primary results from high-quality independent trials are weak, and there is a liver-safety issue. · View verdict →
• D 32 Omega-3 (EPA/DHA) x Dry eye disease
  Because the primary endpoint in an independent large RCT was null, this is D. · View verdict →
• D 32 Dandelion (Taraxacum) x Liver, diuretic effect, and digestion
  Human evidence is at the pilot level, and liver, digestion, and detox claims are centered on preclinical evidence and traditional use, so the grade... · View verdict →
• D 32 Zinc x Prostate, sperm, and male reproduction
  For prostate, sperm, and fertility efficacy in general men, the null result of a large RCT supports a D grade. · View verdict →
• D 32 Medium-chain triglyceride oil x Improved endurance and exercise energy
  Fuel metabolism can change, but actual endurance-performance improvement is mostly unreproduced, resulting in D with 32 points. · View verdict →
• D 31 Coleus forskohlii extract (forskolin) x Reduction of body fat and body weight
  Small RCTs repeatedly found no significant placebo-adjusted weight loss, while the positive body-fat result is limited to one small male trial, sup... · View verdict →
• D 30 Spermidine x Aging, autophagy, and cognition
  The memory signal from the initial 3-month pilot was not reproduced in the N=100, 12-month follow-up trial, and aging and autophagy lack clinical-e... · View verdict →
• D 30 Phosphatidylcholine/lecithin x Cognition and liver
  Cognitive efficacy leans toward no benefit in a Cochrane RCT review, but because the judgment is not centered on harm, it is D with 30 points. · View verdict →
• D 30 Pterostilbene x Antioxidant effects and healthspan extension
  The direct human antioxidant trial was null and no healthspan evidence exists, resulting in D with 30 points. · View verdict →
• D 29 Hawthorn leaf and flower extract x Improvement in chronic-heart-failure symptoms, exercise capacity, and blood pressure
  Direct negative HERB and SPICE results on modern standard therapy set the central heart-failure claim at D; lower-C blood-pressure evidence does no... · View verdict →
• D 28 Exogenous ketone salts (BHB salts) x Improved endurance and exercise energy
  A rise in blood ketones is a biomarker endpoint, distinct from the exercise-performance outcome consumers seek. · View verdict →
• D 27 Wild yam extract x Menopausal symptoms and a 'natural progesterone' effect
  The direct human trial was null for both symptoms and progesterone, while evidence depends on one small trial, supporting D with 27 points. · View verdict →
• D 27 Cilantro leaf extract x Heavy-metal elimination and detoxification
  Widely cited evidence comes from animals and laboratory systems, while the identified 32-person controlled human trial was negative for lead elimin... · View verdict →
• D 27 Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) x Prevention of gray hair and restoration of hair color
  Only old uncontrolled combination observations are available, with no monotherapy controlled trial, resulting in D with 27 points. · View verdict →
• D 25 Chanca piedra (Phyllanthus niruri) x Liver protection and detoxification
  Core liver outcomes were null in two direct RCTs, with only one secondary liver-stiffness signal remaining, resulting in D with 25 points. · View verdict →
• D 24 Raspberry ketone x Body fat and dieting
  Direct human evidence for the body-fat claim is nearly absent by the single-ingredient standard. · View verdict →
• D 22 D-mannose x Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection
  The independent 598-person placebo-controlled trial and subsequent null RCT meta-analysis receive more weight than the early unblinded positive res... · View verdict →
• D score not listed Policosanol (sugarcane-derived) x LDL cholesterol improvement
  Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials. · View verdict →
• D score not listed Garcinia cambogia (HCA) x body fat and body weight reduction
  Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials. · View verdict →
• D score not listed Biotin (vitamin B7) x hair-loss improvement and hair growth
  Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials. · View verdict →
• D score not listed Magnesium x sleep improvement and eye-twitching relief
  Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials. · View verdict →
• D score not listed Glucosamine x joint (knee) pain and function improvement
  Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials. · View verdict →
• D score not listed MSM (methylsulfonylmethane) x joint pain and function improvement
  Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials. · View verdict →
• D score not listed Bitter melon / Jerusalem artichoke (inulin) x blood-glucose control
  Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials. · View verdict →
• D score not listed Cissus quadrangularis x body weight and body fat reduction
  Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials. · View verdict →
• D score not listed CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) x body fat reduction
  Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials. · View verdict →
• D score not listed Green tea catechins (EGCG) x body-fat reduction
  Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials · View verdict →
• D score not listed Brewer’s yeast x hair-loss relief and hair
  Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials · View verdict →
• D score not listed NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) x anti-aging and NAD+ increase
  Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials · View verdict →

Grade F · 10 verdicts

No effect has been repeatedly confirmed.

• F 15 Evening primrose oil (gamma-linolenic acid, GLA; in the domestic market often advertised together with GLA-containing oils such as borage oil and blackcurrant oil) x PMS (discomfort due to premenstrual changes) and skin (immune hypersensitivity/atopic dermatitis, dryness, itching)
  For skin/atopy, 27 Cochrane RCTs were null versus placebo; for PMS, EPO-alone RCTs were generally null, and positive PMS evidence is from a GLA com... · View verdict →
• F 15 Deer velvet antler x Improved physical performance and exercise recovery
  Repeated null sports-performance RCTs and unconvincing isolated positive signals result in F with 15 points. · View verdict →
• F 14 Tribulus terrestris (Tribulus terrestris) x Male vitality, testosterone, and exercise performance
  The core advertising claims of increased testosterone and improved exercise performance lean null in repeated RCTs. · View verdict →
• F 12 High-dose vitamin C (megadose; ascorbic acid, oral/IV separated) x cold prevention and anticancer claims (cold occurrence prevention, cold treatment/duration shortening, cancer prevention, cancer treatment/adjuvant therapy separated by efficacy)
  When oral megadose, high-dose IV, cell experiments, and special cold/exercise subgroups are separated, the core clinical endpoints for general cold... · View verdict →
• F 12 Shark cartilage x Joints and anticancer effects
  Because the core anticancer claim was null in a large RCT, this is close to F. · View verdict →
• F 12 D-aspartic acid x Increase in testosterone and muscle
  Multiple controlled trials repeatedly refute benefits for testosterone, muscle, and strength, supporting F with 12 points. · View verdict →
• F 12 Colloidal silver x Infection prevention and enhanced immunity
  Regulators did not recognize disease-treatment or prevention efficacy, and intranasal chronic-rhinosinusitis trials found no significant improvemen... · View verdict →
• F 10 Vitamin E (high-dose alpha-tocopherol; mainly d-alpha or dl-alpha-tocopherol/acetate, including products of 400 IU or higher) x Antioxidant and cardiovascular health/cardiovascular disease prevention
  High-dose alpha-tocopherol has a plausible antioxidant mechanism, but large RCTs and meta-analyses repeatedly show no benefit on primary cardiovasc... · View verdict →
• F 8 Inosine x Improved endurance and exercise performance
  No benefit was repeated across different endurance and anaerobic tests, with some performance worsening, resulting in F with 8 points. · View verdict →
• F score not listed Saw palmetto x prostate health (urination) and hair-loss relief
  No effect has been repeatedly confirmed · View verdict →

Grade ? · 26 verdicts

Judgment deferred.

• ? score not listed Achyranthes root x Joints
  No direct human joint trial of single-ingredient Achyranthes was identified, and combination results are not attributable to Achyranthes alone. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Horny goat weed (Epimedium species, icariin) x Improvement of erectile function and libido
  Human absorption has been studied, but there is no human trial from which to judge erectile function or libido efficacy, supporting ?. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed L-cystine x Improvement in diffuse hair loss and hair growth
  Combination evidence prevents attribution to L-cystine alone; the rating is indeterminate. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Millet seed extract (Panicum miliaceum) x Reduction in hair loss and hair growth
  Combination evidence prevents attribution to single-ingredient millet seed extract alone; the rating is indeterminate. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Apigenin x Sleep quality and tension relief
  There is no human efficacy trial of isolated apigenin for the stated effects, so the grade is ? and the score is null. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Magnolia bark extract (honokiol and magnolol) x Improvement of anxiety, stress, and sleep
  There is no direct single-ingredient human efficacy trial and only combination-product results, so the grade is ? and the score is null. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Dihydromyricetin (DHM) x Hangover prevention and relief
  A purified-DHM RCT exists in NAFLD, but no monotherapy RCT exists for hangover, so the hangover claim remains ?. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Artemisia capillaris extract x Liver detoxification and hangover improvement
  After separating species, formulations, and multi-herb formulas, no human efficacy literature remains for A. capillaris alone in liver detoxificati... · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Chrysanthemum flower (Chrysanthemum indicum) x Eye-fatigue relief and vision protection
  Kan 2020 tested a C. morifolium combination, and no oral monotherapy RCT exists for C. indicum, so the grade is ?. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) x Eye-fatigue relief and vision protection
  Eye-drop studies exist, but there is no efficacy literature for oral eyebright on the target outcomes, so the grade is ?. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Calcium alpha-ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG) x Reduction in biological age and lifespan extension
  Human efficacy results for Ca-AKG alone are absent, so the biological-age and lifespan claims remain ungraded. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Activated charcoal capsules x Systemic toxin removal and detoxification
  Gastrointestinal adsorption soon after an acute ingestion and routine systemic detoxification are different claims, and the latter has no human eff... · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Fadogia agrestis x Increased testosterone and male vitality
  There is no human efficacy literature and only rodent evidence, so the grade is ? and no score is assigned. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Damiana (Turnera diffusa) x Improved libido and sexual function
  There is no human monotherapy efficacy literature and only combination evidence, so the grade is ? and no score is assigned. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Jujube seed (Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa) x Improvement in insomnia and sleep quality
  Jujube-seed-containing formulas have a C-level signal, but the absence of human efficacy literature for the seed alone makes the grade unknown. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) x Improvement in sleep onset and sleep quality
  There is no single-ingredient human efficacy literature, and identified results concern only valerian combinations, so the grade is unknown. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Strontium citrate x Increased bone mineral density and fracture prevention
  A combination-product DXA signal in 11 participants per group lacks component attribution and valid measurement interpretation, while citrate-alone... · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Luteolin x Senolytic action and inhibition of neurological aging
  No direct human efficacy trial was identified, so the grade is ? and there is no score. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean) x Improvement of dopamine and mood
  Trials exist for Parkinson motor response to an L-DOPA source, but there is no human literature directly evaluating dopamine or mood in the general... · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Lithium orotate x Mood stabilization and anxiety relief
  Brain exposure is possible, but there are no controlled efficacy data for mood stabilization or anxiety relief, resulting in a question-mark grade. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Irish sea moss (Chondrus crispus) x Thyroid, immune, and general health
  Iodine-content and animal data exist, but no direct human trial tested the target benefits, resulting in a question-mark grade. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Monolaurin (glycerol monolaurate) x Antibacterial, antiviral, and immune support
  Strong in vitro signals and a null topical RCT exist, but oral infection and immune efficacy literature does not, resulting in a question-mark grade. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Yohimbe bark extract (Pausinystalia johimbe) x Improved erectile function and libido
  Drug evidence for yohimbine cannot be transferred to inconsistently dosed yohimbe bark supplements, and no direct clinical trial exists, resulting... · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Cistanche tubulosa extract x Improvement of testosterone and sexual function
  There is no ingredient-only human efficacy literature for testosterone or sexual function, so the grade is ? and the score is null. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Wild lettuce extract (Lactuca virosa) x Sedation, sleep onset, and restful sleep
  No standalone human sleep-efficacy literature was identified, so the rating is unknown; preclinical evidence was not forced into a D rating. · View verdict →
• ? score not listed Slippery elm bark (Ulmus rubra) x Soothing acid reflux, heartburn, and a sensitive gut
  No standalone human GERD or IBS efficacy literature was identified and only combination studies were found, so the rating is unknown with no score. · View verdict →