Each thumbnail is an SVG file that can be referenced directly on the web. The same citation block appears on each verdict page.
001 · Oral low-molecular-weight collagen × skin hydration and elasticity
Verdict 001 · Evidence Grade B · 9 cited sources
There are many human studies, but most were funded by companies that sell collagen
002 · Oral glutathione × whitening
Verdict 002 · Evidence Grade C · 9 cited sources
There are small studies, but they conflict with one another, and no study has ever shown the full path through to "it becomes brighter because you take it orally"
003 · Probiotics × dieting and body-fat reduction
Verdict 003 · Evidence Grade C · 8 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
004 · Red ginseng x immunity
Verdict 004 · Evidence Grade C · 7 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
005 · Milk thistle (silymarin) x liver health and fatigue
Verdict 005 · Evidence Grade C · 8 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
006 · Lutein and zeaxanthin x eye health (macula)
Verdict 006 · Evidence Grade C · 8 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
007 · Policosanol x cholesterol
Verdict 007 · Evidence Grade D · 8 cited sources
Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials.
008 · Garcinia (HCA) x body fat reduction
Verdict 008 · Evidence Grade D · 9 cited sources
Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials.
009 · Biotin x hair loss and hair
Verdict 009 · Evidence Grade D · 8 cited sources
Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials.
010 · Omega-3 x blood flow and cardiovascular health
Verdict 010 · Evidence Grade C · 5 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
011 · Probiotics x gut health and bowel movements
Verdict 011 · Evidence Grade C · 8 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
012 · Vitamin D x immunity and cold prevention
Verdict 012 · Evidence Grade C · 6 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
013 · Magnesium x sleep and eye twitching
Verdict 013 · Evidence Grade D · 6 cited sources
Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials.
014 · Glucosamine x joint pain
Verdict 014 · Evidence Grade D · 7 cited sources
Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials.
015 · MSM x joints
Verdict 015 · Evidence Grade D · 6 cited sources
Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials.
016 · Green-lipped mussel x joints
Verdict 016 · Evidence Grade C · 8 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
017 · Boswellia x joint inflammation
Verdict 017 · Evidence Grade C · 7 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
018 · Krill oil x 'better absorbed than omega-3' claim
Verdict 018 · Evidence Grade C · 44 · 9 cited sources
Positive human evidence exists for lipid markers, but it is limited by small studies, product variation, and conflicting findings.
019 · Coenzyme Q10 x antioxidant and blood pressure
Verdict 019 · Evidence Grade C · 7 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
020 · Banaba leaf (corosolic acid) x blood glucose
Verdict 020 · Evidence Grade C · 7 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
021 · Bitter melon and Jerusalem artichoke x blood glucose
Verdict 021 · Evidence Grade D · 7 cited sources
Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials.
022 · Cissus x diet
Verdict 022 · Evidence Grade D · 7 cited sources
Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials.
023 · CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) x body fat
Verdict 023 · Evidence Grade D · 7 cited sources
Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials.
024 · Green tea catechins x body fat
Verdict 024 · Evidence Grade D · 8 cited sources
Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials
025 · Spinach extract (thylakoids) x appetite suppression
Verdict 025 · Evidence Grade C · 7 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
026 · Saw palmetto x prostate and hair loss
Verdict 026 · Evidence Grade F · 7 cited sources
No effect has been repeatedly confirmed
027 · Brewer’s yeast x hair loss
Verdict 027 · Evidence Grade D · 6 cited sources
Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials
028 · Pantothenic acid x skin and hair loss
Verdict 028 · Evidence Grade C · 6 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
029 · Oral hyaluronic acid x skin moisturization
Verdict 029 · Evidence Grade C · 7 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
030 · Oral ceramides x skin barrier
Verdict 030 · Evidence Grade C · 5 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
031 · NMN x anti-aging
Verdict 031 · Evidence Grade D · 7 cited sources
Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials
032 · Collagen x joints and bone
Verdict 032 · Evidence Grade C · 8 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
033 · Elastin x skin elasticity and wrinkles
Verdict 033 · Evidence Grade C · 44 · 7 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
034 · Low-molecular collagen “absorption rate” x molecular-weight marketing
Verdict 034 · Evidence Grade C · 46 · 5 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
035 · Ashwagandha x stress and cortisol
Verdict 035 · Evidence Grade B · 61 · 9 cited sources
Human evidence exists but has limitations
036 · L-theanine x sleep and tension relief
Verdict 036 · Evidence Grade C · 49 · 8 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
037 · Lactium x sleep and stress relief
Verdict 037 · Evidence Grade C · 55 · 13 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
038 · Ecklonia cava extract x sleep
Verdict 038 · Evidence Grade C · 49 · 11 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
039 · Arginine x fatigue and vitality
Verdict 039 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 9 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
040 · Octacosanol x fatigue and endurance
Verdict 040 · Evidence Grade C · 55 · 10 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
041 · Propolis x immunity/oral: general immune-function/cold-prevention claims and oral antibacterial/gum/plaque claims evaluated separately
Verdict 041 · Evidence Grade C · 52 · 9 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
042 · Zinc x immunity and common cold
Verdict 042 · Evidence Grade C · 55 · 12 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
043 · High-dose vitamin C x cold prevention and anticancer claims (cold occurrence prevention, cold treatment/duration shortening, cancer prevention, cancer treatment/adjuvant therapy separated by efficacy)
Verdict 043 · Evidence Grade F · 12 · 16 cited sources
No effect has been repeatedly confirmed
044 · Heat-killed lactic acid bacteria x superiority claim that they are clinically better than live probiotics
Verdict 044 · Evidence Grade C · 45 · 4 cited sources
Evidence is conflicting or limited
045 · Chondroitin x claims for joint and cartilage health, improvement of osteoarthritis pain and function, and maintenance of joint space
Verdict 045 · Evidence Grade D · 35 · 9 cited sources
Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials
046 · Spirulina and chlorella x detoxification and immunity
Verdict 046 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 9 cited sources
Evidence is conflicting or limited
047 · Noni x anti-inflammatory and cure-all-style claims
Verdict 047 · Evidence Grade C · 45 · 12 cited sources
Evidence is conflicting or limited
048 · Barley sprout x diet and liver
Verdict 048 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 8 cited sources
Evidence is conflicting or limited
049 · ABC juice x stomach health and detoxification
Verdict 049 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 10 cited sources
Evidence is conflicting or limited
050 · Iron x fatigue
Verdict 050 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 12 cited sources
Evidence is conflicting or limited
051 · Aquaporin x skin moisture
Verdict 051 · Evidence Grade C · 47 · 6 cited sources
Evidence is conflicting or limited · based on topical (cosmetic) use · oral use lacks evidence
052 · Ginkgo biloba leaf extract x memory, cognition, and blood circulation
Verdict 052 · Evidence Grade C · 45 · 11 cited sources
Evidence is conflicting or limited
053 · Complex extract including Cynanchum wilfordii x relief of menopausal symptoms in women
Verdict 053 · Evidence Grade B · 63 · 14 cited sources
There is human evidence, but it has limitations
054 · Red yeast rice x cholesterol improvement
Verdict 054 · Evidence Grade B · 62 · 16 cited sources
LDL-C-lowering evidence is strong for standardized preparations, but product variation and safety must be judged separately.
055 · Nattokinase x blood clots and blood circulation
Verdict 055 · Evidence Grade D · 34 · 12 cited sources
Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials
056 · Maca x vitality and male function (sexual desire, erectile function, late-onset hypogonadism symptoms, sperm parameters)
Verdict 056 · Evidence Grade C · 46 · 10 cited sources
Evidence is conflicting or limited
057 · Evening primrose oil x PMS (discomfort due to premenstrual changes) and skin (immune hypersensitivity/atopic dermatitis, dryness, itching)
Verdict 057 · Evidence Grade F · 15 · 11 cited sources
No effect has been repeatedly confirmed
058 · Cranberry x urinary tract and bladder health: inhibition of harmful bacterial adhesion in the urinary tract and reduced risk of recurrent urinary tract infection
Verdict 058 · Evidence Grade B · 74 · 15 cited sources
There is human evidence, but it has limitations
059 · Undenatured type II collagen x joint pain, function, and flexibility
Verdict 059 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 8 cited sources
Evidence is conflicting or limited
060 · GABA x stress and sleep
Verdict 060 · Evidence Grade C · 52 · 10 cited sources
Evidence is conflicting or limited
061 · Phosphatidylserine x cognition, memory, and concentration
Verdict 061 · Evidence Grade C · 45 · 10 cited sources
Evidence is conflicting or limited
062 · Psyllium husk x smooth bowel movements and improvement of blood cholesterol
Verdict 062 · Evidence Grade A · 84 · 15 cited sources
Evidence is relatively strong
063 · Soy isoflavones x menopausal symptoms in women, especially vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes/night sweats
Verdict 063 · Evidence Grade C · 46 · 8 cited sources
Evidence is conflicting or limited
064 · Curcumin (turmeric, curcumin/turmeric) × anti-inflammatory and joint health
Verdict 064 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 12 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
065 · Creatine (creatine monohydrate) × strength and exercise performance
Verdict 065 · Evidence Grade A · 92 · 7 cited sources
The evidence is relatively strong.
066 · L-carnitine × body fat and dieting
Verdict 066 · Evidence Grade B · 68 · 11 cited sources
Human evidence exists, but it has limitations.
067 · Taurine × fatigue and vitality
Verdict 067 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 10 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
068 · B-complex vitamins × fatigue
Verdict 068 · Evidence Grade C · 50 · 9 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
069 · Calcium (supplement) × bone health, maintenance of bone mineral density, and fracture prevention
Verdict 069 · Evidence Grade C · 45 · 15 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
070 · Vitamin E (high-dose alpha-tocopherol; mainly d-alpha or dl-alpha-tocopherol/acetate, including products of 400 IU or higher) × antioxidant and cardiovascular health/cardiovascular disease prevention
Verdict 070 · Evidence Grade F · 10 · 12 cited sources
Repeated evidence has confirmed no effect.
071 · Selenium × antioxidant and immune function
Verdict 071 · Evidence Grade C · 46 · 9 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
072 · Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea) × fatigue and stress
Verdict 072 · Evidence Grade C · 46 · 10 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
073 · Vitamin K2 (MK-7, menaquinone-7) × bone health and vascular calcification/calcium metabolism
Verdict 073 · Evidence Grade C · 55 · 8 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
074 · Whey protein (WPI/WPC) × muscle and dieting
Verdict 074 · Evidence Grade B · 78 · 12 cited sources
Human evidence exists, but it has limitations.
075 · Manuka honey (MGO/UMF) × stomach health, Helicobacter pylori, GERD symptoms, and immunity
Verdict 075 · Evidence Grade C · 44 · 9 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
076 · Garlic × blood pressure and cholesterol
Verdict 076 · Evidence Grade C · 55 · 13 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
077 · Beet × blood pressure and exercise performance
Verdict 077 · Evidence Grade B · 72 · 8 cited sources
Human evidence exists, but it has limitations.
078 · Citrulline × exercise performance and blood-flow/nitric-oxide-related support
Verdict 078 · Evidence Grade C · 56 · 8 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
079 · BCAA × muscle and exercise (muscle mass/strength/exercise performance, post-exercise recovery and muscle soreness)
Verdict 079 · Evidence Grade C · 52 · 6 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
080 · Glutamine × gut, exercise recovery, and immunity
Verdict 080 · Evidence Grade C · 49 · 8 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
081 · Chaga mushroom × immune-function enhancement and anticancer/cancer-prevention or adjunct claims
Verdict 081 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 11 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
082 · Reishi mushroom × immune function
Verdict 082 · Evidence Grade C · 56 · 11 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
083 · Cordyceps × vitality, immunity, and exercise
Verdict 083 · Evidence Grade C · 46 · 11 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
084 · Lion's mane mushroom × cognition, memory, and nerves
Verdict 084 · Evidence Grade C · 55 · 9 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
085 · Ginger × digestion, anti-inflammatory effects, and nausea
Verdict 085 · Evidence Grade B · 68 · 14 cited sources
Human evidence exists but has limitations
086 · Aloe × gut health, bowel movements, and skin health
Verdict 086 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 10 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
087 · Colostrum × immunity and gut
Verdict 087 · Evidence Grade C · 56 · 6 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
088 · Bilberry extract (anthocyanins/anthocyanosides) × eye fatigue, eye health, vision/night vision, and dry-eye-related claims
Verdict 088 · Evidence Grade C · 46 · 10 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
089 · Astaxanthin (astaxanthin, Haematococcus extract) × eye fatigue, skin health, and antioxidant effects
Verdict 089 · Evidence Grade C · 55 · 8 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
090 · Resveratrol × anti-aging and cardiovascular
Verdict 090 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 10 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
091 · Fucoidan (sulfated polysaccharides from brown algae such as sea mustard and kelp) × immune and anticancer claims
Verdict 091 · Evidence Grade C · 50 · 6 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
092 · Chromium (mainly chromium picolinate) × blood-glucose management and dieting/weight loss
Verdict 092 · Evidence Grade C · 46 · 12 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
093 · Cinnamon (cinnamon; mainly cassia cinnamon/Ceylon cinnamon and cinnamon extract) × blood glucose
Verdict 093 · Evidence Grade B · 66 · 13 cited sources
Human evidence exists but has limitations
094 · Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA, alpha-lipoic acid, thioctic acid) × antioxidant, blood glucose, and nerves
Verdict 094 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 11 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
095 · Balloon flower root (Platycodon grandiflorus, platycodin/platycodin D-series saponins) × bronchial health, cough, and phlegm
Verdict 095 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 8 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
096 · Flaxseed (lignans, flaxseed) × menopausal symptoms (hot flashes/night sweats), gut health (constipation/bowel movements), cholesterol (LDL/total cholesterol)
Verdict 096 · Evidence Grade C · 54 · 15 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
097 · Tart cherry (Montmorency, Prunus cerasus) × improving sleep quality/sleep duration and post-exercise muscle recovery
Verdict 097 · Evidence Grade B · 68 · 12 cited sources
Human evidence exists but has limitations
098 · NAC (N-acetylcysteine) × liver, respiratory health, and antioxidant effects
Verdict 098 · Evidence Grade C · 56 · 14 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
099 · Kimchi-derived probiotics (plant-derived lactic acid bacteria) × gut health
Verdict 099 · Evidence Grade C · 52 · 3 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
100 · Melatonin × sleep
Verdict 100 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 13 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
101 · Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) × sleep and anxiety
Verdict 101 · Evidence Grade C · 44 · 12 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited
102 · Saffron (Crocus sativus) × depression and mood
Verdict 102 · Evidence Grade B · 76 · 12 cited sources
Human evidence exists but has limitations
103 · St. John's wort (St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum) × depression
Verdict 103 · Evidence Grade A · 82 · 15 cited sources
The evidence is comparatively strong
104 · Glucomannan (konjac) x weight loss and satiety
Verdict 104 · Evidence Grade D · 34 · 12 cited sources
Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials.
105 · Chitosan, including chitosan derivatives/polyglucosamine x fat absorption inhibition and body fat/body weight reduction
Verdict 105 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 12 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
106 · Green coffee (chlorogenic acids; green coffee bean extract/chlorogenic acid) x weight loss and body weight/body fat reduction
Verdict 106 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 11 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
107 · Oat beta-glucan x blood cholesterol improvement (LDL-C and total cholesterol)
Verdict 107 · Evidence Grade A · 88 · 8 cited sources
The evidence is relatively strong.
108 · Lactoferrin x immune function, iron, and gut health
Verdict 108 · Evidence Grade C · 55 · 12 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
109 · Inositol (myo-inositol/D-chiro-inositol) x PCOS, mood, and blood glucose
Verdict 109 · Evidence Grade C · 56 · 10 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
110 · Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) x fatigue and anemia
Verdict 110 · Evidence Grade C · 46 · 7 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
111 · Choline x liver health/fatty liver and cognition/memory
Verdict 111 · Evidence Grade C · 50 · 10 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
112 · Pycnogenol x antioxidant, vascular, and skin effects
Verdict 112 · Evidence Grade C · 52 · 11 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
113 · Grape seed extract x antioxidant, vascular, and edema effects
Verdict 113 · Evidence Grade C · 56 · 12 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
114 · Quercetin x allergy, antioxidant, and immune effects
Verdict 114 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 7 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
115 · Bromelain x digestive support and relief of inflammation/edema
Verdict 115 · Evidence Grade C · 45 · 6 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
116 · Fructooligosaccharides x gut health and smoother bowel movements
Verdict 116 · Evidence Grade B · 72 · 8 cited sources
Human evidence exists, but it has limitations.
117 · Hovenia dulcis fruit x liver health and hangover
Verdict 117 · Evidence Grade C · 55 · 7 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
118 · Cocoa flavanols x cognitive function and vascular/blood-flow health
Verdict 118 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 12 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
119 · Caffeine x alertness and exercise performance
Verdict 119 · Evidence Grade A · 88 · 9 cited sources
The evidence is relatively strong.
120 · Multivitamin x general health, fatigue, and disease prevention
Verdict 120 · Evidence Grade C · 43 · 7 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
121 · Folate x compound claims for anemia, pregnancy, and cardiovascular health
Verdict 121 · Evidence Grade C · 58 · 9 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
122 · Schisandra x fatigue, liver, and antioxidant effects
Verdict 122 · Evidence Grade C · 47 · 8 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
123 · Gelatin x joints, skin, and hair
Verdict 123 · Evidence Grade C · 50 · 10 cited sources
The evidence is conflicting or limited.
124 · Vitamin A (retinol/beta-carotene) × Eye health, night blindness, skin, and immunity
Verdict 124 · Evidence Grade B · 60 · 4 cited sources
The evidence is relatively strong under deficiency conditions, but general improvement claims are limited
125 · Potassium × Blood pressure
Verdict 125 · Evidence Grade B · 74 · 4 cited sources
Blood pressure evidence is relatively consistent, but interpretation changes depending on participant safety
126 · Iodine × Thyroid function
Verdict 126 · Evidence Grade C · 52 · 4 cited sources
Evidence for correcting deficiency is distinct from general supplementation claims
127 · Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) × PMS and morning sickness
Verdict 127 · Evidence Grade B · 60 · 4 cited sources
Evidence for morning sickness is B, while evidence for PMS is closer to C
128 · Niacin (vitamin B3) × Cholesterol and lipids
Verdict 128 · Evidence Grade C · 50 · 5 cited sources
Lipid-surrogate improvement is clear, but cardiovascular-event prevention is null and harms are meaningful.
129 · Riboflavin (vitamin B2) × Migraine prevention
Verdict 129 · Evidence Grade B · 66 · 4 cited sources
When limited to adult high-dose migraine prevention, the evidence is relatively strong
130 · HMB x muscle mass, strength, and sarcopenia (older adults)
Verdict 130 · Evidence Grade C · 54 · 4 cited sources
There is a muscle-mass signal, but evidence for functional improvement is limited.
131 · Beta-alanine x exercise performance (high-intensity and endurance)
Verdict 131 · Evidence Grade B · 72 · 4 cited sources
Evidence is relatively good when limited to short, high-intensity performance.
132 · Betaine (TMG) x exercise performance and homocysteine
Verdict 132 · Evidence Grade C · 46 · 5 cited sources
Blood-level claims and exercise-performance claims should be evaluated separately.
133 · L-tryptophan x sleep and mood
Verdict 133 · Evidence Grade C · 47 · 3 cited sources
The clinical evidence is relatively weak compared with the precursor mechanism.
134 · 5-HTP x mood, appetite, and sleep
Verdict 134 · Evidence Grade C · 43 · 3 cited sources
For this ingredient, safety and interaction checks matter more than the efficacy claim.
135 · Alpha-GPC x cognition and exercise performance
Verdict 135 · Evidence Grade C · 50 · 3 cited sources
Studies in cognitive impairment should be distinguished from supplement claims for healthy people.
136 · Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) x cognition and diabetic neuropathy
Verdict 136 · Evidence Grade C · 49 · 3 cited sources
Evidence for neuropathy in patients should be distinguished from general cognitive-supplement claims.
137 · Bacopa monnieri x memory and cognition
Verdict 137 · Evidence Grade C · 52 · 4 cited sources
There are some test signals, but the evidence is limited.
138 · PQQ x energy and cognition
Verdict 138 · Evidence Grade C · 47 · 7 cited sources
Cognition C (58), energy D (33), combined C (47)
139 · Spermidine × Aging, Autophagy, and Cognition
Verdict 139 · Evidence Grade D · 30 · 8 cited sources
The primary endpoint in the cognition follow-up RCT was not significant, and human clinical efficacy for aging and autophagy has not been established.
140 · Artichoke leaf extract x cholesterol, digestion, and liver
Verdict 140 · Evidence Grade C · 55 · 4 cited sources
Blood and liver-enzyme values should be distinguished from clinical prevention effects.
141 · Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) x stress, anxiety, and sleep
Verdict 141 · Evidence Grade C · 54 · 4 cited sources
There are signals for anxiety and stress, but not at a confirmatory level.
142 · Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) x colds, influenza, and immunity
Verdict 142 · Evidence Grade C · 53 · 5 cited sources
The symptom-relief signal should be separated from prevention and immune-enhancement claims
143 · Echinacea x cold prevention and treatment
Verdict 143 · Evidence Grade D · 38 · 5 cited sources
Product differences are large, and the cold-treatment effect has not been established
144 · Aronia (chokeberry) x antioxidant, blood pressure, and vascular effects
Verdict 144 · Evidence Grade C · 43 · 4 cited sources
Antioxidant numbers and clinical vascular benefit need to be distinguished
145 · Chlorella x detoxification, immunity, and cholesterol
Verdict 145 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 4 cited sources
Cholesterol numbers and detoxification claims are not the same evidence
146 · Inulin (chicory-derived) x gut health, bowel movements, and blood glucose
Verdict 146 · Evidence Grade B · 60 · 4 cited sources
Bowel-movement evidence and blood-glucose/lipid-number evidence need to be considered separately
147 · Resistant maltodextrin x postprandial blood glucose, bowel movements, and triglycerides
Verdict 147 · Evidence Grade C · 55 · 4 cited sources
Postprandial blood-glucose/triglyceride numerical improvements need to be distinguished from disease prevention
148 · Black cohosh x menopausal symptoms (hot flashes)
Verdict 148 · Evidence Grade D · 33 · 4 cited sources
Evidence for menopausal hot flashes is weaker than many expect, and there is a liver-safety issue
149 · Tribulus terrestris x male vitality, testosterone, and exercise performance
Verdict 149 · Evidence Grade F · 14 · 4 cited sources
The testosterone-booster claim does not fit human RCT evidence well
150 · Pomegranate x antioxidant, vascular, blood pressure, and skin effects
Verdict 150 · Evidence Grade C · 52 · 4 cited sources
Blood-pressure-number improvement must be distinguished from cardiovascular-event prevention and skin efficacy
151 · Berberine x blood glucose, cholesterol, and lipids
Verdict 151 · Evidence Grade B · 68 · 4 cited sources
There is evidence for improving blood glucose and lipid values, but not for preventing clinical events
152 · Mulberry leaf extract (DNJ) x postprandial blood glucose
Verdict 152 · Evidence Grade C · 55 · 3 cited sources
This is small-scale evidence limited to a postprandial glucose surrogate marker
153 · Nopal/prickly pear cactus (Opuntia) x blood glucose, weight loss, and cholesterol
Verdict 153 · Evidence Grade C · 44 · 3 cited sources
The evidence remains at the level of small metabolic-marker studies
154 · Acai berry x antioxidant and anti-aging
Verdict 154 · Evidence Grade D · 38 · 3 cited sources
There is no clinical evidence for anti-aging or health-benefit claims
155 · Rosehip (Rosa canina) x osteoarthritis and antioxidant
Verdict 155 · Evidence Grade C · 54 · 3 cited sources
This is limited evidence for possible osteoarthritis pain relief
156 · Sulforaphane/broccoli sprout extract x antioxidant, detoxification, and anticancer
Verdict 156 · Evidence Grade C · 52 · 3 cited sources
There is human biomarker evidence, but it is not anticancer clinical evidence
157 · Moringa (Moringa oleifera) x nutrition, blood glucose, antioxidant, and cholesterol
Verdict 157 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 3 cited sources
Clinical evidence for efficacy is weak compared with evidence for use as a nutritional food
158 · Huperzine A x memory and cognition
Verdict 158 · Evidence Grade C · 55 · 3 cited sources
This is closer to a signal from small cognition studies in disease populations
159 · L-tyrosine x stress, focus, and cognitive performance
Verdict 159 · Evidence Grade C · 52 · 3 cited sources
This is short-term cognitive-performance evidence limited to acute high-stress situations
160 · Phosphatidylcholine/lecithin x cognition and liver
Verdict 160 · Evidence Grade D · 30 · 3 cited sources
The cognition-improvement claim was not supported in clinical trials
161 · Eleuthero/Siberian ginseng x fatigue, stress, and exercise
Verdict 161 · Evidence Grade C · 43 · 3 cited sources
Fatigue and exercise evidence is small and unstable
162 · Vitamin B1 (thiamine) x fatigue and nerve function
Verdict 162 · Evidence Grade C · 52 · 3 cited sources
Deficiency correction is strongly supported, but general fatigue claims are weak
163 · Goji berry (wolfberry) × eye, fatigue, immunity, antioxidant
Verdict 163 · Evidence Grade C · 43 · 4 cited sources
Eye-pigment markers are visible, but the evidence becomes weak when expanded to fatigue and immunity.
164 · Omega-3 (EPA/DHA) × dry eye disease
Verdict 164 · Evidence Grade D · 32 · 2 cited sources
A treatment effect for dry eye disease was not confirmed in a large RCT.
165 · Cassia seed (Cassia obtusifolia/Senna obtusifolia seed) × eyes, constipation
Verdict 165 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 3 cited sources
Constipation is lower-end C mechanistically, while the eye claim lacks evidence.
166 · Saccharomyces boulardii × diarrhea, gut health
Verdict 166 · Evidence Grade B · 74 · 4 cited sources
There is evidence for diarrhea prevention, but it is limited when broadened to all general gut health.
167 · Peppermint oil (enteric-coated) × irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Verdict 167 · Evidence Grade B · 70 · 4 cited sources
There is direct evidence for IBS symptoms, but formulation and safety exceptions are important.
168 · Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) × gut health, bowel movements, IBS
Verdict 168 · Evidence Grade C · 55 · 3 cited sources
There are bowel-movement and IBS signals, but the evidence is limited.
169 · Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) × blood pressure
Verdict 169 · Evidence Grade C · 58 · 3 cited sources
There is positive evidence for blood-pressure values, but it should not be extended to cardiovascular prevention.
170 · Lycopene × cardiovascular, prostate
Verdict 170 · Evidence Grade C · 43 · 5 cited sources
There are laboratory-value signals, but they are not evidence for preventing prostate cancer or cardiovascular events.
171 · Celery seed extract (3nB) × blood pressure
Verdict 171 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 3 cited sources
There is an early blood-pressure signal, but it is at the level of a single small study.
172 · Gamma-oryzanol × cholesterol, menopause, autonomic nervous system
Verdict 172 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 6 cited sources
Direct human studies exist, but surrogate outcomes, old subjective ratings, and null RCTs place the evidence at lower-end C.
173 · Yeast/mushroom beta-glucan × immunity
Verdict 173 · Evidence Grade C · 56 · 4 cited sources
There are specific cold-symptom signals, but they are limited for overall immunity claims.
174 · Shiitake mushroom (lentinan) × immunity, anticancer
Verdict 174 · Evidence Grade C · 41 · 4 cited sources
Immunity and anticancer claims do not go beyond surrogate markers and adjunctive-therapy evidence.
175 · AHCC (active hexose correlated compound; shiitake mycelial extract) × Immunity
Verdict 175 · Evidence Grade C · 49 · 3 cited sources
There are human signals, but general immunity claims do not go beyond surrogate markers and small product studies.
176 · Mistletoe (Viscum album) × Immunity, Blood Pressure, and Anticancer Effects (Adjunctive Therapy)
Verdict 176 · Evidence Grade D · 34 · 4 cited sources
Anticancer survival and blood-pressure claims have not been confirmed, and the quality-of-life signal also has major methodological controversy, so the grade is D.
177 · Shark Cartilage × Joints and Anticancer Effects
Verdict 177 · Evidence Grade F · 12 · 4 cited sources
Because the core anticancer claim was null in a large RCT, this is close to F.
178 · Proteoglycan (from Salmon Nasal Cartilage) × Skin and Joints
Verdict 178 · Evidence Grade C · 46 · 5 cited sources
The evidence consists of manufacturer-linked short-term skin signals and null full-cohort joint results with a post hoc subgroup surrogate marker.
179 · Boron × Bones, Joints, and Hormones
Verdict 179 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 4 cited sources
For joints, the evidence is a calcium fructoborate pilot signal; for testosterone, it is an n=8 short-term surrogate-marker study, so this is at the lower end of C.
180 · Achyranthes Root × Joints
Verdict 180 · Evidence Grade ? · 6 cited sources
Judgment deferred because there is no direct human joint trial of single-ingredient Achyranthes.
181 · Dandelion (Taraxacum) × Liver, Diuretic Effect, and Digestion
Verdict 181 · Evidence Grade D · 32 · 3 cited sources
Human evidence is at the pilot level, and liver, digestion, and detox claims are centered on preclinical evidence and traditional use, so the grade is D.
182 · Pueraria Root (Kudzu Root, Pueraria/kudzu, Puerarin) × Menopause and Hangover
Verdict 182 · Evidence Grade D · 36 · 3 cited sources
For Pueraria root, evidence for menopause and hangover efficacy is insufficient and graded D because species confusion and indirect endpoints are major problems.
183 · Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) × Male Vitality and Testosterone
Verdict 183 · Evidence Grade C · 50 · 3 cited sources
There is a testosterone surrogate-marker signal, but independent replication and clinical endpoints are weak, so the grade is C.
184 · Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) × Testosterone, Strength, Blood Glucose, and Lactation
Verdict 184 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 4 cited sources
Glucose markers are C, testosterone/strength is C-, and lactation is D/C-, so the combined whole is close to the lower end of C.
185 · Zinc × Prostate, Sperm, and Male Reproduction
Verdict 185 · Evidence Grade D · 32 · 4 cited sources
For prostate, sperm, and fertility efficacy in general men, the null result of a large RCT supports a D grade.
186 · Lavender Oil (Silexan) × Anxiety
Verdict 186 · Evidence Grade C · 58 · 4 cited sources
The symptom-scale RCT signal for oral Silexan is strong, but the grade is C because of the rule for absence of independent replication.
187 · Chamomile x anxiety and sleep
Verdict 187 · Evidence Grade C · 57 · 4 cited sources
There is an anxiety signal, but strong generalization to sleep is limited
188 · Passionflower x anxiety and sleep
Verdict 188 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 4 cited sources
Human studies exist, but they are small and endpoints are dispersed
189 · Probiotics (specific strains) x atopic dermatitis and eczema
Verdict 189 · Evidence Grade D · 35 · 4 cited sources
For treatment effects, the limitations of the Cochrane synthesis outweigh strain-specific positive signals
190 · Zinc x acne and skin
Verdict 190 · Evidence Grade B · 60 · 3 cited sources
There is a direct research signal for acne lesions, but the scope is narrow
191 · Vitamin C x skin and collagen production
Verdict 191 · Evidence Grade C · 43 · 3 cited sources
The collagen-synthesis mechanism and clinical skin-beauty effects should be separated
192 · Oral keratin x hair and nails
Verdict 192 · Evidence Grade C · 44 · 3 cited sources
The evidence is tied not to general keratin but to studies of a specific ingredient
193 · Squalene x skin and immunity
Verdict 193 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 9 cited sources
Human studies exist, but no-placebo, high-dose, surrogate-centered evidence places this at lower-end C.
194 · Glycine x sleep
Verdict 194 · Evidence Grade C · 50 · 3 cited sources
There is a signal from short-term 3 g intake studies, but the evidence is still small
195 · Hops x sleep and anxiety
Verdict 195 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 3 cited sources
There are more combination-product and food studies than hops-only evidence
196 · Sodium bicarbonate x high-intensity exercise performance
Verdict 196 · Evidence Grade B · 74 · 3 cited sources
For short-duration high-intensity performance, the evidence is relatively direct
197 · Ecdysterone/turkesterone x muscle and strength
Verdict 197 · Evidence Grade C · 45 · 3 cited sources
Relative to the muscle claim, the human evidence is still thin
198 · Raspberry ketone x body fat and dieting
Verdict 198 · Evidence Grade D · 24 · 3 cited sources
The human data are from combination products, making the single effect difficult to isolate
199 · African mango x weight and body fat
Verdict 199 · Evidence Grade C · 44 · 3 cited sources
There are positive signals, but they are concentrated in a specific research line
200 · Chasteberry x PMS and premenstrual syndrome
Verdict 200 · Evidence Grade C · 58 · 4 cited sources
There are relatively direct human studies for PMS symptoms
201 · Avocado-soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) x improvement of knee osteoarthritis pain and function
Verdict 201 · Evidence Grade B · 62 · 4 cited sources
There is evidence for a small improvement in knee pain and function, but joint-structure preservation has not been established
202 · Natural eggshell membrane (NEM) x improvement of knee-joint pain, stiffness, and function
Verdict 202 · Evidence Grade C · 50 · 4 cited sources
There is a small signal for pain and function improvement, but ingredient-company concentration and endpoint inconsistency remain
203 · Devil's claw root (Harpagophytum procumbens) x relief of osteoarthritis and low-back pain
Verdict 203 · Evidence Grade C · 47 · 4 cited sources
Specific preparations have short-term low-back-pain signals, but evidence covering osteoarthritis as well is limited
204 · SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) x relief of depressive symptoms and antidepressant augmentation
Verdict 204 · Evidence Grade C · 49 · 5 cited sources
Monotherapy evidence conflicts, and the pooled antidepressant-augmentation result is not significant
205 · White kidney bean extract (Phaseolus vulgaris) x inhibition of carbohydrate absorption and weight loss
Verdict 205 · Evidence Grade C · 45 · 4 cited sources
Postprandial surrogate and short-term weight signals exist, but independent replication and product generalizability are limited
206 · Coleus forskohlii extract (forskolin) x reduction of body fat and body weight
Verdict 206 · Evidence Grade D · 31 · 3 cited sources
Weight loss was not demonstrated in human trials, and the positive body-fat signal has not been independently reproduced
207 · Grains of paradise extract (Aframomum melegueta) x brown-fat activation, increased energy expenditure, and body-fat reduction
Verdict 207 · Evidence Grade C · 43 · 3 cited sources
Human thermogenic signals exist, but independent replication of long-term body-fat effects and sufficient safety data are absent
208 · Fucoxanthin x reduction in body weight and abdominal fat
Verdict 208 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 4 cited sources
Fucoxanthin has weight-loss signals in a few trials, but its isolated effect and independent replication are limited
209 · Capsinoids (capsiate) x thermogenesis and body-fat reduction
Verdict 209 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 4 cited sources
Capsinoids may slightly increase thermogenesis, but long-term reductions in body weight and body fat are limited
210 · Plant sterols and stanols x reduction in LDL cholesterol
Verdict 210 · Evidence Grade A · 90 · 5 cited sources
Plant sterols and stanols consistently lower LDL, but evidence for preventing cardiovascular events is separate
211 · Bergamot polyphenolic fraction x improvement in LDL and triglycerides
Verdict 211 · Evidence Grade C · 44 · 4 cited sources
Bergamot has a lipid-improvement signal, but dependence on specific ingredients and manufacturers and study-quality limitations are substantial
212 · Hawthorn leaf and flower extract x improvement in chronic-heart-failure symptoms, exercise capacity, and blood pressure
Verdict 212 · Evidence Grade D · 29 · 5 cited sources
Past heart-failure symptom signals for hawthorn were not replicated as functional or event benefits on modern standard therapy
213 · Olive leaf extract x improvement in blood pressure
Verdict 213 · Evidence Grade C · 58 · 5 cited sources
Olive leaf extract has a signal of lowering blood pressure, but there is no evidence on long-term cardiovascular events
214 · Hesperidin x Improvement of blood pressure, endothelial function, and venous circulation
Verdict 214 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 3 cited sources
A blood-pressure effect was not confirmed, and evidence for endothelial function and venous circulation is limited
215 · Alpha-cyclodextrin x Improvement of postprandial triglycerides, LDL, and body weight
Verdict 215 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 3 cited sources
There is a short-term postprandial triglyceride signal, but long-term LDL and weight effects were not confirmed
216 · Apple cider vinegar x Improvement of postprandial glucose, HbA1c, and body weight
Verdict 216 · Evidence Grade C · 47 · 3 cited sources
There are limited glycemic-marker signals, but interpretation of weight evidence and safety is constrained
217 · Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract x Reduction of blood glucose and sugar cravings
Verdict 217 · Evidence Grade C · 44 · 3 cited sources
There are short-term signals for blood glucose and sugar craving, but study design and consistency are limited
218 · Salacia reticulata/oblonga extract x Suppression of the postprandial glucose rise
Verdict 218 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 3 cited sources
There is a single-meal postprandial-glucose signal, but long-term HbA1c evidence and independent replication are limited
219 · Resistant starch x Improvement of insulin sensitivity and fasting glucose
Verdict 219 · Evidence Grade C · 43 · 3 cited sources
Findings for insulin sensitivity and fasting glucose conflict and are limited to surrogate markers
220 · Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) x Improvement of constipation and stool frequency, and increased bifidobacteria
Verdict 220 · Evidence Grade C · 55 · 3 cited sources
Increased bifidobacteria is repeated, but stool-frequency improvement varies by trial and subgroup
221 · Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) x improved bowel movements and increased bifidobacteria
Verdict 221 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 3 cited sources
Increased bifidobacteria is observed, but long-term and independently replicated evidence for improved bowel movements is limited
222 · Butyrate salts (butyrate) x IBS abdominal pain and bloating, and improved intestinal barrier
Verdict 222 · Evidence Grade C · 45 · 4 cited sources
IBS symptom signals differ by formulation and age, and a clinical intestinal-barrier effect of oral butyrate has not been established
223 · Mastic gum (Pistacia lentiscus) x functional dyspepsia and Helicobacter suppression
Verdict 223 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 4 cited sources
The short-term signal for functional dyspepsia is distinct from evidence for Helicobacter suppression or eradication
224 · Multi-enzyme digestive supplement x improved digestion and bloating in the general population
Verdict 224 · Evidence Grade C · 50 · 4 cited sources
Short-term signals exist for specific multi-enzyme products, but evidence for generalization to healthy people and the full market is limited
225 · D-mannose x prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection
Verdict 225 · Evidence Grade D · 22 · 4 cited sources
Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection was not confirmed in a large independent placebo-controlled trial
226 · Pumpkin seed oil x improvement of urinary symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia and male androgenetic alopecia
Verdict 226 · Evidence Grade C · 43 · 4 cited sources
Signals exist for urinary symptoms and male androgenetic alopecia, but independently repeated evidence using the same formulation is limited
227 · Pygeum (African plum tree bark extract) x improvement of urinary symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia
Verdict 227 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 2 cited sources
A positive signal remains in old short-term trials, but there is no modern large independent RCT
228 · Horny goat weed (Epimedium species, icariin) x improvement of erectile function and libido
Verdict 228 · Evidence Grade ? · 3 cited sources
Preclinical mechanisms exist, but there is no human efficacy trial for judging erectile function or libido
229 · Shilajit x improvement of testosterone, sperm, and fatigue
Verdict 229 · Evidence Grade C · 43 · 3 cited sources
A specific standardized ingredient has positive signals, but independent replication and clinical endpoints are lacking
230 · D-aspartic acid x increase in testosterone and muscle
Verdict 230 · Evidence Grade F · 12 · 4 cited sources
Repeated controlled trials in resistance-trained men did not confirm increased testosterone or muscle
231 · Red clover isoflavones x relief of menopausal hot flashes and night sweats
Verdict 231 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 3 cited sources
Hot-flash reduction varies by formulation and the average effect is not large
232 · Wild yam extract x menopausal symptoms and a 'natural progesterone' effect
Verdict 232 · Evidence Grade D · 27 · 2 cited sources
Wild-yam cream did not improve menopausal symptoms or progesterone in the direct trial
233 · Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) x improvement of menopausal symptoms and female sexual function
Verdict 233 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 3 cited sources
Recent human trials are positive, but evidence remains short-term and centered on commercial ingredients without independent replication
234 · Sophora japonica fruit extract x menopausal women’s health and improvement in the Kupperman Index
Verdict 234 · Evidence Grade C · 46 · 3 cited sources
An ingredient-specific 12-week trial found a symptom-index improvement signal, but independent replication has not been identified
235 · Polypodium leucotomos extract x oral ultraviolet protection and erythema reduction
Verdict 235 · Evidence Grade C · 49 · 3 cited sources
There is a signal for improvement in acute UV erythema markers, but it is not evidence of long-term clinical photoprotection
236 · Choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid x improvement in skin elasticity and wrinkles, hair, and nails
Verdict 236 · Evidence Grade C · 44 · 2 cited sources
Instrument-based skin and hair signals exist, but the evidence is concentrated in manufacturer-linked, formulation-specific trials
237 · L-cystine x improvement in diffuse hair loss and hair growth
Verdict 237 · Evidence Grade ? · 2 cited sources
L-cystine-containing combinations show a hair-cycle improvement signal, but the isolated effect of L-cystine was not determined
238 · Millet seed extract (Panicum miliaceum) x reduction in hair loss and hair growth
Verdict 238 · Evidence Grade ? · 3 cited sources
Specific combinations and a miliacin formulation show a signal for reduced shedding, but this is not evidence that generic millet extract alone grows hair
239 · Maqui berry extract (Aristotelia chilensis) x improvement in dry eye and tear production
Verdict 239 · Evidence Grade B · 60 · 3 cited sources
Two placebo-controlled trials improved clinical tear-volume and symptom endpoints, but samples were small and evidence centered on supplied branded material
240 · Sea buckthorn oil (Hippophae rhamnoides) x dry-eye symptoms and tear-film improvement
Verdict 240 · Evidence Grade C · 44 · 2 cited sources
There are signals for some dry-eye symptoms, but evidence for consistent improvement across the tear film is limited
241 · Apigenin x sleep quality and tension relief
Verdict 241 · Evidence Grade ? · 3 cited sources
Chamomile research cannot be transferred directly to claims that isolated apigenin improves sleep or relieves tension
242 · Magnolia bark extract (honokiol and magnolol) x improvement of anxiety, stress, and sleep
Verdict 242 · Evidence Grade ? · 3 cited sources
Magnolia-phellodendron combination studies cannot determine the effect of magnolia bark or isolated honokiol or magnolol
243 · Lemon verbena extract (Aloysia citrodora) x improvement of sleep quality and stress
Verdict 243 · Evidence Grade B · 61 · 3 cited sources
Sleep quality is B, stress is C because PSS was null, and the 2019 syrup differs from PLX/RelaxPLX
244 · Uridine monophosphate (UMP) x memory, cognition, and synaptic health
Verdict 244 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 5 cited sources
The UMP-only memory signal is limited to one manufacturer trial, and synaptic-health claims lack direct human evidence
245 · Sage extract (Salvia officinalis/lavandulifolia) x improvement of memory and attention
Verdict 245 · Evidence Grade C · 57 · 4 cited sources
Short-term memory and attention task signals are repeated, but evidence for sustained improvement in everyday cognition is limited
246 · Urolithin A x improvement of mitochondrial function, muscle endurance, and age-related muscle function
Verdict 246 · Evidence Grade C · 43 · 3 cited sources
There are signals in some muscle-endurance and mitochondrial biomarkers, but major clinical functional endpoints have not been confirmed
247 · Andrographis (Andrographis paniculata) x reduction of common-cold symptoms and duration
Verdict 247 · Evidence Grade B · 60 · 3 cited sources
There are signals of improvement in common-cold symptoms and time to resolution, but formulation heterogeneity and study-quality limitations are substantial
248 · Pelargonium sidoides (EPs 7630) x improvement of acute common-cold and bronchitis symptoms and recovery time
Verdict 248 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 3 cited sources
Repeated symptom findings for liquid EPs 7630 remain, but the independent 2026 co-primary endpoints were null, supporting C
249 · Milk basic protein (MBP) x maintenance of bone mineral density and suppression of bone resorption
Verdict 249 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 3 cited sources
There are small-study signals in BMD and bone-turnover markers, but independent replication and fracture-prevention evidence have not been confirmed
250 · Black seed oil (Nigella sativa) x combined improvement of blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids
Verdict 250 · Evidence Grade C · 49 · 4 cited sources
There are signals of improved blood-glucose, blood-pressure, and lipid values, but this is not evidence for prevention of clinical events
251 · L-ornithine x hangover and liver-fatigue improvement
Verdict 251 · Evidence Grade C · 49 · 3 cited sources
There is a limited signal for post-hangover fatigue, but it is not evidence of improved liver function
252 · Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) x improvement in fatty liver and liver enzymes
Verdict 252 · Evidence Grade C · 43 · 2 cited sources
There are liver-biochemistry data in cholestatic disease, but they do not directly establish improvement in fatty liver
253 · Dihydromyricetin (DHM) x hangover prevention and relief
Verdict 253 · Evidence Grade ? · 3 cited sources
Unlike Hovenia extract, purified DHM alone has no human hangover efficacy literature available for grading
254 · Licorice glycyrrhizin x improvement in hepatitis and liver enzymes
Verdict 254 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 4 cited sources
A medical intravenous formulation lowers liver enzymes, but this is distinct from treating viral hepatitis or proving an effect from oral licorice
255 · Artemisia capillaris extract x liver detoxification and hangover improvement
Verdict 255 · Evidence Grade ? · 2 cited sources
After excluding other Artemisia species and multi-herb formulas, no human efficacy literature for A. capillaris alone was identified
256 · Chanca piedra (Phyllanthus niruri) x liver protection and detoxification
Verdict 256 · Evidence Grade D · 25 · 2 cited sources
Core liver outcomes were null in direct RCTs, with only one secondary liver-stiffness surrogate remaining
257 · Picrorhiza kurroa (kutki) extract x improvement in liver function and liver enzymes
Verdict 257 · Evidence Grade C · 41 · 2 cited sources
An old 33-person acute-hepatitis trial provides a signal, but it has not been replicated in modern products or other liver diseases
258 · Sesamin (sesame lignan) x lipids and blood pressure, and fatty liver and liver enzymes
Verdict 258 · Evidence Grade C · 44 · 5 cited sources
Sesamin-only lipid and blood-pressure surrogate signals exist, but direct fatty-liver and liver-enzyme evidence does not
259 · Chrysanthemum flower (Chrysanthemum indicum) x eye-fatigue relief and vision protection
Verdict 259 · Evidence Grade ? · 1 cited sources
Kan 2020 used a different-species combination, and standalone human evidence for C. indicum is absent
260 · Perilla leaf extract x eye-fatigue relief
Verdict 260 · Evidence Grade C · 45 · 2 cited sources
Short-term accommodation markers show a signal, but independent replication is insufficient
261 · Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) x eye-fatigue relief and vision protection
Verdict 261 · Evidence Grade ? · 2 cited sources
Eyebright eye-drop research is not evidence for oral eye-fatigue or vision claims
262 · Gardenia-derived crocetin x improvement of eye fatigue and accommodation
Verdict 262 · Evidence Grade C · 43 · 2 cited sources
Short-term accommodation and eye-fatigue signals exist, but they come from one small manufacturer-linked trial
263 · Fisetin x senolytic activity and healthspan extension
Verdict 263 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 4 cited sources
A senescence-marker signal is distinct from extending human healthspan or lifespan
264 · Ergothioneine x Antioxidant effects and healthy aging
Verdict 264 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 3 cited sources
Absorption and selected exploratory signals are documented, but antioxidant and healthy-aging effects in humans remain unconfirmed
265 · Calcium alpha-ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG) x Reduction in biological age and lifespan extension
Verdict 265 · Evidence Grade ? · 3 cited sources
Combination-product observational signals exist, but human efficacy results for Ca-AKG alone are absent, so the judgment is deferred
266 · Pterostilbene x Antioxidant effects and healthspan extension
Verdict 266 · Evidence Grade D · 30 · 2 cited sources
Direct antioxidant-biomarker benefit was not demonstrated, and human healthspan-extension data are absent
267 · Holy basil (tulsi, Ocimum tenuiflorum) x Relief of stress and anxiety
Verdict 267 · Evidence Grade C · 52 · 3 cited sources
Short-term stress-reduction signals are repeated, but the evidence is concentrated in proprietary extracts from one manufacturer group
268 · Kava (Piper methysticum) x Relief of anxiety symptoms
Verdict 268 · Evidence Grade B · 62 · 3 cited sources
A small anxiety-reduction effect is supported across double-blind trials, but later large studies were inconsistent
269 · L-lysine x Relief of stress and anxiety
Verdict 269 · Evidence Grade C · 44 · 3 cited sources
Signals exist for deficiency correction and combination amino acids, but the effect of L-lysine alone in the general population remains unconfirmed
270 · Kanna extract (Sceletium tortuosum) x Relief of stress and anxiety
Verdict 270 · Evidence Grade D · 35 · 4 cited sources
Small acute experiments showed signals, but pooled anxiety outcomes did not differ from placebo
271 · Activated charcoal capsules x systemic toxin removal and detoxification
Verdict 271 · Evidence Grade ? · 2 cited sources
Evidence for acute gastrointestinal adsorption is distinct from claims of routine systemic detoxification in healthy people
272 · Chlorophyllin x body-odor reduction and detoxification
Verdict 272 · Evidence Grade C · 44 · 3 cited sources
Signals in a specific aflatoxin biomarker and a rare odor disorder are distinct from evidence for ordinary body odor or systemic detoxification
273 · Cilantro leaf extract x heavy-metal elimination and detoxification
Verdict 273 · Evidence Grade D · 27 · 3 cited sources
The controlled human lead trial was negative, and other heavy-metal claims lack human evidence
274 · Modified citrus pectin x heavy-metal elimination and detoxification
Verdict 274 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 3 cited sources
Early changes in metal-excretion values are distinct from reduced body burden or health harm
275 · Stinging nettle root extract x improvement of urinary symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia
Verdict 275 · Evidence Grade C · 57 · 3 cited sources
Urinary symptom scores show an improvement signal, but the latest review rates certainty as very low
276 · Rye grass pollen extract (Cernilton) x improvement of urinary symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia
Verdict 276 · Evidence Grade C · 55 · 3 cited sources
Self-rated symptom and nocturia signals exist, but objective measures and long-term outcomes are unsupported
277 · Fadogia agrestis x increased testosterone and male vitality
Verdict 277 · Evidence Grade ? · 3 cited sources
Human efficacy trials are absent, so testosterone and vitality effects cannot be judged
278 · Damiana (Turnera diffusa) x improved libido and sexual function
Verdict 278 · Evidence Grade ? · 2 cited sources
Damiana-only human trials are absent, so libido and sexual-function effects cannot be judged
279 · D-ribose x improved fatigue in chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia
Verdict 279 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 4 cited sources
Open-label studies show a fatigue signal, but placebo-controlled confirmation is absent
280 · NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride) x improved chronic fatigue
Verdict 280 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 3 cited sources
Monotherapy results conflict, and combination trials cannot isolate the effect of NADH
281 · Royal jelly x fatigue recovery and increased vitality
Verdict 281 · Evidence Grade C · 44 · 3 cited sources
Fatigue results are mixed, and the vitality and endurance signal comes from one small trial
282 · Deer velvet antler x improved physical performance and exercise recovery
Verdict 282 · Evidence Grade F · 15 · 3 cited sources
Controlled trials have not consistently shown benefits for physical performance or exercise recovery
283 · Siberian rhubarb extract (ERr 731) x relief of menopausal hot flashes and symptoms
Verdict 283 · Evidence Grade C · 58 · 4 cited sources
Short-term menopausal symptom improvement with ERr 731 was repeated, but independent confirmation is absent
284 · Diindolylmethane (DIM) x Estrogen balance and PMS improvement
Verdict 284 · Evidence Grade C · 43 · 2 cited sources
Estrogen-metabolite changes were observed, but evidence for PMS symptom improvement was not identified
285 · Fennel seed extract x Relief of menopausal symptoms
Verdict 285 · Evidence Grade C · 52 · 4 cited sources
There are signals of improvement in overall menopausal-symptom scores, but results across small trials are inconsistent
286 · PeakATP (oral adenosine triphosphate) x Improved strength and exercise performance
Verdict 286 · Evidence Grade C · 55 · 6 cited sources
A maximal-strength signal exists, but small samples and conflicting endpoints do not establish an overall exercise-performance benefit
287 · Inosine x Improved endurance and exercise performance
Verdict 287 · Evidence Grade F · 8 · 3 cited sources
Multiple exercise trials in trained people repeatedly found no performance benefit, while urate increased
288 · Medium-chain triglyceride oil x Improved endurance and exercise energy
Verdict 288 · Evidence Grade D · 32 · 4 cited sources
Exercise fuel metabolism can change, but actual endurance-performance improvement has not been consistently demonstrated
289 · Blueberry concentrate x Improved memory and cognitive function
Verdict 289 · Evidence Grade C · 58 · 5 cited sources
Only limited episodic- and language-memory signals remain; overall cognitive improvement has not been established
290 · Whole coffee fruit extract (NeuroFactor/CognatiQ) x improvement in BDNF, focus, and memory
Verdict 290 · Evidence Grade C · 45 · 3 cited sources
BDNF and some working-memory signals exist, but they are not independent evidence of clinical cognitive improvement
291 · DMAE (dimethylaminoethanol) x improvement in memory and focus
Verdict 291 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 5 cited sources
DMAE has negative memory evidence but old small positive focus signals, yielding an overall C
292 · L-serine x improvement in sleep quality and nighttime awakenings
Verdict 292 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 1 cited sources
Subjective sleep scores showed a signal, but objective improvement in nighttime awakenings was not established
293 · Jujube seed (Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa) x improvement in insomnia and sleep quality
Verdict 293 · Evidence Grade ? · 3 cited sources
Jujube-seed-containing formulas have a C-level signal, but efficacy of the seed alone is deferred for lack of direct human literature
294 · California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) x improvement in sleep onset and sleep quality
Verdict 294 · Evidence Grade ? · 2 cited sources
The effect of California poppy alone on sleep onset and quality cannot be judged from published human trials
295 · Okra extract (Abelmoschus esculentus) x improvement in postprandial glucose and HbA1c
Verdict 295 · Evidence Grade C · 58 · 4 cited sources
Okra has repeated glucose and HbA1c reduction signals, but standardization and certainty remain limited
296 · Vanadyl sulfate x improvement in insulin sensitivity and blood glucose
Verdict 296 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 4 cited sources
A short-term insulin-sensitivity signal exists, but controlled evidence for long-term glycemic control is insufficient
297 · Strontium citrate x increased bone mineral density and fracture prevention
Verdict 297 · Evidence Grade ? · 3 cited sources
Only a combination-product DXA signal and measurement artifact exist; citrate-alone human efficacy remains ungradable
298 · White willow bark extract x relief of osteoarthritis pain
Verdict 298 · Evidence Grade C · 44 · 3 cited sources
This C rating concerns conflicting evidence for standardized Salix spp. extracts, not S. alba alone
299 · Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) x prevention of gray hair and restoration of hair color
Verdict 299 · Evidence Grade D · 27 · 2 cited sources
Temporary darkening cases exist, but controlled evidence for preventing gray hair or restoring color is absent
300 · Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) x improvement in female pattern hair loss and hair growth
Verdict 300 · Evidence Grade C · 44 · 1 cited sources
Only the hair-cycle outcome was positive in female pattern hair loss, while direct hair count and thickness were negative
301 · Centella asiatica extract powder × Maintenance of macular pigment density and eye health
Verdict 301 · Evidence Grade C · 56 · 1 cited sources
CA-HE50 increased MPOD in one trial, but this is not evidence of preserved vision or prevention of macular disease
302 · Grape-skin enzymatic fermented extract (KL-GEFE) × Improvement of dry eye and tear-film measures
Verdict 302 · Evidence Grade C · 57 · 2 cited sources
KL-GEFE improved dry-eye measures in one randomized trial, but independent replication is absent
303 · Persimmon-leaf ethanolic extract × Improvement of dry eye
Verdict 303 · Evidence Grade C · 49 · 2 cited sources
EEDK improved dry-eye measures in one preprint RCT, but independent verification is pending
304 · Tisochrysis lutea powder × Improvement of dry-eye symptoms and tear secretion
Verdict 304 · Evidence Grade C · 58 · 2 cited sources
T. lutea powder improved OSDI in one RCT, but objective tear-film results were partial
305 · Dried Tetraselmis chuii powder × Improvement of dry eye and tear secretion
Verdict 305 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 2 cited sources
A human study exists, but the public record does not permit assessment of effect size or reproducibility
306 · Purple corn cob and husk extract powder × Improvement of dry eyes
Verdict 306 · Evidence Grade C · 47 · 1 cited sources
A human trial was conducted, but numerical results and independent replication are not public
307 · Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) × Adjunctive support for intraocular pressure and glaucoma
Verdict 307 · Evidence Grade C · 59 · 3 cited sources
PEA has small-study evidence for lowering intraocular pressure as an adjunct, but prevention of glaucoma progression remains uncertain
308 · Lactobacillus-fermented kelp extract × liver function and liver-marker improvement
Verdict 308 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 2 cited sources
A specific fermented kelp ingredient has a short-term liver-enzyme signal but no independent evidence for clinical outcomes
309 · Korean black raspberry extract powder No. 2010-62 × improvement of alcoholic liver-injury markers
Verdict 309 · Evidence Grade C · 45 · 1 cited sources
A 3,150 mg trial of No. 2010-62 exists, but evidence is limited to liver-enzyme surrogates from one manufacturer-specific product
310 · Ecklonia stolonifera extract × liver health and liver-enzyme improvement
Verdict 310 · Evidence Grade C · 50 · 2 cited sources
A standardized Ecklonia stolonifera extract lowered liver enzymes in one RCT, but clinical liver outcomes and independent replication are absent
311 · Artemisia annua extract powder × liver protection and liver-function improvement
Verdict 311 · Evidence Grade C · 52 · 3 cited sources
A specific Artemisia annua hot-water extract lowered liver enzymes in one RCT, but clinical liver outcomes are absent and safety differs by formulation
312 · Honeyberry extract powder × protection from liver injury associated with metabolic abnormalities
Verdict 312 · Evidence Grade C · 41 · 2 cited sources
A human trial exists for authorization, but the evidence remains limited because publicly verifiable results and independent replication are absent
313 · Calcium D-glucarate × enhanced liver detoxification and toxin elimination
Verdict 313 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 5 cited sources
A Phase I human trial found a positive enzyme surrogate, but actual toxin elimination and liver-function efficacy were not measured
314 · Nicotinamide riboside (NR) × Increased NAD+ and healthy aging
Verdict 314 · Evidence Grade C · 52 · 3 cited sources
NR raises blood NAD+, but delayed aging or longer lifespan has not been established
315 · L-carnosine × Anti-glycation and slowing aging
Verdict 315 · Evidence Grade C · 43 · 3 cited sources
L-carnosine has signals for selected anti-glycation markers, but slowing aging itself has not been established
316 · Cycloastragenol (TA-65) × Telomerase activation and telomere maintenance
Verdict 316 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 2 cited sources
TA-65 has a telomere-length signal, but functional aging improvement or longer lifespan has not been established
317 · Luteolin × Senolytic action and inhibition of neurological aging
Verdict 317 · Evidence Grade ? · 2 cited sources
Senolytic and neurological anti-aging effects of luteolin remain preclinical hypotheses without a direct human efficacy trial
318 · Cantaloupe melon SOD-gliadin complex (GliSODin) × Antioxidant effects and reduced oxidative stress
Verdict 318 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 3 cited sources
GliSODin has signals for selected oxidative-stress markers, but findings from small trials are inconsistent
319 · Molecular hydrogen-generating tablets × Reduced oxidative stress and anti-aging effects
Verdict 319 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 3 cited sources
Molecular hydrogen has selected antioxidant-surrogate signals, but reduced oxidative stress and anti-aging effects of tablets remain unconfirmed
320 · American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) × Relief of anxiety and tension
Verdict 320 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 3 cited sources
American skullcap has selected mood signals, but anxiety relief is inconsistent in small trials
321 · Wild green oat extract (Neuravena) × Improvement of stress, mood, and focus
Verdict 321 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 4 cited sources
Single-dose focus tasks and stress during smoking reduction show signals, but sustained mood or focus improvement is not established
322 · Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean) × Improvement of dopamine and mood
Verdict 322 · Evidence Grade ? · 4 cited sources
Parkinson levodopa-response data are not evidence of mood enhancement in the general population
323 · Lithium orotate × Mood stabilization and anxiety relief
Verdict 323 · Evidence Grade ? · 4 cited sources
Low-dose brain lithium detection is documented, but mood stabilization and anxiety relief have not been tested adequately
324 · DL-phenylalanine (DLPA) × Improvement of depressive symptoms and mood
Verdict 324 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 3 cited sources
Early human signals are positive, but the lack of placebo and high attrition leave the antidepressant effect of DLPA unconfirmed
325 · Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaf extract × Relief of tension caused by stress
Verdict 325 · Evidence Grade C · 50 · 3 cited sources
Selected anxiety scales improved, but findings were selective and independent replication is limited
326 · Clinoptilolite zeolite × Heavy-metal adsorption and systemic detoxification
Verdict 326 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 4 cited sources
One purified product reduced uptake of lead ingested at the same time, but this does not establish systemic detoxification
327 · Bentonite clay × Gut cleansing and systemic toxin removal
Verdict 327 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 3 cited sources
Reduced aflatoxin absorption by a specific refined clay is distinct from gut cleansing or systemic detoxification
328 · Irish sea moss (Chondrus crispus) × Thyroid, immune, and general health
Verdict 328 · Evidence Grade ? · 3 cited sources
Iodine content is not equivalent to evidence that Irish sea moss improves thyroid or immune health
329 · Monolaurin (glycerol monolaurate) × Antibacterial, antiviral, and immune support
Verdict 329 · Evidence Grade ? · 3 cited sources
In vitro antimicrobial and antiviral activity is not equivalent to evidence that an oral supplement prevents infection or improves immunity
330 · Colloidal silver × Infection prevention and enhanced immunity
Verdict 330 · Evidence Grade F · 12 · 6 cited sources
In vitro antimicrobial activity and local uses of silver do not establish oral colloidal silver for infection prevention or enhanced immunity
331 · Quisqualis fruit extract powder (Combretum indicum) × Prostate health and improved urinary symptoms
Verdict 331 · Evidence Grade C · 54 · 1 cited sources
A 12-week improvement in urinary symptom scores was observed, but this is not evidence of prostate shrinkage or slower long-term progression
332 · Lespedeza cuneata extract powder × Improved male climacteric symptoms
Verdict 332 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 2 cited sources
Eight-week climacteric symptom questionnaires improved, but improvements in hormones, sexual function, and urinary measures were not confirmed
333 · Yohimbe bark extract (Pausinystalia johimbe) × Improved erectile function and libido
Verdict 333 · Evidence Grade ? · 3 cited sources
Erectile-function data for quantified yohimbine do not transfer directly to inconsistently dosed yohimbe bark products or establish improved libido
334 · Cistanche tubulosa extract x improvement of testosterone and sexual function
Verdict 334 · Evidence Grade ? · 3 cited sources
No ingredient-only human efficacy trial of Cistanche tubulosa extract for testosterone or sexual function was identified
335 · Aster glehni extract powder x improvement of age-related cognitive decline
Verdict 335 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 3 cited sources
This specific recognized ingredient was supported by submitted human evidence, but public cognitive clinical results and independent replication are lacking
336 · Enzymatically hydrolyzed Tremella fuciformis extract x improvement of age-related cognitive function
Verdict 336 · Evidence Grade C · 52 · 2 cited sources
A short-term cognitive-test RCT was positive, but it remains a single trial of one specific extract
337 · Gastrodia elata extract x improvement of memory and cognitive function
Verdict 337 · Evidence Grade C · 52 · 3 cited sources
A recent positive cognitive RCT exists, but earlier overall-population null findings and selective endpoints remain
338 · Theacrine (TeaCrine) x improvement of alertness, energy, and fatigue
Verdict 338 · Evidence Grade C · 44 · 4 cited sources
Subjective energy signals are mixed, and objective exercise performance and fatigue resistance were repeatedly null
339 · Fermented porcine placenta extract x improvement of fatigue
Verdict 339 · Evidence Grade C · 50 · 3 cited sources
An eight-week fatigue-scale signal exists, but it comes from a single manufacturer-sponsored trial of a specific fermented ingredient
340 · Fermented amino acid complex x fatigue reduction during endurance exercise
Verdict 340 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 2 cited sources
Individual recognition is not the same as independently replicated public clinical evidence
341 · D-allulose x attenuation of postprandial glucose rise
Verdict 341 · Evidence Grade C · 58 · 4 cited sources
A modest postprandial curve change should be distinguished from durable glycemic control
342 · L-arabinose x attenuation of sucrose digestion and absorption and postprandial glucose control
Verdict 342 · Evidence Grade C · 50 · 4 cited sources
Any effect is limited to acute simultaneous intake with sucrose
343 · Does Touchi extract suppress postprandial blood glucose elevation?
Verdict 343 · Evidence Grade C · 55 · 5 cited sources
Regulatory or safety review does not independently establish efficacy of the test material.
344 · Do glycerol supplements improve fluid retention and endurance during exercise?
Verdict 344 · Evidence Grade B · 61 · 4 cited sources
The low-B rating applies only to high-dose pure-glycerol hyperhydration and must be distinguished from low-dose retail products.
345 · Do exogenous ketone salts improve endurance and exercise energy?
Verdict 345 · Evidence Grade D · 28 · 5 cited sources
Higher blood ketones are a surrogate marker, not evidence of improved endurance.
346 · Phosphatidic acid (PA) × Increased muscle mass and strength during resistance training
Verdict 346 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 4 cited sources
PA has mixed results in small resistance-training trials and should not be treated as a proven muscle-building ingredient
347 · MS-10 thistle complex × Relief of menopausal symptoms in women
Verdict 347 · Evidence Grade C · 50 · 3 cited sources
MS-10 has a short-term menopause symptom-scale signal, but developer and branded-ingredient concentration limit it to C
348 · Germinated fermented soybean extract × Relief of menopausal symptoms in women
Verdict 348 · Evidence Grade C · 40 · 2 cited sources
Registration and preregistration are real, but absent public human results keep the verdict at the lowest C
349 · Rice bran ethanolic extract × Improved sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and sleep onset
Verdict 349 · Evidence Grade C · 50 · 1 cited sources
Rice bran ethanolic extract has a two-week polysomnographic signal, but evidence beyond one specific ingredient trial is limited
350 · Heukharang lettuce extract × Improved sleep quality and sleep onset
Verdict 350 · Evidence Grade C · 56 · 2 cited sources
Heukharang extract has a short-term signal for sleep duration and efficiency, but sleep onset and product generalization remain uncertain
351 · Does Chrysanthemum zawadskii extract improve knee pain and joint function?
Verdict 351 · Evidence Grade C · 54 · 2 cited sources
Efficacy was rated separately from safety and product-specification differences. No related serious adverse-event signal emerged over 12 weeks, but long-term safety evidence is limited, so safety remains unknown.
352 · Does Lilium lancifolium extract improve joint discomfort and function?
Verdict 352 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 2 cited sources
Efficacy was rated separately from safety. No clear serious safety signal emerged over 12 weeks, but long-term and cross-product evidence is limited.
353 · Does vitamin D support calcium absorption and bone health and prevent fractures?
Verdict 353 · Evidence Grade B · 70 · 5 cited sources
Efficacy was rated separately from safety. Excess supplementation can cause hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and other toxicity, so dosing should follow testing and clinical context.
354 · Does larch arabinogalactan reduce colds and upper respiratory infections?
Verdict 354 · Evidence Grade C · 45 · 2 cited sources
Efficacy was rated separately from safety. Short-term tolerability does not establish long-term safety, and this fiber-like ingredient may cause gastrointestinal discomfort.
355 · Does EpiCor reduce cold and flu-like symptoms and support immunity?
Verdict 355 · Evidence Grade C · 50 · 2 cited sources
Efficacy was rated separately from safety. Short trials showed no major signal, but safety evidence in children, long-term use, and polypharmacy remains insufficient.
356 · Does Astragalus extract enhance immunity and prevent infections?
Verdict 356 · Evidence Grade C · 42 · 2 cited sources
Efficacy was rated separately from safety. Caution is appropriate because of potential interactions with immunosuppressive therapy, autoimmune conditions, and variable product specifications.
357 · Does saffron extract improve sleep onset and sleep quality?
Verdict 357 · Evidence Grade B · 64 · 7 cited sources
Efficacy was rated separately from safety. Short-term tolerability at research doses was generally acceptable, but pregnancy, anticoagulant use, high doses, and long-term use require separate caution.
358 · Glycine x sleep quality and daytime alertness
Verdict 358 · Evidence Grade C · 50 · 4 cited sources
Early human signals exist for 3 g before bed, but the evidence is tiny and industry-concentrated
359 · Wild lettuce extract (Lactuca virosa) x sedation, sleep onset, and restful sleep
Verdict 359 · Evidence Grade ? · 2 cited sources
Traditional sedative imagery and animal signals exist, but no standalone human sleep trial was identified
360 · Lactase enzyme x prevention of lactose-intolerance symptoms
Verdict 360 · Evidence Grade B · 78 · 5 cited sources
Direct lactose digestion and symptom reduction are repeatedly supported, but product activity and dosing conditions matter
361 · L. plantarum 299v x IBS abdominal pain, gas, and bloating
Verdict 361 · Evidence Grade B · 65 · 3 cited sources
IBS RCTs exist for strain 299v, but results conflict and cannot be generalized to all probiotics
362 · Slippery elm bark (Ulmus rubra) x reflux, heartburn, and a sensitive gut
Verdict 362 · Evidence Grade ? · 2 cited sources
Mucilage provides plausibility, but no standalone human efficacy trial was identified after excluding combination products
363 · Evening primrose seed extract (PGG) x postprandial blood glucose
Verdict 363 · Evidence Grade C · 48 · 3 cited sources
The specified extract has a single-meal postprandial signal, but no independent replication or long-term clinical outcomes
