CATEGORY HUB
General
General verdicts ranked by evidence score. 277 verdicts in this category.
62 foods and supplements claimed to help general health, ranked by evidence
Drugs and procedures removed — only what you swallow, ordered by how strong the evidence is.
General Evidence Ranking
Within this category, verdicts with higher evidence scores appear first. Verdicts without a score stay lower in the same list.
| A | 96 | Intravenous tranexamic acid (prescription antifibrinolytic hemostatic drug) | Reduced four-week all-cause and bleeding mortality when given early to adults with severe traumatic bleeding |
| A | 95 | Oral rehydration salts, a glucose-electrolyte solution | Correction of mild to moderate dehydration caused by diarrhea, vomiting, or heat |
| A | 94 | Guaiac fecal occult blood testing (gFOBT, repeated screening) | Reduced colorectal cancer mortality through repeated fecal occult blood screening in asymptomatic middle-aged and older adults |
| A | 93 | Rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, MabThera, prescription anticancer infusion) | Prolonged overall survival when added to CHOP in older adults with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma |
| A | 92 | Fluoride toothpaste (nonprescription drug product) | Prevention of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth |
| A | 92 | Low-dose chest computed tomography (LDCT imaging screening) | Reduced lung-cancer mortality through regular screening of high-risk smokers |
| A | 90 | Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT; nonprescription gum and patches) | Improved long-term smoking-cessation success |
| A | 88 | Varenicline (partial agonist at the alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor; Champix and Chantix; prescription) | Increased long-term smoking cessation for at least six months when combined with behavioral support |
| A | 86 | Osimertinib (third-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Tagrisso, prescription targeted anticancer drug) | Prolonged overall survival with adjuvant therapy after complete resection of stage IB to IIIA EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer |
| A | 86 | Poractant alfa (porcine-lung-derived pulmonary surfactant, Curosurf, prescription intratracheal suspension) | Reduction of neonatal mortality and pneumothorax in preterm respiratory distress syndrome |
| A | 86 | Pit-and-fissure sealant for permanent teeth in children | Prevention of occlusal caries in permanent teeth |
| A | 84 | Mesh-reinforced groin hernia repair | Reduced inguinal or femoral hernia recurrence versus non-mesh tissue repair |
| A | 82 | Prednisolone (oral prescription corticosteroid; Solondo) | Increased complete facial-function recovery at three and nine months in adults with Bell palsy treated within 72 hours |
| A | 82 | Single-dose oral dexamethasone (prescription systemic corticosteroid) | Reduced return visits and persistent symptoms in mild pediatric croup |
| B | 79 | Imatinib (BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Gleevec, prescription anticancer medicine) | Prevention of progression to accelerated phase or blast crisis in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia |
| B | 79 | Nusinersen (antisense oligonucleotide that modifies SMN2 splicing, Spinraza, prescription intrathecal injection) | Improved motor-milestone attainment and event-free survival without death or permanent ventilation in spinal muscular atrophy |
| B | 79 | Pegfilgrastim (long-acting G-CSF, Neulasta, prescription injection) | Primary prevention of febrile neutropenia and related hospitalization during myelosuppressive chemotherapy |
| B | 78 | Long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT, oxygen concentrator and nasal cannula for at least 15 hours per day) | Reduced mortality in patients with COPD and severe resting hypoxemia while clinically stable |
| B | 78 | Oral azacitidine (CC-486, a prescription DNA methyltransferase-inhibiting anticancer drug; Onureg) | Reduced relapse and death in older patients with AML in first remission after intensive chemotherapy who were not candidates for hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation |
| B | 77 | Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide, an oral prescription drug) | Reduction of vaso-occlusive pain crises, acute chest syndrome, and transfusion in sickle cell anemia |
| B | 76 | Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, Diamox, prescription) | Prevention of acute mountain sickness in travelers ascending rapidly to high altitude |
| B | 76 | Epley manoeuvre (physical canalith-repositioning procedure for the posterior semicircular canal) | Early resolution of vertigo and nystagmus in posterior-canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo |
| B | 76 | Structured exercise program (three years of supervised and behaviorally supported aerobic exercise after adjuvant chemotherapy) | Reduced recurrence, new primary cancer, or death after adjuvant chemotherapy for resected colon cancer |
| B | 76 | Venetoclax plus azacitidine, a lower-intensity anticancer regimen | Longer overall survival in previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia unsuitable for intensive chemotherapy |
| B | 76 | Intravenous artesunate for severe malaria | Reduced in-hospital mortality in severe falciparum malaria |
| B | 76 | Topical 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) | Arrest of existing active dentin caries lesions in early childhood |
| B | 76 | Residential radon exposure | Increased lung-cancer incidence |
| B | 76 | Prophylactic onlay mesh reinforcement added to midline closure in high-risk adults | Prevention of incisional hernia at two years |
| B | 76 | A prophylactic platelet-transfusion threshold of 25×10⁹/L in severely thrombocytopenic preterm neonates | Reduced death or new major bleeding by day 28 versus a threshold of 50×10⁹/L |
| B | 76 | Two units of thawed plasma before hospital arrival for trauma patients at risk of hemorrhagic shock | Reduced 28- to 30-day mortality versus crystalloid-centered standard resuscitation |
| B | 76 | A restrictive red-cell transfusion strategy starting below hemoglobin 7 g/dL in severe acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding | Improved six-week survival versus a liberal 9 g/dL threshold |
| B | 76 | A single intraoperative 8-mg intravenous dose of dexamethasone | No clinically unacceptable increase in 30-day surgical-site infection with reduced postoperative nausea and vomiting after noncardiac surgery |
| B | 76 | Plasma-Lyte 148 balanced crystalloid | Reduced delayed graft function requiring dialysis within 7 days after deceased-donor kidney transplantation |
| B | 76 | Flexible duty-hour rules for surgical residents | Noninferior 30-day postoperative death or serious complications among patients |
| B | 74 | Cranberry (proanthocyanidins, PAC) | Urinary tract and bladder health: inhibition of harmful bacterial adhesion in the urinary tract and reduced risk of recurrent urinary tract infection |
| B | 74 | Naltrexone 50 mg (mu-opioid receptor antagonist, prescription drug; Revia) | Reduced heavy drinking and return to drinking in alcohol use disorder when combined with counseling |
| B | 74 | Bupropion sustained release (NDRI smoking-cessation medicine, prescription drug) | Improved six-month continuous smoking abstinence when combined with counseling |
| B | 74 | Tezepelumab (TSLP-blocking monoclonal antibody; Tezspire; prescription injection) | Prevention of exacerbations requiring systemic corticosteroids, emergency care, or hospitalization in severe uncontrolled asthma |
| B | 74 | Fondaparinux (synthetic pentasaccharide indirect factor Xa inhibitor, prescription injection; Arixtra) | Prevention of symptomatic recurrent venous thromboembolism during initial treatment of acute pulmonary embolism and deep-vein thrombosis |
| B | 73 | Vibegron (beta-3 adrenergic agonist, Beova, prescription medicine) | Improved urinary frequency, urgency, and urgency urinary incontinence in overactive bladder |
| B | 73 | Riluzole (a benzothiazole glutamate modulator, Rilutek, prescription medicine) | Delayed death or tracheostomy and prolonged survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| B | 73 | Rivaroxaban (direct factor Xa-inhibiting DOAC, Xarelto, prescription medicine; 15-to-20-mg VTE regimen) | Treatment of acute deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and prevention of recurrent symptomatic venous thromboembolism |
| B | 72 | Atovaquone/proguanil (fixed-dose antimalarial combination; oral prescription medicine marketed as Malarone) | Prevention of clinical malaria in travelers to endemic areas |
| B | 72 | Professional fluoride varnish (a professionally applied topical fluoride dental treatment) | Prevention of caries in primary and permanent teeth of children and adolescents |
| B | 72 | Nicotine e-cigarette used as a smoking-cessation aid | Higher one-year sustained abstinence than nicotine-replacement therapy |
| B | 72 | Dupilumab (IL-4R-alpha-targeting monoclonal antibody; prescription injection) | Reduced moderate or severe exacerbations in COPD with elevated eosinophils and type 2 inflammation |
| B | 72 | Pembrolizumab plus pemetrexed and platinum chemotherapy (prescription anticancer regimen) | Prolonged overall survival in metastatic nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer |
| B | 72 | Apixaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor | Prevention of recurrent cancer-associated venous thromboembolism |
| B | 72 | Intravesical BCG induction and maintenance after TURBT | Reduced recurrence in intermediate- and high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer |
| B | 72 | Tailored automated smoking-cessation text messaging, txt2stop | Increased biochemically verified continuous abstinence at six months |
| B | 72 | Prophylactic noninvasive ventilation immediately after planned extubation in high-risk ICU patients | Reduced reintubation within seven days versus high-flow nasal oxygen alone |
| B | 72 | Individualised energy- and protein-targeted nutritional support started within 48 hours for medical inpatients at nutritional risk | Reduction in the 30-day composite of death, ICU admission, non-elective readmission, major complications, or functional decline |
| B | 72 | Twenty-four hours of high-flow nasal cannula immediately after planned extubation in low-risk ICU adults | Reduced reintubation within 72 hours versus conventional oxygen |
| B | 72 | An extended clinical-pharmacist transition package spanning medication review, reconciliation, counseling, and postdischarge coordination | Reduced all-cause readmission within 180 days versus usual care |
| B | 72 | A reengineered discharge bundle combining nurse coordination, an individualized discharge plan, and a pharmacist call 2 to 4 days later | Reduced 30-day emergency visits and readmissions |
| B | 72 | One unit of prophylactic platelet concentrate before ultrasound-guided CVC placement in adults with 10,000 to 50,000 platelets per microliter | Reduced grade 2-to-4 procedure-related bleeding within 24 hours |
| B | 72 | Continuous small-bites closure using 5 mm bites and 5 mm advances with 2-0 PDS Plus II after elective midline laparotomy | Reduced one-year incisional hernia versus at least 10 mm bites and 10 mm advances with 1 PDS Plus II |
| B | 72 | Early low-dose hydrocortisone during the first 10 postnatal days | Increased survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely preterm infants |
| B | 72 | Withholding supplemental parenteral nutrition during the first PICU week | Reduced newly acquired infection and PICU dependency |
| B | 72 | Sentinel-node-navigated neck surgery strategy | Noninferior three-year overall survival in clinically node-negative early oral cancer |
| B | 70 | Ibuprofen 400 mg (oral NSAID) | Single-dose pain relief for four to six hours in moderate or severe acute postoperative pain |
| B | 70 | High water intake targeting at least 2 L of urine per 24 hours | Prevention of five-year recurrence after treatment of a first idiopathic calcium kidney stone |
| B | 70 | 0.12% to 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse or a single intrasocket application of 0.2% chlorhexidine gel | Prevention of alveolar osteitis, or dry socket, after tooth extraction |
| B | 70 | Elastic abdominal binder after cesarean delivery | Improved early walking and recovery |
| B | 70 | Pregnancy smoking-cessation incentives contingent on biochemically verified abstinence | Increased biochemically verified smoking cessation late in pregnancy |
| B | 70 | Repeated cessation counseling plus nicotine replacement begun four to eight weeks before surgery | Reduced postoperative complications |
| B | 70 | One gram of EMLA cream 60 minutes before hemodialysis arteriovenous-fistula cannulation | Reduced cannulation pain versus a lidocaine patch |
| B | 70 | A preformed metal crown placed with the Hall Technique | Reduced major failure from pulpal disease or restoration failure requiring intervention in carious primary molars |
| B | 70 | Postoperative oral calcium 3 g/day plus active vitamin D 1 microgram/day | Prevention of symptomatic hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy plus central neck dissection for papillary thyroid cancer |
| B | 70 | Endoscopic sinus surgery plus intranasal corticosteroids and saline irrigation | Improved symptoms and quality of life at six months in adults with chronic rhinosinusitis remaining symptomatic after appropriate medical therapy |
| B | 70 | High-dose pralidoxime regimen using a 2 g loading dose followed by 1 g per hour for 48 hours | Reduced need for intubation and duration of mechanical ventilation in moderately severe organophosphorus pesticide poisoning |
| B | 68 | Mirabegron (beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonist and extended-release prescription medicine) | Reduced urinary frequency, urgency, and urgency urinary incontinence in adults with overactive bladder |
| B | 68 | Vestibular rehabilitation (exercise therapy using eye, head, and body movements plus balance adaptation) | Reduced chronic vestibular dizziness and related disability |
| B | 68 | Dimenhydrinate | Prevention of motion sickness |
| B | 64 | Solifenacin (antimuscarinic, Vesicare, prescription) | Improvement of urgency, frequency, and urgency urinary incontinence in overactive bladder |
| B | 62 | Chlorhexidine mouthwash (antimicrobial oral rinse) | Reduced plaque accumulation and gingivitis as an adjunct to toothbrushing |
| B | 62 | Home INR self-testing (weekly point-of-care testing by warfarin users) | Reduction of stroke, major bleeding, and death versus clinic testing |
| B | 61 | Pseudoephedrine (oral decongestant, Sudafed, nonprescription or controlled-sale medicine) | Relief of nasal congestion from the common cold or allergic rhinitis |
| B | 60 | Micronized purified flavonoid fraction containing diosmin and hesperidin | Relief of bleeding, itching, swelling, and other symptoms of acute hemorrhoids |
| C | 59 | OnabotulinumtoxinA intradetrusor injection (BOTOX, prescription procedure) | Reduction of urgency urinary incontinence in refractory overactive bladder |
| C | 58 | Folate/folic acid (vitamin B9) | Compound claims for anemia, pregnancy, and cardiovascular health |
| C | 58 | Potassium nitrate toothpaste (toothpaste for sensitive teeth, nonprescription product) | Pain relief for dentin hypersensitivity |
| C | 58 | Gabapentin, a prescription antiseizure and neuropathic-pain medicine | Reduction of persistent pain from postherpetic neuralgia |
| C | 58 | Duloxetine (prescription serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) | Relief of widespread pain and patient-perceived symptoms in fibromyalgia |
| C | 56 | Septoplasty, with turbinate surgery when indicated | Improved patient-reported symptoms and quality of life in nasal obstruction caused by a deviated septum |
| C | 56 | Wholegrain intake | Lower all-cause mortality |
| C | 56 | A spicy-food pattern including fresh chili, dried chili, chili sauce, chili oil, and other or unspecified forms | Lower all-cause mortality |
| C | 56 | Sugar-sweetened beverages such as sodas and fruit drinks containing added sugar | Increased all-cause mortality |
| C | 56 | Total intake of ultra-processed foods under the NOVA classification | Increased all-cause mortality |
| C | 56 | Vegetarian dietary pattern | Reduced all-cause mortality versus nonvegetarian eating |
| C | 56 | A 0-to-32 organic-diet score derived from self-reported frequency across 16 food groups | Reduced incidence of cancer |
| C | 56 | Habitual cycle commuting | Reduced incidence of newly diagnosed cancer |
| C | 56 | Back blows and abdominal thrusts for adult foreign-body airway obstruction | Favorable neurological outcome at 30 days |
| C | 56 | Inpatient comprehensive geriatric assessment centered on dedicated geriatric wards | Higher probability of being alive and living at home three to twelve months after admission |
| C | 56 | Occupational disinfectant exposure | Higher incidence of COPD |
| C | 56 | Seasonal influenza vaccination programs for care-home staff | Reduced all-cause mortality among residents during influenza activity |
| C | 56 | Titrated oxygen targeting SpO2 88% to 92% during ambulance transport for suspected acute COPD exacerbation | Reduced prehospital or in-hospital mortality versus routine high-flow oxygen |
| C | 56 | Brief universal postpartum nurse home visiting with linkage to community resources | Reduced emergency-department visits and hospital overnights during infancy |
| C | 56 | Daily continuous low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis during clean intermittent self-catheterisation | Reduction in recurrent symptomatic, antibiotic-treated urinary tract infections over 12 months |
| C | 56 | A 12-gene pharmacogenetic panel linked to genotype-guided prescribing | Reduction of causal, clinically relevant adverse drug reactions within 12 weeks of starting a new drug |
| C | 56 | Four-month rifapentine–moxifloxacin regimen | Noninferior treatment shortened by two months versus the standard six-month regimen for drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis |
| C | 55 | Intravesical gemcitabine (prescription instillation) | Prevention of tumor recurrence over four years with one immediate post-TURBT instillation in low-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer |
| C | 54 | Weissella cibaria CMU (OraCMU) | Improvement of gingivitis and gum bleeding |
| C | 54 | Hydroxyapatite toothpaste (fluoride-alternative remineralizing toothpaste, general use) | Enamel remineralization without fluoride and caries prevention comparable to fluoride toothpaste |
| C | 54 | Pregabalin (prescription gabapentinoid) | Patient-reported pain reduction in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy |
| C | 54 | Duloxetine, a prescription serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor | Patient-perceived pain reduction in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy |
| C | 54 | Self-reported annual volunteering categorized as 0, 1-49, 50-99, or at least 100 hours | Lower onset of physical-function limitations four years later |
| C | 54 | Placing an infant supine for sleep from birth through the first year | Reduced sudden infant death syndrome |
| C | 54 | Buttonhole cannulation of a hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula | Increased local infection, abscess, or bacteremia versus rope-ladder cannulation |
| C | 54 | Portable-bladder-ultrasound prompted voiding tailored to individual bladder capacity | Reduced daytime urine leakage in older nursing-home residents |
| C | 54 | Hospital-wide adoption of safety-engineered needles and blood-collection devices | Reduction in occupational needlestick injuries among healthcare personnel |
| C | 54 | Bedside medication management combining patient and drug bar-code verification with an electronic medication record | Reduction in nontiming medication-administration errors |
| C | 54 | Emicizumab prophylaxis | Reduced treated bleeding in hemophilia A with factor VIII inhibitors |
| C | 54 | Icon resin infiltration (ICON, DMG, Germany) | Reduced radiographic progression of non-cavitated proximal early caries |
| C | 54 | A phase-change-material cooling vest and an on-site cooling oasis combining hydration, cold towels, fans, and water dousing | Reduced physiological heat strain measured by core temperature and heart rate during sawmill work in Thailand |
| C | 54 | Monthly fitusiran prophylaxis | Reduced annualized bleeding in severe hemophilia A or B without inhibitors |
| C | 52 | Iodine | Thyroid function |
| C | 52 | Lactic-acid-bacteria-fermented oyster extract, FGO | Promotion of height growth in children |
| C | 52 | Oral sodium bicarbonate (oral alkali-supplement tablets) | Delayed kidney-function decline and progression to dialysis in chronic kidney disease with metabolic acidosis |
| C | 52 | Honey (food and nonprescription natural product; age 12 months or older) | Relief of nocturnal cough frequency and cough-related sleep disturbance in children with acute upper respiratory infection |
| C | 52 | Screening colonoscopy (a one-time invitation strategy for asymptomatic adults at average risk) | Prevention of colorectal cancer incidence and colorectal cancer death |
| C | 50 | Fesoterodine, an antimuscarinic treatment for overactive bladder | Reduced urinary frequency and urgency urinary incontinence in overactive bladder |
| C | 50 | Amoxicillin, a prescription penicillin antibiotic | Meaningful shortening of symptoms and disease-specific quality-of-life impairment in clinically diagnosed adult acute rhinosinusitis |
| C | 50 | Powered toothbrush, especially oscillating-rotating designs | Improved gingivitis and gingival-bleeding indices versus a manual toothbrush |
| C | 50 | UV-B-irradiated brown button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, soup | Improved serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in adults with low vitamin D |
| C | 50 | Calcium-fortified UHT milk, 330 mL on each school day | Greater 24-month height growth in 10-year-old girls with low calcium intake and low vitamin D status |
| C | 50 | Curcumin 2 g coadministered with concentrated piperine 20 mg | Increased single-dose peak serum curcumin and systemic exposure |
| C | 50 | Twice-daily 0.9% saline nasal irrigation after work shifts | Relief of chronic sinonasal symptoms in cement-dust workers |
| C | 50 | Daily dental floss added to toothbrushing | Reduced gingivitis and prevention of long-term periodontal disease |
| C | 50 | Smartphone dual tasks such as texting, reading, or calling while walking | Reduced gait stability |
| C | 50 | Residential dampness and mold | Increased asthma onset and respiratory symptoms |
| C | 50 | Water-based, oil-based, carbamide-peroxide, and other cerumenolytic ear drops | Complete clearance of impacted earwax and reduced need for further removal |
| C | 50 | Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation using the Urgent PC system | Relief of urgency, frequency, urgency urinary incontinence, and quality-of-life impairment in overactive bladder |
| C | 50 | Uniform-attenuation earplugs worn at a live music event | Prevention of temporary hearing-threshold shift immediately after amplified music exposure |
| C | 50 | Teacher- or staff-supervised brushing with fluoride toothpaste on each school day | Reduced increment in new carious tooth surfaces or DMFS among children |
| C | 50 | A dry-mouth pastille containing gum arabic, hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium hyaluronate, and carrageenan | Increased salivary flow and relief of dry mouth |
| C | 50 | Pelviva, a disposable home intravaginal pelvic-floor neuromuscular electrical-stimulation device | Improved female urinary-incontinence symptoms and quality of life |
| C | 50 | Combined CPC and essential-oil mouth rinse | Reduced plaque re-accumulation after professional prophylaxis |
| C | 50 | Smart in-home electronic medication dispenser | Improved medication adherence in adults with chronic conditions and polypharmacy |
| C | 50 | Oral eltrombopag | Platelet-count response and reduced bleeding in chronic immune thrombocytopenia |
| C | 50 | Sunlight phototherapy filtered to remove ultraviolet and infrared radiation | Bilirubin control noninferior to conventional electric phototherapy in term and late-preterm neonatal jaundice |
| C | 50 | A 22-day tapering course of high-dose methylprednisolone | Recovery of unilateral vestibular function on caloric testing at 12 months after acute vestibular neuritis |
| C | 50 | Oral sodium fluoride 40 mg/day | Slower progression of hearing loss from otosclerosis |
| C | 50 | Osilodrostat | Maintenance of normalized 24-hour urinary free cortisol in Cushing's disease |
| C | 50 | Three-dimensional printed nasoalveolar molding appliance (D-NAM) | Improved presurgical maxillary-arch morphology in infants with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate |
| C | 50 | Intravenous sodium thiosulfate given six hours after completion of cisplatin | Prevention of cisplatin-induced hearing loss in children |
| C | 50 | Self-assembling peptide P11-4 and a self-assembled peptide matrix | Arrest or regression of early occlusal caries in children and adolescents |
| C | 50 | Once-weekly somapacitan | Noninferior annualized height velocity at week 52 versus daily growth hormone in children with growth hormone deficiency |
| C | 50 | Preterm formula powder used to fortify human milk | Noninferiority to commercial human milk fortifier for in-hospital weight-gain velocity in very-low-birth-weight preterm infants |
| C | 50 | Vitamin D3 buccal spray in patients with intestinal malabsorption | Greater serum 25(OH)D increase than the same 1000 IU/day dose in soft-gel capsules |
| C | 50 | 10-kHz spinal cord stimulation | At least 50% pain relief in refractory painful diabetic neuropathy |
| C | 50 | Givosiran | Reduced annualized composite attacks in recurrent acute intermittent porphyria |
| C | 49 | WHO Surgical Safety Checklist (patient-safety program) | Reduced postoperative complications, surgical-site infection, and mortality |
| C | 48 | Chlorella (chlorella) | Detoxification, immunity, and cholesterol |
| C | 48 | Oral probiotics, including Streptococcus salivarius K12 and Lactobacillus reuteri, supplied as lozenges or tablets | Reduced organoleptic scores and volatile sulfur compounds in halitosis |
| C | 47 | Ivy leaf dry extract from Hedera helix | Reduced cough frequency and severity in acute bronchitis |
| C | 46 | Low-molecular-weight collagen (hydrolyzed collagen peptides) | claims of superior absorption rate and molecular weight |
| C | 46 | A meat-based diet combining pork, beef, chicken, and fish | Maintenance of serum ferritin and hemoglobin in nonanemic women of childbearing age with low iron stores |
| C | 46 | Longitudinal follow-up of adolescents' reported exposure to violent video games | Increased long-term aggressive behavior |
| C | 46 | Tongue cleaner | Reduction of halitosis-related volatile sulfur compounds |
| C | 46 | Water flosser or oral irrigator | Improvement in gingivitis and bleeding indices |
| C | 46 | Oil pulling by prolonged swishing of sesame, coconut, or other edible oil | Reduced gingivitis and dental plaque |
| C | 46 | Inserting cotton-tipped swabs into the ear canal for cleaning | Increased cerumen occlusion |
| C | 46 | A sequential package of counseling, hearing-aid amplification, tinnitus activities treatment, and Widex Zen fractal tones | Reduced distress and functional handicap from chronic tinnitus |
| C | 46 | An intranasal filter intended to block inhaled pollen | Reduced nasal symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis |
| C | 46 | Caplacizumab added to standard plasma exchange and immunosuppression | Faster platelet response and fewer clinical events in acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura |
| C | 46 | Novaloc attachment | Improved patient satisfaction with single-implant mandibular overdentures |
| C | 45 | Noni (noni, Morinda citrifolia) | Anti-inflammatory and cure-all-style claims |
| C | 45 | Xylitol chewing gum (sugar-alcohol gum) | Prevention of incident dental caries with long-term use |
| C | 44 | Krill oil (phospholipid omega-3) | superior absorption and blood markers versus omega-3 |
| C | 44 | Chlorophyllin (distinct from liquid chlorophyll) | Body-odor reduction and detoxification |
| C | 43 | Multivitamin/multimineral | General health, fatigue, and disease prevention |
| C | 42 | Balloon flower root (Platycodon grandiflorus, platycodin/platycodin D-series saponins) | bronchial health, cough, and phlegm |
| C | 42 | Modified citrus pectin | Heavy-metal elimination and detoxification |
| C | 42 | Clinoptilolite zeolite | Heavy-metal adsorption and systemic detoxification |
| C | 42 | Bentonite clay | Gut cleansing and systemic toxin removal |
| C | 42 | Povidone-iodine gargle or throat spray (Betadine, nonprescription medicine) | Prevention of common-cold or COVID-19 infection and progression to severe disease |
| C | 41 | Benfotiamine, also called S-benzoylthiamine | Improved pain and nerve function in diabetic peripheral neuropathy |
| C | 40 | Diamine oxidase (DAO) | Relief of headache, urticaria, and gastrointestinal symptoms attributed to food-related histamine intolerance |
| D | 35 | Oral zinc (zinc sulfate, gluconate, and other salts; an essential trace-mineral supplement) | Reduced loudness and distress from subjective tinnitus in adults |
| D | 35 | Hydrochlorothiazide (thiazide diuretic, Dichlozid, prescription drug) | Prevention of clinical and radiologic recurrence of calcium kidney stones |
| D | 34 | Tamsulosin (prescription alpha-1 blocker) | Facilitation of spontaneous passage of ureteral stones 5 mm or smaller |
| D | 34 | Early goal-directed therapy, a six-hour protocol targeting central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation | Reduced 90-day mortality in septic shock versus contemporary usual care |
| D | 34 | Weekend-warrior activity concentrating recommended weekly exercise into one or two sessions | Whether all-cause mortality differs from activity spread over three or more sessions |
| D | 34 | Approximately 8.5 to 12.5 sedentary hours per day | Mortality risk as large as smoking and not attenuated by exercise |
| D | 34 | Personal use of permanent hair dye | Higher incidence of hematopoietic cancer |
| D | 34 | Physician-pharmacist medication optimization using STOPP/START and STRIPA | Reduction of 12-month drug-related hospital admission in inpatients aged 70 or older with multimorbidity and polypharmacy |
| D | 34 | Early 48-hour continuous cisatracurium neuromuscular blockade | Reduction of 90-day in-hospital mortality in moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome |
| D | 34 | Balanced crystalloids | Lower mortality than saline in critically ill adults |
| D | 34 | Fresh lemon juice 60 mL twice daily, providing about 6 g citric acid daily | Prevention of two-year recurrent idiopathic calcium oxalate stones |
| D | 34 | Removing the dressing within 12 hours and bathing normally after primary closure of a minor skin excision | No greater wound-infection risk than keeping the wound dry and covered for 48 hours |
| D | 34 | Topical intranasal tranexamic acid 100 mg/mL delivered on a cotton dental roll | Reduced need for anterior nasal packing in adults with emergency-department epistaxis |
| D | 34 | Temporary transport of an avulsed permanent tooth in milk before dental care | Improved long-term survival and functional replantation success versus tap water, saline, or dry storage |
| D | 34 | Structured professional oral care in nursing homes | Prevention of pneumonia among nursing-home residents |
| D | 34 | A strategy of transfusing fresher, shorter-stored red blood cells | Reduced 90-day all-cause mortality versus standard-issue red cells in critically ill adults |
| D | 34 | Early high-frequency oscillatory ventilation for adults with moderate-to-severe ARDS | Reduced short-term all-cause mortality versus contemporary lung-protective conventional ventilation |
| D | 34 | An i-gel-first strategy for initial advanced airway management in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest | Better functional recovery at discharge or 30 days than with a tracheal-intubation-first strategy |
| D | 34 | Addition of nitrous oxide to general anesthesia for high-risk noncardiac surgery | No increase in major cardiovascular events, but increased severe nausea and vomiting |
| D | 34 | Restrictive fluid therapy | Reducing disability and complications after major abdominal surgery |
| D | 34 | Early tracheostomy within four days of ICU admission | Reduced 30-day mortality in adults expected to require prolonged mechanical ventilation |
| D | 34 | Energy-dense enteral nutrition at 1.5 kcal/mL | Reduced 90-day mortality in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults |
| D | 34 | Initial trophic versus full-goal enteral feeding during the first six days of mechanical ventilation | More ventilator-free days and lower mortality in acute lung injury |
| D | 34 | Six 50 g doses of activated charcoal given every 4 hours | Reduced in-hospital mortality after acute intentional self-poisoning |
| D | 34 | Oxycodone-, hydrocodone-, or codeine-acetaminophen combination analgesics | Superior two-hour analgesia versus ibuprofen-acetaminophen for acute extremity pain in the emergency department |
| D | 30 | High-dose intravenous vitamin C (high-dose IV ascorbic acid infusion) | Reduced death and persistent organ dysfunction in vasopressor-dependent sepsis |
| D | 30 | Kinesiology tape, an elastic therapeutic tape | Reduction of chronic nonspecific low-back pain and disability |
| D | 30 | Systemic prednisolone (prescription oral glucocorticoid) | Hearing recovery in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss |
| D | 30 | Transmeatal low-level laser therapy | Relief of chronic tinnitus severity and distress in adults |
| D | 30 | A carnivore diet centered on animal foods while excluding nearly all fruit, vegetables, and grains | Improved overall perceived health and well-being |
| D | 30 | Controlled high-protein diet providing 25% of energy from protein | Kidney damage in adults without kidney disease |
| D | 30 | Eating 100 g grilled spinach together with 100 to 180 g milk or dairy products | Increased calcium oxalate kidney-stone events |
| D | 30 | Practice-based social-prescribing link worker support for people with multimorbidity in deprived areas | Improved quality of life and mental health |
| D | 30 | The modified baby-led complementary-feeding program BLISS with choking-prevention education from about six months | Reduced infant choking events |
| D | 30 | Ionic detox footbath using an electrode array in salted water | Increased elimination of heavy metals and toxins from the body |
| D | 30 | Oral or mechanical suction of a venomous-snake bite wound | Removal of a clinically meaningful amount of venom |
| D | 30 | Delivery-room resuscitation strategy incorporating sustained lung inflations | Reduced bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death at 36 weeks in extremely preterm infants |
| D | 30 | Risk-based, six-month, and 24-month adult dental recall intervals | Maintenance of oral health and oral-health-related quality of life over four years |
| D | 30 | Nasal high-flow therapy as primary early respiratory support in preterm infants | Increased treatment failure within 72 hours versus CPAP |
| D | 30 | One additional hyperbaric-oxygen session after a standard first session | Increased complete recovery at one month after acute carbon monoxide poisoning with initial coma |
| D | 28 | Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) | Slowing ALS progression and extending survival |
| D | 28 | Graviola (Annona muricata, soursop) | Cancer prevention, treatment, and adjunctive anticancer use |
| D | 28 | Betahistine (histamine analog, prescription) | Reduced frequency of vertigo attacks in Ménière's disease |
| D | 28 | Acupuncture or auricular acupuncture for smoking cessation | Suppression of nicotine craving and smoking abstinence lasting at least six months |
| D | 28 | Rigid neutral-position wrist splint | Symptom improvement and avoidance of surgery in primary carpal tunnel syndrome |
| D | 28 | Adding 0.3 g ground black pepper to 0.3, 1, or 3 g turmeric powder | Greater chronic-pain reduction than turmeric alone |
| D | 28 | A single 5 g dose of monosodium glutamate, or MSG, challenged while fasting and with food | Consistent and reproducible provocation of an acute cluster of headache, flushing, tingling, and palpitation |
| D | 28 | Pork, 150 g twice weekly for six weeks | Elimination of inhaled fine dust or occupational heavy metals |
| D | 28 | Six- or twelve-month routine scale and polish in regular attenders without established or advanced periodontitis | Prevention of gingival bleeding and early periodontal disease |
| D | 28 | A manually adjustable sit-stand workstation provided to office workers for eight weeks | Improved cardiovascular and metabolic health |
| D | 28 | At-home tooth-whitening strips containing 6% hydrogen peroxide | Increased tooth sensitivity as an adverse effect |
| D | 28 | Mobile seated infant walker | Earlier onset of independent walking |
| D | 28 | Ear candling | Cerumen removal |
| D | 28 | A very-low-force fountain-type electronic bidet using approximately 38-degree-C water for 3-5 minutes | Noninferior relief of pain seven days after hemorrhoidectomy as a substitute for a warm sitz bath |
| D | 28 | Complete abstinence from clear fluids after midnight before elective surgery | Prevention of regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration during anesthesia |
| D | 28 | Repeated fist clenching and releasing under a tourniquet during venepuncture | No alteration of the serum or plasma potassium result |
| D | 28 | Standard weekly pillbox, digital timer cap, and pill-bottle toggle strip | Improved 12-month medication adherence for chronic-disease therapy |
| D | 28 | Xenogeneic collagen matrix Mucograft added to coronally advanced flaps | Root coverage noninferior to autologous connective-tissue grafting in multiple adjacent gingival recessions |
| D | 28 | Prophylactic extraction of asymptomatic disease-free impacted third molars | Reduced late lower-incisor crowding after orthodontic treatment |
| D | 27 | Cilantro leaf extract | Heavy-metal elimination and detoxification |
| D | 27 | Guaifenesin (expectorant, nonprescription medicine) | Reduced cough and phlegm and shorter recovery from an acute cold or upper respiratory infection |
| D | 25 | Ginkgo biloba extract | Reduction in subjective tinnitus loudness and distress |
| D | 25 | Pregabalin (gabapentinoid, Lyrica, prescription drug) | Improved leg pain and function in acute and chronic sciatica |
| D | 24 | Oral cannabidiol isolate, or CBD isolate, at 400 to 600 mg | Clinically meaningful relief of musculoskeletal pain, including acute low back pain and knee osteoarthritis. |
| D | 22 | D-mannose | Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection |
| D | 20 | Detox foot pads (adhesive patches applied to the soles) | Removal of heavy metals and metabolic waste through the soles during overnight use |
| F | 13 | Gabapentin (prescription gabapentinoid marketed as Neurontin) | Improved pain and function in chronic sciatica or lumbar radicular pain |
| F | 12 | Vitamin D3, or cholecalciferol | Prevention of cancer incidence in generally healthy adults |
| F | 12 | Magnesium | Prevention of nocturnal idiopathic leg muscle cramps in older adults |
| F | 12 | Allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor, Zyloric, prescription medicine) | Prevention of kidney-function decline and kidney failure in gout-free asymptomatic hyperuricemia with chronic kidney disease |
| F | 12 | Dextromethorphan (nonprescription antitussive) | Relief of nocturnal cough and sleep disturbance from colds or upper respiratory infection in children |
| F | 12 | An oxygen-saturation target strategy of 85–89% | Safety or overall benefit in extremely preterm infants |
| F | 8 | Oral homeopathic Arnica montana 30C | Reduced bruising, contusions, post-exercise muscle soreness, and swelling |
| F | 8 | Oral phenylephrine (nonprescription ingredient in products such as Pancol-A and Contac) | Relief of nasal congestion from a cold or allergic rhinitis |
| F | 8 | Nux vomica 30C homeopathic product | Relief of heartburn and dyspepsia |
| F | 8 | General health checks (multidisease and multirisk-factor screening packages) | Prevention of ischaemic heart disease and death in asymptomatic general adults |
| F | 8 | Prophylactic low-dose normobaric oxygen (routine use in acute stroke without hypoxia) | Reduction of death and disability after acute stroke |
| F | 5 | High-dose beta-carotene, lung-cancer prevention axis in smokers | Prevention of lung cancer in smokers |
| F | 5 | Amygdalin and laetrile, related but chemically nonidentical agents that are often used interchangeably, also called vitamin B17 (cyanide-generating and unapproved alternative-treatment products) | Shrinking or treating cancer and extending survival with an apricot-kernel-derived substance |
| F | 5 | Periodic chest-radiograph screening for lung cancer | Detecting lung cancer early and reducing lung-cancer mortality in asymptomatic adults |
| ? | score not listed | Activated charcoal capsules | Systemic toxin removal and detoxification |
| ? | score not listed | Irish sea moss (Chondrus crispus) | Thyroid, immune, and general health |
| ? | score not listed | Monolaurin (glycerol monolaurate) | Antibacterial, antiviral, and immune support |
| ? | score not listed | Colloidal silver | Infection prevention and enhanced immunity |
| ? | score not listed | Fulvic acid and humic minerals | Trace-mineral supplementation, heavy-metal detoxification, and general vitality |
| ? | score not listed | Coral calcium with alkalization claims | Body alkalization, chronic-disease prevention, and general health |
| ? | score not listed | Organic germanium Ge-132, carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide | Immune enhancement, anticancer effects, fatigue relief, and general vitality |
| ? | score not listed | Sarsaparilla root (Smilax species) | Blood purification and whole-body detoxification |
| ? | score not listed | Mimosa pudica seed (sensitive-plant seed supplement) | Removal of intestinal parasites and gut cleansing or detoxification |
| ? | score not listed | Fenbendazole (a veterinary benzimidazole anthelmintic) | Tumor shrinkage and longer survival in people with advanced cancer |
| ? | score not listed | Hyland's Bioplasma 12 cell salts (homeopathic tissue-salt product) | Relief of fatigue and nervous tension |
| ? | score not listed | Himalayan pink salt (rock salt) | Mineral and electrolyte replacement and hydration superior to ordinary salt |
| ? | score not listed | Whole Swiss chard | Correction of iron-deficiency anemia |
| ? | score not listed | Dried unseasoned nori from Pyropia or Neopyropia species | Faster growth velocity and increased height in children |
| ? | score not listed | Air-fried potatoes | Reduced cancer incidence versus deep-fried potatoes |
| ? | score not listed | Eating raw cucumber and raw radish after cutting them together | Worsened vitamin C status or clinical deficiency |
| ? | score not listed | Tilting the head back during a nosebleed | Hemostasis and shorter bleeding time |
| ? | score not listed | Double voiding: waiting or changing position after a first void and urinating again | Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection, acute retention, catheterization, or hospitalization |