Oral vitamin C alone added to standard wound care × Complete healing and healing-time reduction in pressure ulcers

Required evidence, verification status and materials actually read
Item	AVerification status	BReading scope	CReview item	DCurrent findings	EWhy unverified	FRequired materials and conditions	GFurther research
1	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N01 · Evidence conditionWhat is the selected original claim?Required	The selected claim is complete healing and reduced healing time in pressure ulcers, for single-ingredient oral vitamin C added to standard wound care. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Single-ingredient oral C, adults with pressure ulcers, complete healing/healing time and comparison	Material needed: Original population, intervention, comparator, endpoint and timing material This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
2	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N02 · Evidence conditionAre current reading and past abstract checking distinguished?Required	The complete stored summary, 2 evidence entries, 2 citations and Korean/English content were used. Past abstract checking and unverified registration/protocol wording remain historical records. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Stored summaries, historical abstract-checking records and current external reading/acquisition	Material needed: Original material and actual access, acquisition and reading history This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
3	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N03 · Evidence conditionWhat identifies the early report?Required	The early report of 20 people by Taylor TV et al., Lancet1974, PMID4140267 and DOI10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91874-1 is preserved. S01	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Taylor1974 title, PMID/DOI and report relationships	Material needed: Original paper, complete citation and related-report list This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
4	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N04 · Evidence conditionWhat identifies the main report?Required	The main report of 88 people by ter Riet G, Kessels AG and Knipschild PG, J Clin Epidemiol1995, PMID8543959 and DOI10.1016/0895-4356(95)00053-4 is preserved. S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	ter Riet1995 title, PMID/DOI and trial relationships	Material needed: Original paper, trial/related reports and plan list This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
5	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N05 · Evidence conditionAre studies, reports, people and ulcers kept separate?Required	The early 20 and main 88 people remain linked to each report, with periods, populations, comparisons and endpoints distinguished. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Relationships among early/main studies, reports, participants, lesions and endpoint denominators	Material needed: Study-specific flow, lesion/person correspondence and related reports This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
6	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N06 · Evidence conditionWhich adults with pressure ulcers are represented?Required	The main trial records 88 people across 11 nursing homes+1 hospital; the early study records 20 surgical patients. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Institutional/hospital care, surgical patients, ulcer stage/site, baseline and selection	Material needed: Population selection and baseline/ulcer characteristic tables This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
7	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N07 · Evidence conditionAre deficiency correction and additional supplementation distinguished?Required	The original account says effects cannot be separated by deficiency or nutritional status, limiting positive and negative generalizations. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Baseline vitamin C, nutrition, deficiency prevalence and prespecified subgroups	Material needed: Baseline C/nutrition measurements, deficiency-specific denominators and prespecified interactions This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
8	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N08 · Evidence conditionWhich vitamin C formulation is represented?Required	This is a single-ingredient oral ascorbic acid supplement. No plant part is newly assigned to the purified nutrient. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Single-ingredient ascorbic acid, oral route, tablets/capsules, salts/excipients	Material needed: Trial formulation, feedstock, salt, excipient and manufacturing specifications This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
9	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N09 · Evidence conditionAre main and early doses distinguished?Required	The main trial’s500 mg versus10 mg, each2 times daily, is preserved. The early dose was not rechecked in the original paper body, according to the citation record. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Main500 mg 2 times daily versus10 mg 2 times daily; exact early dose	Material needed: Study-specific dose, administration and adherence specifications This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
10	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N10 · Evidence conditionDoes active low-dose control differ from the early placebo?Required	The main comparator is active low-dose C rather than a vitamin-free placebo. The early placebo comparison remains separate. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Main low-dose C, early placebo and actual standard-care comparisons	Material needed: Study-specific comparator, administration and ingredient specifications This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
11	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N11 · Evidence conditionWhat common wound care and nutrition were provided?Required	The original account compares high/low-dose C added to standard wound care and says this is not a multinutrient ingredient-attribution trial. S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Arm-specific dressings, pressure relief, standard care, nutrition and other treatment	Material needed: Arm-specific care/nutrition, changes and rescue-treatment records This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
12	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N12 · Evidence conditionHow were the early and main studies allocated?Required	The early study is double-blind controlled with randomization/analysis details unverified; the main trial is preserved as multicentre blinded randomized·ITT. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Early double-blind controlled design; main multicentre blinded randomized design; allocation/concealment	Material needed: Original methods, allocation/concealment and baseline tables This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
13	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N13 · Evidence conditionHow were ulcer measurement and healing assessment masked?Required	The masked-design wording and complete-healing/area results are preserved. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Assessors, complete-epithelialisation criteria, area methods and arm-specific measurement	Material needed: Measurement/assessment rules, assessor procedures and measurement records This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
14	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N14 · Evidence conditionAre4 weeks,12 weeks and time to healing distinguished?Required	Main12-week and early4-week periods are preserved separately, distinguishing treatment duration, time to healing and area-assessment timing. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Early4 weeks, main12 weeks and healing observation/censoring schedules	Material needed: Dosing, observation, visit and censoring schedules This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
15	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N15 · Evidence conditionAre complete healing and area reduction the same endpoint?Required	Complete epithelialisation/healing time (H) remains distinct from area reduction (S). The early report is positive for area; the main trial includes complete-healing survival analysis. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Hierarchy of complete epithelialisation/closure and healing time H versus area S	Material needed: Endpoint definitions, prespecified hierarchy, complete-healing events and area tables This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
16	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N16 · Evidence conditionWhat are the early positive area results?Required	Mean area reduction84% versus42.7%, P<.005 is retained as originally recorded. S01	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	20 people,4 weeks, mean area reduction, dispersion/denominators/intervals	Material needed: Early original result tables, dispersion, denominators and intervals This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
17	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N17 · Evidence conditionWhat do the main HR and90% interval represent?Required	Complete-healing Cox HR0.78,90% precision interval0.44–1.39 is preserved. S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Cox complete-healing HR, original90% precision interval and denominators	Material needed: Original Cox methods/results, events/censoring and original intervals This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
18	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N18 · Evidence conditionWhat are the main area-healing and adjusted-difference interval results?Required	Mean area healing0.21 versus0.27cm²/week and adjusted-difference PI−0.17~0.13 are preserved. S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	0.21 versus0.27cm²/week, adjusted-difference PI and interval level	Material needed: Original area model/results, adjustment terms and interval level This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
19	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N19 · Evidence conditionIs the HR kept distinct from other treatment-effect measures?Required	The main result is a Cox HR from healing survival analysis, distinct from area in cm²/week. S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Time-to-event effect, observation/censoring, proportional hazards and interpretation direction	Material needed: Cox model, censoring, adjustment, assumptions and original results This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
20	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N20 · Evidence conditionWhat are the88-person, arm/endpoint and person/lesion denominators?Required	The original main record of88 people across11 nursing homes+1 hospital is retained. S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	88 people overall, institutions, allocation/measurement/analysis, complete-healing events and ulcer denominators	Material needed: Participant flow and person/ulcer, endpoint-specific event/denominator tables This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
21	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N21 · Evidence conditionHow were attrition, ITT and facility structure handled?Required	The main multicentre ITT design and unverified early randomization/analysis details are preserved. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	ITT/missingness, attrition, facility/lesion clustering and analysis units	Material needed: Original analysis, missingness/attrition, facilities/analysis units and sensitivity This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
22	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N22 · Evidence conditionWere prespecified endpoints, registration and plans checked?Required	Both reports record registration numbers as not found. Early complete-healing prespecification and main official registration/SAP remain unverified. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Registration, protocol, SAP and endpoints/timing/analysis/changes	Material needed: Registration history, protocol, SAP and complete results This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
23	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N23 · Evidence conditionAre early positive and main negative results both preserved?Required	Early positive area reduction and the original main account of no improvement in complete healing/area remain together. The original conflict interpretation is preserved as historical wording. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Differences in population, duration, comparison, area/complete healing and positive/null findings	Material needed: Study-specific results, formulation/population/nutrition, denominators and plans This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
24	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N24 · Evidence conditionWhat is the precision of the main null and important difference?Required	The original account says exaggerating a90% interval as95% misrepresents precision and limits generalization by deficiency status. S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Plausible effect range,90% interval and justified important difference	Material needed: Original intervals, sample-size plan, important difference and nutrition-specific results This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
25	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N25 · Evidence conditionWhat are independence, original funding and product support?Required	Early funding is unverified; main funding, manufacturer and employee authors are unverified. The original independent-trial/I2 descriptions remain historical values. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Original funding, manufacturer, product provision, employee authors and COI records	Material needed: Funding, product, employment and COI specifications for each report This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
26	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N26 · Evidence conditionWhat unique replication addresses the same oral question?Required	The two stored reports distinguish early4-week area/placebo and main12-week complete-healing/area/active-low-dose comparisons. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Family relationships for the same formulation, population, comparison and complete healing/time	Material needed: Related reports and direct trials addressing the same question This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
27	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N27 · Evidence conditionIs the topical-registration summary kept separate from an oral trial?Required	The stored summary describes a2026 new registration as topical paste with no results yet. It is not counted as a new positive oral trial. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Topical registration/results, route/formulation and oral directness	Material needed: Original topical registration/results and exact formulation/route This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
28	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N28 · Evidence conditionIs the question kept separate from combinations, diabetic foot and intravenous use?Required	The account does not substitute multinutrient or diabetic foot ulcer results and does not automatically include foods, combination products or intravenous use. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Single-ingredient oral pressure-ulcer question versus other ingredient/route/wound questions	Material needed: Separate direct material for each combination, route and wound This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
29	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N29 · Evidence conditionWhat are long-term, dose-specific and nutrition-specific effects?Required	The main12-week and early4-week scope and inability to separate deficiency strata are retained. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Direct dose, deficiency/nutrition, long-term/recurrence and prespecified subgroups	Material needed: Direct dose, long-term and baseline nutrition/subgroup material This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
30	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N30 · Evidence conditionAre collagen mechanisms distinguished from clinical healing?Required	The account says a need for collagen synthesis does not establish accelerated clinical healing with additional high dosing. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Mechanism, area, complete healing and separate quality-of-life/infection outcomes	Material needed: Direct material for selected endpoints and separate clinical outcomes This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
31	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N31 · Evidence conditionHow were harms of high-dose oral C collected?Supplementary	The original safety state is Caution. Original wording on possible diarrhea/gastrointestinal discomfort and limited study-specific event counts is preserved. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Event definitions/collection, arm/exposure denominators and discontinuation	Material needed: Adverse-event, collection and discontinuation tables for each study This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
32	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N32 · Evidence conditionWhat are the harm comparisons, timing and baseline predispositions?Supplementary	Original caution about gastrointestinal discomfort with high oral doses, stone predisposition, kidney disease and iron overload is preserved. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	High/low dose/placebo, cointerventions, kidney/stone/iron risks, timeline and alternatives	Material needed: Arm-specific exposure/events, timelines and baseline/cointervention material This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
33	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N33 · Evidence conditionWhat are long-term/rare harms and special populations?Supplementary	The short pressure-ulcer studies and original safety-caution scope are retained. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Long-term/rare events, population-specific direct exposure and interactions	Material needed: Long-term and baseline-disease-specific exposure/harm material This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
34	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N34 · Evidence conditionHow are original D34, assessment values, evidence date and change records preserved?Required	D34, original assessment values, past independent cross-checking wording, original verdict date2026-09-07 and Korean/English content are preserved. Original correction, subclaim and deliberation records are empty. The current production date is not converted into a completed review date. S01 S02	Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.	Original grade/score, assessment values, Korean/English, evidence date, change history and past validation	Material needed: Original verdict/change history, additional material and user comments This records needed materials; no new research was executed.

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34 itemsWhat the statuses mean

Assessment scope

Stored-material review date: Not recorded
Original evidence cut-off: 2026-09-07
Scope actually checked: Existing review summaries and stored records of methodological application. Full papers, supplements, registrations, plans and original data were not read.
What the dates mean: This is the date the stored materials were checked, not the date of a new search of the clinical literature.
Population: The scope is adults with pressure ulcers in institutional or hospital care. The main trial records 88 people across 11 nursing homes+1 hospital; the early study records 20 surgical patients. Ulcer stage, site, baseline area, infection, selection and nutritional/deficiency details remain unverified.
Ingredient, formulation and route: The intervention is a single-ingredient oral ascorbic acid supplement added to standard wound care. Study-specific salts, tablets/capsules, excipients, feedstock, manufacture and product identity remain unverified. Foods, multinutrient products, intravenous use and topical paste are not included as the same intervention.
Dose: The main trial records 500 mg versus 10 mg, each 2 times daily. The original record says the early study’s exact dose could not be rechecked in the paper body. Actual use and adherence remain unverified; no daily total, cumulative dose, optimal dose or individual dosing guidance is created.
Comparator: Low-dose vitamin C in the main trial is an active control, distinct from the early placebo comparison. Main results are not converted into a vitamin-free comparison or an effect of leaving deficiency uncorrected. Arm-specific balance of wound care, concurrent nutrition and infection treatment remains unverified.
Measured outcome: Complete epithelialisation, closure and healing time (H) remain distinct from area reduction (S). The main complete-healing Cox HR’s 90% precision interval is not relabelled 95% CI. The confidence level of the adjusted area-difference PI remains separately unverified.
Duration: The early 4-week and main 12-week periods are retained separately. Dosing duration, time to healing and area-assessment timing remain distinct; visits, censoring, post-discontinuation follow-up and all endpoint times remain unverified. Long-term or recurrence effects are not added.
Questions outside this scope: The question concerns single-ingredient oral C, complete healing and healing time in pressure ulcers. Multinutrient, diabetic foot, intravenous, topical-paste and food results are not transferred to it.; The existing D·34 points·Caution, H/R0/I2/E0/B1/C0 and evidence date 2026-09-07 are retained. Historical validation and independence descriptions remain historical records rather than new clinical certification.; The early 20 and main 88 people remain linked to their respective reports. Arm-specific, endpoint-specific, person/ulcer and event/censoring denominators remain unverified; participant, event and independent-replication totals are not calculated.; The 90% precision interval0.44–1.39 for main HR0.78 remains distinct from the separately unverified confidence level of adjusted area-difference PI−0.17~0.13. No 95% CI, RR, healing rate, day difference or new effect is calculated.; The original accounts of early positive area reduction and no improvement with additional high dosing in the main trial are retained together. The inability to separate deficient and nondeficient groups remains; results are not extended to unnecessary deficiency correction, equivalence or complete absence of effect.; The stored summary’s 2026 topical-paste registration with no results is a historical record. Registry identity, URL and results are not linked; it is not turned into a new positive oral trial or added report.; Existing caution about diarrhea, gastrointestinal discomfort, stone risk, kidney disease and iron overload with high oral C doses is retained. No new harm rate, causality, contraindication, long-term safety or individual dosing guidance is created.

Evidence and sources

The links below lead to the sources. A link alone does not mean the original source was read or its latest publication status verified.

S01 · Taylor et al. 1974 · Early pressure-sore area study

PubMed

Material type: Double-blind controlled study; randomization and analysis details unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Findings recorded in the stored summary: Mean area reduction84% versus42.7%, P<.005. Original-trial95%CI and complete-healing event counts remain unverified. Review-calculated CI is not used as an original-trial value.
Record level: The record concerns 20 surgical patients. Randomization, analysis details and arm-specific/lesion analysis denominators remain unverified.
Study overlap and independent replication: The two stored reports remain distinct as the early area/placebo study and main complete-healing/area/active-low-dose trial. Report counts are not converted into independent positive replications of the same question. Unique trial, participant and independent-replication totals remain unverified.

Public availability, access and reading status by material
Material	Public availability	Access status	Actually read	Notes
Stored existing review summary	Preserved copy of the complete existing review summary	Stored summary	Summary read	PMID4140267; DOI10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91874-1. Past abstract checking is a historical bibliography record. Stored summaries are read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans remain unread. Original material-specific dates and absent dates are retained without conversion into current external-reading dates.
External paper	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID4140267; DOI10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91874-1. Past abstract checking is a historical bibliography record. Stored summaries are read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans remain unread. Original material-specific dates and absent dates are retained without conversion into current external-reading dates.
Registration material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID4140267; DOI10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91874-1. Past abstract checking is a historical bibliography record. Stored summaries are read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans remain unread. Original material-specific dates and absent dates are retained without conversion into current external-reading dates.
Protocol	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID4140267; DOI10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91874-1. Past abstract checking is a historical bibliography record. Stored summaries are read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans remain unread. Original material-specific dates and absent dates are retained without conversion into current external-reading dates.
Statistical analysis plan	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID4140267; DOI10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91874-1. Past abstract checking is a historical bibliography record. Stored summaries are read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans remain unread. Original material-specific dates and absent dates are retained without conversion into current external-reading dates.
Funding, product support and COI material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID4140267; DOI10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91874-1. Past abstract checking is a historical bibliography record. Stored summaries are read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans remain unread. Original material-specific dates and absent dates are retained without conversion into current external-reading dates.

S02 · ter Riet et al. 1995 · Main pressure-ulcer healing trial

PubMed

Material type: Multicentre blinded randomized trial·ITT
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Findings recorded in the stored summary: Complete-healing Cox HR0.78 [90% precision interval0.44–1.39]. Mean area healing0.21 versus0.27cm²/week. The confidence level of adjusted-difference PI−0.17~0.13 remains separately unverified. ExactP and95%CI remain unverified.
Record level: The record concerns 88 people in 11 nursing homes+1 hospital. Arm-specific, endpoint-specific, person/ulcer and event/censoring denominators remain unverified.
Study overlap and independent replication: The two stored reports remain distinct as the early area/placebo study and main complete-healing/area/active-low-dose trial. Report counts are not converted into independent positive replications of the same question. Unique trial, participant and independent-replication totals remain unverified.

Public availability, access and reading status by material
Material	Public availability	Access status	Actually read	Notes
Stored existing review summary	Preserved copy of the complete existing review summary	Stored summary	Summary read	PMID8543959; DOI10.1016/0895-4356(95)00053-4. Past abstract checking is a historical bibliography record. Stored summaries are read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans remain unread. Original material-specific dates and absent dates are retained without conversion into current external-reading dates.
External paper	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID8543959; DOI10.1016/0895-4356(95)00053-4. Past abstract checking is a historical bibliography record. Stored summaries are read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans remain unread. Original material-specific dates and absent dates are retained without conversion into current external-reading dates.
Registration material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID8543959; DOI10.1016/0895-4356(95)00053-4. Past abstract checking is a historical bibliography record. Stored summaries are read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans remain unread. Original material-specific dates and absent dates are retained without conversion into current external-reading dates.
Protocol	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID8543959; DOI10.1016/0895-4356(95)00053-4. Past abstract checking is a historical bibliography record. Stored summaries are read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans remain unread. Original material-specific dates and absent dates are retained without conversion into current external-reading dates.
Statistical analysis plan	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID8543959; DOI10.1016/0895-4356(95)00053-4. Past abstract checking is a historical bibliography record. Stored summaries are read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans remain unread. Original material-specific dates and absent dates are retained without conversion into current external-reading dates.
Funding, product support and COI material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID8543959; DOI10.1016/0895-4356(95)00053-4. Past abstract checking is a historical bibliography record. Stored summaries are read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans remain unread. Original material-specific dates and absent dates are retained without conversion into current external-reading dates.

Report counts versus independent study counts

The two stored reports remain distinct as the early area/placebo study and main complete-healing/area/active-low-dose trial. Report counts are not converted into independent positive replications of the same question. Unique trial, participant and independent-replication totals remain unverified.

Review criteria

Version 1.0 · Criteria record date 2026-10-06. These are Chamgap's own application conditions, informed by the referenced methods. They do not constitute official assessment-tool certification or a new efficacy score.

N01 · What is the selected original claim?

Required materials and conditions: Single-ingredient oral C, adults with pressure ulcers, complete healing/healing time and comparison
Conditions for verification: Original records on Single-ingredient oral C, adults with pressure ulcers, complete healing/healing time and comparison must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Single-ingredient oral C, adults with pressure ulcers, complete healing/healing time and comparison is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N02 · Are current reading and past abstract checking distinguished?

Required materials and conditions: Stored summaries, historical abstract-checking records and current external reading/acquisition
Conditions for verification: Original records on Stored summaries, historical abstract-checking records and current external reading/acquisition must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Stored summaries, historical abstract-checking records and current external reading/acquisition is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N03 · What identifies the early report?

Required materials and conditions: Taylor1974 title, PMID/DOI and report relationships
Conditions for verification: Original records on Taylor1974 title, PMID/DOI and report relationships must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Taylor1974 title, PMID/DOI and report relationships is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N04 · What identifies the main report?

Required materials and conditions: ter Riet1995 title, PMID/DOI and trial relationships
Conditions for verification: Original records on ter Riet1995 title, PMID/DOI and trial relationships must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on ter Riet1995 title, PMID/DOI and trial relationships is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N05 · Are studies, reports, people and ulcers kept separate?

Required materials and conditions: Relationships among early/main studies, reports, participants, lesions and endpoint denominators
Conditions for verification: Original records on Relationships among early/main studies, reports, participants, lesions and endpoint denominators must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Relationships among early/main studies, reports, participants, lesions and endpoint denominators is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N06 · Which adults with pressure ulcers are represented?

Required materials and conditions: Institutional/hospital care, surgical patients, ulcer stage/site, baseline and selection
Conditions for verification: Original records on Institutional/hospital care, surgical patients, ulcer stage/site, baseline and selection must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Institutional/hospital care, surgical patients, ulcer stage/site, baseline and selection is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N07 · Are deficiency correction and additional supplementation distinguished?

Required materials and conditions: Baseline vitamin C, nutrition, deficiency prevalence and prespecified subgroups
Conditions for verification: Original records on Baseline vitamin C, nutrition, deficiency prevalence and prespecified subgroups must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Baseline vitamin C, nutrition, deficiency prevalence and prespecified subgroups is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N08 · Which vitamin C formulation is represented?

Required materials and conditions: Single-ingredient ascorbic acid, oral route, tablets/capsules, salts/excipients
Conditions for verification: Original records on Single-ingredient ascorbic acid, oral route, tablets/capsules, salts/excipients must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Single-ingredient ascorbic acid, oral route, tablets/capsules, salts/excipients is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N09 · Are main and early doses distinguished?

Required materials and conditions: Main500 mg 2 times daily versus10 mg 2 times daily; exact early dose
Conditions for verification: Original records on Main500 mg 2 times daily versus10 mg 2 times daily; exact early dose must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Main500 mg 2 times daily versus10 mg 2 times daily; exact early dose is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N10 · Does active low-dose control differ from the early placebo?

Required materials and conditions: Main low-dose C, early placebo and actual standard-care comparisons
Conditions for verification: Original records on Main low-dose C, early placebo and actual standard-care comparisons must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Main low-dose C, early placebo and actual standard-care comparisons is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N11 · What common wound care and nutrition were provided?

Required materials and conditions: Arm-specific dressings, pressure relief, standard care, nutrition and other treatment
Conditions for verification: Original records on Arm-specific dressings, pressure relief, standard care, nutrition and other treatment must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Arm-specific dressings, pressure relief, standard care, nutrition and other treatment is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N12 · How were the early and main studies allocated?

Required materials and conditions: Early double-blind controlled design; main multicentre blinded randomized design; allocation/concealment
Conditions for verification: Original records on Early double-blind controlled design; main multicentre blinded randomized design; allocation/concealment must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Early double-blind controlled design; main multicentre blinded randomized design; allocation/concealment is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N13 · How were ulcer measurement and healing assessment masked?

Required materials and conditions: Assessors, complete-epithelialisation criteria, area methods and arm-specific measurement
Conditions for verification: Original records on Assessors, complete-epithelialisation criteria, area methods and arm-specific measurement must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Assessors, complete-epithelialisation criteria, area methods and arm-specific measurement is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N14 · Are4 weeks,12 weeks and time to healing distinguished?

Required materials and conditions: Early4 weeks, main12 weeks and healing observation/censoring schedules
Conditions for verification: Original records on Early4 weeks, main12 weeks and healing observation/censoring schedules must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Early4 weeks, main12 weeks and healing observation/censoring schedules is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N15 · Are complete healing and area reduction the same endpoint?

Required materials and conditions: Hierarchy of complete epithelialisation/closure and healing time H versus area S
Conditions for verification: Original records on Hierarchy of complete epithelialisation/closure and healing time H versus area S must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Hierarchy of complete epithelialisation/closure and healing time H versus area S is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N16 · What are the early positive area results?

Required materials and conditions: 20 people,4 weeks, mean area reduction, dispersion/denominators/intervals
Conditions for verification: Original records on 20 people,4 weeks, mean area reduction, dispersion/denominators/intervals must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on 20 people,4 weeks, mean area reduction, dispersion/denominators/intervals is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N17 · What do the main HR and90% interval represent?

Required materials and conditions: Cox complete-healing HR, original90% precision interval and denominators
Conditions for verification: Original records on Cox complete-healing HR, original90% precision interval and denominators must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Cox complete-healing HR, original90% precision interval and denominators is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N18 · What are the main area-healing and adjusted-difference interval results?

Required materials and conditions: 0.21 versus0.27cm²/week, adjusted-difference PI and interval level
Conditions for verification: Original records on 0.21 versus0.27cm²/week, adjusted-difference PI and interval level must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on 0.21 versus0.27cm²/week, adjusted-difference PI and interval level is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N19 · Is the HR kept distinct from other treatment-effect measures?

Required materials and conditions: Time-to-event effect, observation/censoring, proportional hazards and interpretation direction
Conditions for verification: Original records on Time-to-event effect, observation/censoring, proportional hazards and interpretation direction must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Time-to-event effect, observation/censoring, proportional hazards and interpretation direction is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N20 · What are the88-person, arm/endpoint and person/lesion denominators?

Required materials and conditions: 88 people overall, institutions, allocation/measurement/analysis, complete-healing events and ulcer denominators
Conditions for verification: Original records on 88 people overall, institutions, allocation/measurement/analysis, complete-healing events and ulcer denominators must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on 88 people overall, institutions, allocation/measurement/analysis, complete-healing events and ulcer denominators is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N21 · How were attrition, ITT and facility structure handled?

Required materials and conditions: ITT/missingness, attrition, facility/lesion clustering and analysis units
Conditions for verification: Original records on ITT/missingness, attrition, facility/lesion clustering and analysis units must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on ITT/missingness, attrition, facility/lesion clustering and analysis units is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N22 · Were prespecified endpoints, registration and plans checked?

Required materials and conditions: Registration, protocol, SAP and endpoints/timing/analysis/changes
Conditions for verification: Original records on Registration, protocol, SAP and endpoints/timing/analysis/changes must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Registration, protocol, SAP and endpoints/timing/analysis/changes is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N23 · Are early positive and main negative results both preserved?

Required materials and conditions: Differences in population, duration, comparison, area/complete healing and positive/null findings
Conditions for verification: Original records on Differences in population, duration, comparison, area/complete healing and positive/null findings must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Differences in population, duration, comparison, area/complete healing and positive/null findings is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N24 · What is the precision of the main null and important difference?

Required materials and conditions: Plausible effect range,90% interval and justified important difference
Conditions for verification: Original records on Plausible effect range,90% interval and justified important difference must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Plausible effect range,90% interval and justified important difference is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N25 · What are independence, original funding and product support?

Required materials and conditions: Original funding, manufacturer, product provision, employee authors and COI records
Conditions for verification: Original records on Original funding, manufacturer, product provision, employee authors and COI records must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Original funding, manufacturer, product provision, employee authors and COI records is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N26 · What unique replication addresses the same oral question?

Required materials and conditions: Family relationships for the same formulation, population, comparison and complete healing/time
Conditions for verification: Original records on Family relationships for the same formulation, population, comparison and complete healing/time must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Family relationships for the same formulation, population, comparison and complete healing/time is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N27 · Is the topical-registration summary kept separate from an oral trial?

Required materials and conditions: Topical registration/results, route/formulation and oral directness
Conditions for verification: Original records on Topical registration/results, route/formulation and oral directness must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Topical registration/results, route/formulation and oral directness is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N28 · Is the question kept separate from combinations, diabetic foot and intravenous use?

Required materials and conditions: Single-ingredient oral pressure-ulcer question versus other ingredient/route/wound questions
Conditions for verification: Original records on Single-ingredient oral pressure-ulcer question versus other ingredient/route/wound questions must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Single-ingredient oral pressure-ulcer question versus other ingredient/route/wound questions is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N29 · What are long-term, dose-specific and nutrition-specific effects?

Required materials and conditions: Direct dose, deficiency/nutrition, long-term/recurrence and prespecified subgroups
Conditions for verification: Original records on Direct dose, deficiency/nutrition, long-term/recurrence and prespecified subgroups must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Direct dose, deficiency/nutrition, long-term/recurrence and prespecified subgroups is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N30 · Are collagen mechanisms distinguished from clinical healing?

Required materials and conditions: Mechanism, area, complete healing and separate quality-of-life/infection outcomes
Conditions for verification: Original records on Mechanism, area, complete healing and separate quality-of-life/infection outcomes must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Mechanism, area, complete healing and separate quality-of-life/infection outcomes is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N31 · How were harms of high-dose oral C collected?

Required materials and conditions: Event definitions/collection, arm/exposure denominators and discontinuation
Conditions for verification: Original records on Event definitions/collection, arm/exposure denominators and discontinuation must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Supplementary
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Event definitions/collection, arm/exposure denominators and discontinuation is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N32 · What are the harm comparisons, timing and baseline predispositions?

Required materials and conditions: High/low dose/placebo, cointerventions, kidney/stone/iron risks, timeline and alternatives
Conditions for verification: Original records on High/low dose/placebo, cointerventions, kidney/stone/iron risks, timeline and alternatives must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Supplementary
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on High/low dose/placebo, cointerventions, kidney/stone/iron risks, timeline and alternatives is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N33 · What are long-term/rare harms and special populations?

Required materials and conditions: Long-term/rare events, population-specific direct exposure and interactions
Conditions for verification: Original records on Long-term/rare events, population-specific direct exposure and interactions must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Supplementary
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Long-term/rare events, population-specific direct exposure and interactions is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

N34 · How are original D34, assessment values, evidence date and change records preserved?

Required materials and conditions: Original grade/score, assessment values, Korean/English, evidence date, change history and past validation
Conditions for verification: Original records on Original grade/score, assessment values, Korean/English, evidence date, change history and past validation must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Original grade/score, assessment values, Korean/English, evidence date, change history and past validation is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Referenced methods and the sections actually reviewed

M03 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08

Official methodology · §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.3, MECIR C5/C7/C13

Referenced principle: Clearly record the question, eligibility conditions and reasons for changes, and distinguish variations in interventions.
Extent of review: Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.

M04 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5.1 (2025), chapter updated 2025-03

Official methodology · §4.5, §4.6.1–4.6.3, MECIR C42

Referenced principle: Distinguish studies from reports and link them; do not omit a study solely because results are unreported.
Extent of review: Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.

M08 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10

Official methodology · §8.1–8.2.3, Table 8.2.a

Referenced principle: Define the outcome and effect of interest, then examine randomization, deviations, missing data, measurement and selective reporting.
Extent of review: Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.

M15 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08

Official methodology · §15.2.4, §15.3.1–15.3.3

Referenced principle: Distinguish effect estimates, intervals, importance and applicability. Sample size alone does not determine precision.
Extent of review: Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.

M19 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10

Official methodology · §19.1.2, §19.2.1–19.2.4

Referenced principle: Harm questions may require different designs, populations and follow-up from efficacy questions. Case reports do not establish incidence rates.
Extent of review: Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.

What the statuses mean

Partly verified: Partial information from the stored summary is linked; detailed originals and content review remain incomplete.
Unverified: Required details cannot be established within the preserved scope. This does not establish absence of effects or studies, or safety.
Review incomplete: Review of existing content remains incomplete.
Met: This state is used only within the relevant conditions after material verification and content review. It was not automatically assigned in this work.
Not reported: Unreported within material actually read. Unread external material is not relabeled as unreported.
Inaccessible: This means actual access failure. External access was not attempted in this work, so this state was not assigned.
Not applicable: Used only with an application exception and reason based on the question scope.
Conflicting data: This requires actual comparison of materials; no new conflict judgment was made in this work.
Insufficient evidence for the conditions: This indicates gaps in additional material for the selected conditions. Unread material as a whole is not converted into an efficacy grade.

Change history

2026-10-23 · Public page/material version 1.0

The public view and materials were prepared from the existing 34 items. No new clinical search, verification-state change or scoring was performed.

The stored-material review date (Not recorded) and original evidence cut-off (2026-09-07) were retained unchanged.

Researcher downloads

These materials provide the same evidence, scope and verification status as this page.

View all item details

N01 · What is the selected original claim?

Current findings: The selected claim is complete healing and reduced healing time in pressure ulcers, for single-ingredient oral vitamin C added to standard wound care.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Area reduction, multinutrient, diabetic foot, topical and intravenous results are not converted into the same question.
Required materials and conditions: Single-ingredient oral C, adults with pressure ulcers, complete healing/healing time and comparison
Materials to obtain first: Original population, intervention, comparator, endpoint and timing material
Further research: Material needed: Original population, intervention, comparator, endpoint and timing material This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Single-ingredient oral C, adults with pressure ulcers, complete healing/healing time and comparison must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Single-ingredient oral C, adults with pressure ulcers, complete healing/healing time and comparison is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N02 · Are current reading and past abstract checking distinguished?

Current findings: The complete stored summary, 2 evidence entries, 2 citations and Korean/English content were used. Past abstract checking and unverified registration/protocol wording remain historical records.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: External abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and SAPs are unread and access unattempted here; past abstract checking is not inherited as current reading.
Required materials and conditions: Stored summaries, historical abstract-checking records and current external reading/acquisition
Materials to obtain first: Original material and actual access, acquisition and reading history
Further research: Material needed: Original material and actual access, acquisition and reading history This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Stored summaries, historical abstract-checking records and current external reading/acquisition must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Stored summaries, historical abstract-checking records and current external reading/acquisition is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N03 · What identifies the early report?

Current findings: The early report of 20 people by Taylor TV et al., Lancet1974, PMID4140267 and DOI10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91874-1 is preserved.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: The complete original paper, registration and analysis details remain externally unread here.
Required materials and conditions: Taylor1974 title, PMID/DOI and report relationships
Materials to obtain first: Original paper, complete citation and related-report list
Further research: Material needed: Original paper, complete citation and related-report list This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Taylor1974 title, PMID/DOI and report relationships must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Taylor1974 title, PMID/DOI and report relationships is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01

N04 · What identifies the main report?

Current findings: The main report of 88 people by ter Riet G, Kessels AG and Knipschild PG, J Clin Epidemiol1995, PMID8543959 and DOI10.1016/0895-4356(95)00053-4 is preserved.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Complete full text, registration/SAP and related-report families remain unread.
Required materials and conditions: ter Riet1995 title, PMID/DOI and trial relationships
Materials to obtain first: Original paper, trial/related reports and plan list
Further research: Material needed: Original paper, trial/related reports and plan list This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on ter Riet1995 title, PMID/DOI and trial relationships must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on ter Riet1995 title, PMID/DOI and trial relationships is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S02

N05 · Are studies, reports, people and ulcers kept separate?

Current findings: The early 20 and main 88 people remain linked to each report, with periods, populations, comparisons and endpoints distinguished.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: New participant, ulcer, independent-trial and replication totals are not established; person versus lesion analysis remains unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Relationships among early/main studies, reports, participants, lesions and endpoint denominators
Materials to obtain first: Study-specific flow, lesion/person correspondence and related reports
Further research: Material needed: Study-specific flow, lesion/person correspondence and related reports This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Relationships among early/main studies, reports, participants, lesions and endpoint denominators must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Relationships among early/main studies, reports, participants, lesions and endpoint denominators is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N06 · Which adults with pressure ulcers are represented?

Current findings: The main trial records 88 people across 11 nursing homes+1 hospital; the early study records 20 surgical patients.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Age, ulcer stage/site, baseline area, infection, inclusion/exclusion and applicability across different populations remain unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Institutional/hospital care, surgical patients, ulcer stage/site, baseline and selection
Materials to obtain first: Population selection and baseline/ulcer characteristic tables
Further research: Material needed: Population selection and baseline/ulcer characteristic tables This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Institutional/hospital care, surgical patients, ulcer stage/site, baseline and selection must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Institutional/hospital care, surgical patients, ulcer stage/site, baseline and selection is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N07 · Are deficiency correction and additional supplementation distinguished?

Current findings: The original account says effects cannot be separated by deficiency or nutritional status, limiting positive and negative generalizations.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Additional high-dose results are not converted into unnecessary deficiency correction or no effect in deficient groups.
Required materials and conditions: Baseline vitamin C, nutrition, deficiency prevalence and prespecified subgroups
Materials to obtain first: Baseline C/nutrition measurements, deficiency-specific denominators and prespecified interactions
Further research: Material needed: Baseline C/nutrition measurements, deficiency-specific denominators and prespecified interactions This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Baseline vitamin C, nutrition, deficiency prevalence and prespecified subgroups must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Baseline vitamin C, nutrition, deficiency prevalence and prespecified subgroups is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N08 · Which vitamin C formulation is represented?

Current findings: This is a single-ingredient oral ascorbic acid supplement. No plant part is newly assigned to the purified nutrient.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Study-specific tablets/capsules, salts, excipients, feedstock, manufacturing process/country and marketed-product identity remain unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Single-ingredient ascorbic acid, oral route, tablets/capsules, salts/excipients
Materials to obtain first: Trial formulation, feedstock, salt, excipient and manufacturing specifications
Further research: Material needed: Trial formulation, feedstock, salt, excipient and manufacturing specifications This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Single-ingredient ascorbic acid, oral route, tablets/capsules, salts/excipients must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Single-ingredient ascorbic acid, oral route, tablets/capsules, salts/excipients is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N09 · Are main and early doses distinguished?

Current findings: The main trial’s500 mg versus10 mg, each2 times daily, is preserved. The early dose was not rechecked in the original paper body, according to the citation record.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: The early dose, actual use/adherence and product ingredients are not filled with the main dose; no new daily total is calculated.
Required materials and conditions: Main500 mg 2 times daily versus10 mg 2 times daily; exact early dose
Materials to obtain first: Study-specific dose, administration and adherence specifications
Further research: Material needed: Study-specific dose, administration and adherence specifications This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Main500 mg 2 times daily versus10 mg 2 times daily; exact early dose must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Main500 mg 2 times daily versus10 mg 2 times daily; exact early dose is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N10 · Does active low-dose control differ from the early placebo?

Current findings: The main comparator is active low-dose C rather than a vitamin-free placebo. The early placebo comparison remains separate.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Main results are not transferred to a comparison with no C or effects of leaving deficiency untreated; early placebo specifications remain unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Main low-dose C, early placebo and actual standard-care comparisons
Materials to obtain first: Study-specific comparator, administration and ingredient specifications
Further research: Material needed: Study-specific comparator, administration and ingredient specifications This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Main low-dose C, early placebo and actual standard-care comparisons must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Main low-dose C, early placebo and actual standard-care comparisons is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N11 · What common wound care and nutrition were provided?

Current findings: The original account compares high/low-dose C added to standard wound care and says this is not a multinutrient ingredient-attribution trial.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Specific wound care, concurrent nutrition, infection treatment, arm-specific changes/adherence and balance remain unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Arm-specific dressings, pressure relief, standard care, nutrition and other treatment
Materials to obtain first: Arm-specific care/nutrition, changes and rescue-treatment records
Further research: Material needed: Arm-specific care/nutrition, changes and rescue-treatment records This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Arm-specific dressings, pressure relief, standard care, nutrition and other treatment must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Arm-specific dressings, pressure relief, standard care, nutrition and other treatment is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S02

N12 · How were the early and main studies allocated?

Current findings: The early study is double-blind controlled with randomization/analysis details unverified; the main trial is preserved as multicentre blinded randomized·ITT.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: The early study is not promoted to verified randomization; sequence generation, concealment and baseline balance in both studies remain unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Early double-blind controlled design; main multicentre blinded randomized design; allocation/concealment
Materials to obtain first: Original methods, allocation/concealment and baseline tables
Further research: Material needed: Original methods, allocation/concealment and baseline tables This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Early double-blind controlled design; main multicentre blinded randomized design; allocation/concealment must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Early double-blind controlled design; main multicentre blinded randomized design; allocation/concealment is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N13 · How were ulcer measurement and healing assessment masked?

Current findings: The masked-design wording and complete-healing/area results are preserved.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Assessor masking, measurement tools, complete-epithelialisation assessment, repeated measures and visit differences remain unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Assessors, complete-epithelialisation criteria, area methods and arm-specific measurement
Materials to obtain first: Measurement/assessment rules, assessor procedures and measurement records
Further research: Material needed: Measurement/assessment rules, assessor procedures and measurement records This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Assessors, complete-epithelialisation criteria, area methods and arm-specific measurement must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Assessors, complete-epithelialisation criteria, area methods and arm-specific measurement is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N14 · Are4 weeks,12 weeks and time to healing distinguished?

Current findings: Main12-week and early4-week periods are preserved separately, distinguishing treatment duration, time to healing and area-assessment timing.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Visit schedules, end of observation, censoring, post-discontinuation follow-up and all endpoint times remain unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Early4 weeks, main12 weeks and healing observation/censoring schedules
Materials to obtain first: Dosing, observation, visit and censoring schedules
Further research: Material needed: Dosing, observation, visit and censoring schedules This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Early4 weeks, main12 weeks and healing observation/censoring schedules must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Early4 weeks, main12 weeks and healing observation/censoring schedules is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N15 · Are complete healing and area reduction the same endpoint?

Current findings: Complete epithelialisation/healing time (H) remains distinct from area reduction (S). The early report is positive for area; the main trial includes complete-healing survival analysis.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Area reduction is not substituted for complete-healing events or reduced healing time.
Required materials and conditions: Hierarchy of complete epithelialisation/closure and healing time H versus area S
Materials to obtain first: Endpoint definitions, prespecified hierarchy, complete-healing events and area tables
Further research: Material needed: Endpoint definitions, prespecified hierarchy, complete-healing events and area tables This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Hierarchy of complete epithelialisation/closure and healing time H versus area S must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Hierarchy of complete epithelialisation/closure and healing time H versus area S is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N16 · What are the early positive area results?

Current findings: Mean area reduction84% versus42.7%, P<.005 is retained as originally recorded.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Original-trial95%CI, complete-healing event counts, arm-specific/lesion analysis denominators and dispersion remain unverified; review-calculated CI is not used as an original value.
Required materials and conditions: 20 people,4 weeks, mean area reduction, dispersion/denominators/intervals
Materials to obtain first: Early original result tables, dispersion, denominators and intervals
Further research: Material needed: Early original result tables, dispersion, denominators and intervals This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on 20 people,4 weeks, mean area reduction, dispersion/denominators/intervals must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on 20 people,4 weeks, mean area reduction, dispersion/denominators/intervals is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01

N17 · What do the main HR and90% interval represent?

Current findings: Complete-healing Cox HR0.78,90% precision interval0.44–1.39 is preserved.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: 90% is not promoted to95%CI; exact P, original95%CI and arm-specific healing/censoring denominators remain unverified; no new interval is calculated.
Required materials and conditions: Cox complete-healing HR, original90% precision interval and denominators
Materials to obtain first: Original Cox methods/results, events/censoring and original intervals
Further research: Material needed: Original Cox methods/results, events/censoring and original intervals This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Cox complete-healing HR, original90% precision interval and denominators must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Cox complete-healing HR, original90% precision interval and denominators is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S02

N18 · What are the main area-healing and adjusted-difference interval results?

Current findings: Mean area healing0.21 versus0.27cm²/week and adjusted-difference PI−0.17~0.13 are preserved.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: The confidence level of that adjusted-difference PI remains separately unverified; the HR’s90% is not automatically inherited, and no point estimate, P or95%CI is newly calculated.
Required materials and conditions: 0.21 versus0.27cm²/week, adjusted-difference PI and interval level
Materials to obtain first: Original area model/results, adjustment terms and interval level
Further research: Material needed: Original area model/results, adjustment terms and interval level This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on 0.21 versus0.27cm²/week, adjusted-difference PI and interval level must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on 0.21 versus0.27cm²/week, adjusted-difference PI and interval level is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S02

N19 · Is the HR kept distinct from other treatment-effect measures?

Current findings: The main result is a Cox HR from healing survival analysis, distinct from area in cm²/week.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: The HR is not converted into healing rate, RR, time difference or area effect; proportional hazards, censoring and adjustment details remain unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Time-to-event effect, observation/censoring, proportional hazards and interpretation direction
Materials to obtain first: Cox model, censoring, adjustment, assumptions and original results
Further research: Material needed: Cox model, censoring, adjustment, assumptions and original results This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Time-to-event effect, observation/censoring, proportional hazards and interpretation direction must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Time-to-event effect, observation/censoring, proportional hazards and interpretation direction is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S02

N20 · What are the88-person, arm/endpoint and person/lesion denominators?

Current findings: The original main record of88 people across11 nursing homes+1 hospital is retained.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: The account leaves arm/endpoint denominators, healing events/censoring and person/lesion correspondence unverified; no new event counts or totals are calculated.
Required materials and conditions: 88 people overall, institutions, allocation/measurement/analysis, complete-healing events and ulcer denominators
Materials to obtain first: Participant flow and person/ulcer, endpoint-specific event/denominator tables
Further research: Material needed: Participant flow and person/ulcer, endpoint-specific event/denominator tables This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on 88 people overall, institutions, allocation/measurement/analysis, complete-healing events and ulcer denominators must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on 88 people overall, institutions, allocation/measurement/analysis, complete-healing events and ulcer denominators is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S02

N21 · How were attrition, ITT and facility structure handled?

Current findings: The main multicentre ITT design and unverified early randomization/analysis details are preserved.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Specific ITT handling, attrition reasons, facility differences, lesion clustering/repeated measures and sensitivity remain unverified; ITT alone does not establish completed robustness checks.
Required materials and conditions: ITT/missingness, attrition, facility/lesion clustering and analysis units
Materials to obtain first: Original analysis, missingness/attrition, facilities/analysis units and sensitivity
Further research: Material needed: Original analysis, missingness/attrition, facilities/analysis units and sensitivity This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on ITT/missingness, attrition, facility/lesion clustering and analysis units must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on ITT/missingness, attrition, facility/lesion clustering and analysis units is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N22 · Were prespecified endpoints, registration and plans checked?

Current findings: Both reports record registration numbers as not found. Early complete-healing prespecification and main official registration/SAP remain unverified.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Current registration/plans are unread and access unattempted; absence of registration or a specific prespecified1st endpoint is not newly established.
Required materials and conditions: Registration, protocol, SAP and endpoints/timing/analysis/changes
Materials to obtain first: Registration history, protocol, SAP and complete results
Further research: Material needed: Registration history, protocol, SAP and complete results This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Registration, protocol, SAP and endpoints/timing/analysis/changes must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Registration, protocol, SAP and endpoints/timing/analysis/changes is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N23 · Are early positive and main negative results both preserved?

Current findings: Early positive area reduction and the original main account of no improvement in complete healing/area remain together. The original conflict interpretation is preserved as historical wording.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Results for different endpoints/comparisons are not combined as one effect, and nonsignificance is not newly judged as effect0 or equivalence.
Required materials and conditions: Differences in population, duration, comparison, area/complete healing and positive/null findings
Materials to obtain first: Study-specific results, formulation/population/nutrition, denominators and plans
Further research: Material needed: Study-specific results, formulation/population/nutrition, denominators and plans This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Differences in population, duration, comparison, area/complete healing and positive/null findings must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Differences in population, duration, comparison, area/complete healing and positive/null findings is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N24 · What is the precision of the main null and important difference?

Current findings: The original account says exaggerating a90% interval as95% misrepresents precision and limits generalization by deficiency status.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Exact95%CI, important difference, adequate power and deficiency-specific effects remain unverified; complete absence of effect is not newly established.
Required materials and conditions: Plausible effect range,90% interval and justified important difference
Materials to obtain first: Original intervals, sample-size plan, important difference and nutrition-specific results
Further research: Material needed: Original intervals, sample-size plan, important difference and nutrition-specific results This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Plausible effect range,90% interval and justified important difference must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Plausible effect range,90% interval and justified important difference is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S02

N25 · What are independence, original funding and product support?

Current findings: Early funding is unverified; main funding, manufacturer and employee authors are unverified. The original independent-trial/I2 descriptions remain historical values.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Original funding, product/free support, employment, patents and COI remain unread here; unverified is not converted into none or current independence certification.
Required materials and conditions: Original funding, manufacturer, product provision, employee authors and COI records
Materials to obtain first: Funding, product, employment and COI specifications for each report
Further research: Material needed: Funding, product, employment and COI specifications for each report This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Original funding, manufacturer, product provision, employee authors and COI records must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Original funding, manufacturer, product provision, employee authors and COI records is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N26 · What unique replication addresses the same oral question?

Current findings: The two stored reports distinguish early4-week area/placebo and main12-week complete-healing/area/active-low-dose comparisons.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: The2 reports are not established as independent positive replications of the same outcome; current complete study/participant totals have not been searched.
Required materials and conditions: Family relationships for the same formulation, population, comparison and complete healing/time
Materials to obtain first: Related reports and direct trials addressing the same question
Further research: Material needed: Related reports and direct trials addressing the same question This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Family relationships for the same formulation, population, comparison and complete healing/time must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Family relationships for the same formulation, population, comparison and complete healing/time is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N27 · Is the topical-registration summary kept separate from an oral trial?

Current findings: The stored summary describes a2026 new registration as topical paste with no results yet. It is not counted as a new positive oral trial.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Registry identity/URL/results are not linked in this summary and external registration was not read here; no new S03 is created.
Required materials and conditions: Topical registration/results, route/formulation and oral directness
Materials to obtain first: Original topical registration/results and exact formulation/route
Further research: Material needed: Original topical registration/results and exact formulation/route This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Topical registration/results, route/formulation and oral directness must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Topical registration/results, route/formulation and oral directness is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N28 · Is the question kept separate from combinations, diabetic foot and intravenous use?

Current findings: The account does not substitute multinutrient or diabetic foot ulcer results and does not automatically include foods, combination products or intravenous use.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Numbers for other wounds, combinations or routes are not transferred to this question.
Required materials and conditions: Single-ingredient oral pressure-ulcer question versus other ingredient/route/wound questions
Materials to obtain first: Separate direct material for each combination, route and wound
Further research: Material needed: Separate direct material for each combination, route and wound This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Single-ingredient oral pressure-ulcer question versus other ingredient/route/wound questions must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Single-ingredient oral pressure-ulcer question versus other ingredient/route/wound questions is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N29 · What are long-term, dose-specific and nutrition-specific effects?

Current findings: The main12-week and early4-week scope and inability to separate deficiency strata are retained.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Optimality of other doses, long-term recurrence/persistence and nutritional-subgroup effects/interactions remain unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Direct dose, deficiency/nutrition, long-term/recurrence and prespecified subgroups
Materials to obtain first: Direct dose, long-term and baseline nutrition/subgroup material
Further research: Material needed: Direct dose, long-term and baseline nutrition/subgroup material This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Direct dose, deficiency/nutrition, long-term/recurrence and prespecified subgroups must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Direct dose, deficiency/nutrition, long-term/recurrence and prespecified subgroups is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N30 · Are collagen mechanisms distinguished from clinical healing?

Current findings: The account says a need for collagen synthesis does not establish accelerated clinical healing with additional high dosing.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Mechanisms do not fill clinical-effect gaps, and infection, quality-of-life, mortality or recurrence effects are not newly extended from healing/area material.
Required materials and conditions: Mechanism, area, complete healing and separate quality-of-life/infection outcomes
Materials to obtain first: Direct material for selected endpoints and separate clinical outcomes
Further research: Material needed: Direct material for selected endpoints and separate clinical outcomes This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Mechanism, area, complete healing and separate quality-of-life/infection outcomes must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Mechanism, area, complete healing and separate quality-of-life/infection outcomes is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N31 · How were harms of high-dose oral C collected?

Current findings: The original safety state is Caution. Original wording on possible diarrhea/gastrointestinal discomfort and limited study-specific event counts is preserved.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Arm-specific events, collection, severity, discontinuation and denominators/periods remain unverified; unreported is not converted into0 or safe.
Required materials and conditions: Event definitions/collection, arm/exposure denominators and discontinuation
Materials to obtain first: Adverse-event, collection and discontinuation tables for each study
Further research: Material needed: Adverse-event, collection and discontinuation tables for each study This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Event definitions/collection, arm/exposure denominators and discontinuation must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Event definitions/collection, arm/exposure denominators and discontinuation is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N32 · What are the harm comparisons, timing and baseline predispositions?

Current findings: Original caution about gastrointestinal discomfort with high oral doses, stone predisposition, kidney disease and iron overload is preserved.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Between-group harm size, specific causes, withdrawal/recovery, re-exposure and cointervention effects remain unverified; no new incidence or causality judgment is made.
Required materials and conditions: High/low dose/placebo, cointerventions, kidney/stone/iron risks, timeline and alternatives
Materials to obtain first: Arm-specific exposure/events, timelines and baseline/cointervention material
Further research: Material needed: Arm-specific exposure/events, timelines and baseline/cointervention material This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on High/low dose/placebo, cointerventions, kidney/stone/iron risks, timeline and alternatives must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on High/low dose/placebo, cointerventions, kidney/stone/iron risks, timeline and alternatives is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N33 · What are long-term/rare harms and special populations?

Current findings: The short pressure-ulcer studies and original safety-caution scope are retained.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Limited study-specific event counts do not establish absence of long-term/rare harms or safety in all special populations.
Required materials and conditions: Long-term/rare events, population-specific direct exposure and interactions
Materials to obtain first: Long-term and baseline-disease-specific exposure/harm material
Further research: Material needed: Long-term and baseline-disease-specific exposure/harm material This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Long-term/rare events, population-specific direct exposure and interactions must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Long-term/rare events, population-specific direct exposure and interactions is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N34 · How are original D34, assessment values, evidence date and change records preserved?

Current findings: D34, original assessment values, past independent cross-checking wording, original verdict date2026-09-07 and Korean/English content are preserved. Original correction, subclaim and deliberation records are empty. The current production date is not converted into a completed review date.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summaries and bibliography for both reports read; external abstracts, full text, registrations, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: Stored information is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
Reason for missing information: Past H/I2/R0/E0 values are not inherited as current review completion; current withdrawals, new papers and registrations have not been searched; empty corrections are not extended into a complete search finding no corrections.
Required materials and conditions: Original grade/score, assessment values, Korean/English, evidence date, change history and past validation
Materials to obtain first: Original verdict/change history, additional material and user comments
Further research: Material needed: Original verdict/change history, additional material and user comments This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original products, nutritional status, arm-specific and endpoint-specific denominators, plans, support and harms remain. Area reduction is not converted into complete healing, active low-dose control into a vitamin-free placebo, or limited harm records into overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Original grade/score, assessment values, Korean/English, evidence date, change history and past validation must link to the same question, route, population, comparison, endpoint, timing and analysis denominator, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Original grade/score, assessment values, Korean/English, evidence date, change history and past validation is needed to connect the selected oral monotherapy and pressure-ulcer question to its population, comparison, endpoint, timing, denominator or harms.
Application exceptions: Oral monotherapy pressure-ulcer healing remains separate from topical paste, intravenous use, multinutrient products, diabetic foot ulcers and mechanisms. Complete healing and area, people and ulcers, and early and main studies are not combined; no new effects, intervals, P values, event counts, harm rates or dose totals are calculated.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish populations, oral monotherapy, active low-dose control, standard care, complete healing and area, timing, reports and trials, person and lesion denominators, and harms.

Related sources S01 S02