Perioperative Oral Vitamin C for Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation—Results Are Inconsistent

Required evidence, verification status and materials actually read
Item	AVerification status	BReading scope	CReview item	DCurrent findings	EWhy unverified	FRequired materials and conditions	GFurther research
1	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N01 · Evidence conditionWhat is the scope of the oral POAF prevention question?Required	The selected claim is prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery, as an add-on effect of single-ingredient oral vitamin C. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Perioperative oral single-ingredient C; new POAF; background prophylaxis; comparison	Material needed: Intravenous or mixed routes, shorter hospital stay and prevention across all surgical populations are not converted into the same question. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
2	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N02 · Evidence conditionHow does current reading differ from historical checks?Required	The complete stored summary, 3 evidence entries, 3 citations and Korean and English explanations were read. Citation wording about abstract checks or independent cross-checks remains historical. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Stored summaries; historical abstract/cross-check records; current external material	Material needed: External papers, registration, protocols and SAPs are currently unread and access was not attempted. Bibliographic links and historical verification are not promoted to current reading of original material. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
3	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N03 · Evidence conditionWhat identifies the main oral null report?Required	The oral report by Bjordahl et al., Am J Surg 2012, PMID23022248 and DOI10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.03.012 is retained. S01	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Bjordahl 2012 title; PMID/DOI; report and trial linkage	Material needed: The full original paper, registration, initial allocation, exact dose and report-identity linkage remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
4	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N04 · Evidence conditionWhat is the older positive oral add-on report?Required	Eslami et al., Tex Heart Inst J 2007, PMID17948074 and PMCIDPMC1995047 report a randomized oral C plus beta-blocker versus beta-blocker add-on comparison in 100 participants. S02	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Eslami 2007; oral C plus beta-blocker; 100 participants; comparison	Material needed: Exact events, denominators, intervals, modern background care and registration boundaries remain unverified and are not filled with values from the main null report. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
5	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N05 · Evidence conditionWhat is the 2023 registered oral report?Required	The existing manuscript links the 2023 oral trial with 253 participants to PMID37039967 and NCT03592680. S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	253 participants; oral schedule; PMID/registration; complete bibliography	Material needed: A generic title is not converted into full original-bibliography verification. Registry contents, change history, denominators and COI remain currently unread or unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
6	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N06 · Evidence conditionAre reports, participants and events kept separate?Required	Each oral report is linked separately, retaining the original records of 185 completers, 100 participants and 253 participants. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	185 completers; 100 participants; 253 participants; analysis and reporting relationships	Material needed: Initial allocation and denominator types differ or remain unverified; no new participant total, unique trial count, independent-replication count or POAF event total is summed or established. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
7	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N07 · Evidence conditionWhat are the surgical and baseline-population boundaries?Required	The original population information mainly concerns adults undergoing elective on-pump CABG, with background beta-blocker and amiodarone prophylaxis distinguished. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Elective on-pump CABG; surgery; baseline rhythm/risk; eligibility	Material needed: Report-specific surgery, pre-existing arrhythmia, age, risk, eligibility/exclusions and applicability to other operations remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
8	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N08 · Evidence conditionAre oral and IV formulations distinguished?Required	The selected route is oral. The original tablet/solution wording and unverified IV salts, buffers and excipients are retained. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Oral ascorbic acid; formulation/components; IV kept separate	Material needed: IV or mixed-route results and product specifications are not transferred to oral formulations. Oral tablet/solution, salt, excipients and manufacturing details remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
9	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N09 · Evidence conditionAre IV doses kept separate from oral reports?Required	The original IV 2 g/1 g and other IV 2 g/500 mg schedules are retained. The oral A1 dose remains unverified. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Original IV A2/A3 labels; actual dose in each oral report	Material needed: The original A2/A3 labels are not automatically mapped to current oral S02/S03 or used as oral doses. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
10	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N10 · Evidence conditionWhat is the 2023 oral dose and schedule?Required	S03 records that oral 1 g 2 times daily from 5 days before through 10 days after surgery did not confirm a POAF difference. S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	1 g 2 times daily; 5 days before through 10 days after surgery; actual use/adherence	Material needed: The original general duration of about 5 days is not applied to this report. Cumulative dose, total days and actual adherence are not newly calculated or filled as verified values. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
11	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N11 · Evidence conditionAre older oral doses and durations verified?Required	S01’s exact dose and initial allocation remain unverified. S02’s oral C plus beta-blocker exposure is retained. S01 S02	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	S01/S02 oral doses; perioperative schedules; actual exposure	Material needed: Older oral doses and durations are not filled with IV schedules or the S03 dose. Actual adherence and adjustments remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
12	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N12 · Evidence conditionIs the effect additional to background prophylaxis?Required	The existing manuscript concerns oral effects added to background prophylaxis. S02 compares C plus beta-blocker with beta-blocker. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Beta-blocker; amiodarone; common care; changes/rescue	Material needed: Report-specific drug types, doses, amiodarone use, group changes, rescue treatment, balance and correspondence to modern care remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
13	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N13 · Evidence conditionAre placebo and usual-prophylaxis comparisons distinguished?Required	S01 is a triple-blind oral placebo trial, S02 compares with beta-blocker alone, and S03 is a registered controlled oral trial. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Placebo components; masking; usual care; comparison direction	Material needed: Reports are not all converted into the same placebo comparison. Placebo and control details remain separately unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
14	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N14 · Evidence conditionHow far are allocation, concealment and masking verified?Required	The original descriptions of triple-blind oral placebo, randomized add-on treatment and a registered randomized oral trial are retained. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Report-specific sequence generation; concealment; masked parties; baseline balance	Material needed: Design labels alone do not verify allocation, concealment, maintenance of masking or baseline balance. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
15	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N15 · Evidence conditionHow were POAF/flutter events defined?Required	The selected endpoint is new POAF/flutter, retaining the scope of early inpatient rhythm surveillance. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	New AF/flutter; duration threshold; surveillance method/window; assessment	Material needed: Report-specific AF/flutter grouping, duration thresholds, continuous/intermittent monitoring, masking, time windows and post-discharge events remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
16	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N16 · Evidence conditionWhat denominators are 185 completers and 89/96?Required	S01 records 185 completers(C 89/control 96), with the exact initial randomized denominators unverified. S01	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Initial allocation; completion; POAF/analysis; group attrition	Material needed: Completer counts are not converted into randomization. Group event and analysis denominators, attrition and missingness remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
17	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N17 · Evidence conditionWhat does 30.3% versus 30.2% describe?Required	The original 30.3% versus 30.2%, P=.985 is retained. S01	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	S01 reported rates; P; group events/denominators; interval	Material needed: Event counts are not back-calculated from rounded rates. Exact95%CI, effects in the randomized population and original testing remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
18	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N18 · Evidence conditionWhat do the positive and null S02/S03 findings establish?Required	S02’s older positive oral add-on result and S03’s unconfirmed POAF difference retain their original directions. S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Each event/denominator; effect/CI; prespecified analysis; wording scope	Material needed: Exact event counts, group denominators, effects, P values and CIs are not newly created. Directional wording is not converted into precise estimates. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
19	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N19 · Evidence conditionHow were analysis populations, attrition and rescue handled?Required	The original records of S01 completers, S02’s 100 participants and S03’s 253 participants are retained. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	ITT/PP/completers; missingness; attrition; concurrent changes/adjustment	Material needed: Report-specific ITT/PP, reasons for missingness/attrition, rescue, adjustment and sensitivity analyses remain unverified. Total sample sizes do not fill analysis denominators. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
20	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N20 · Evidence conditionWhat is the scope of nonsignificance and sample-size criticism?Required	The existing manuscript states that a null P value does not establish exactly 0 effect and limits the interpretation that a trial with sample-size criticism excluded a small effect. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Original CI; important effect; sample-size plan; target/details of criticism	Material needed: The target, bibliography and calculation details of the criticism are not linked in this summary. No current reading of the commentary or recalculation was performed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
21	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N21 · Evidence conditionAre registration, prespecified endpoints and SAPs verified?Required	S01/S02 registration remains unverified; S03’s NCT03592680 is retained. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Registration; change history; endpoint/time-point/analysis hierarchy	Material needed: An identifier alone does not verify endpoint prespecification or agreement with plans. Registration, protocols and SAPs are currently unread. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
22	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N22 · Evidence conditionAre commentary, withdrawn registration and publication retraction distinguished?Required	The existing manuscript states that sample-size criticism is not publication retraction, and a withdrawn trial registration also differs from a retracted publication. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Event type; target identity; original material; historical search scope	Material needed: Current integrity of all literature is not guaranteed. Unlinked targets or original material are not newly verified or converted into a claim that everything is problem-free. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
23	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N23 · Evidence conditionAre conflicting directions retained by their conditions?Required	Older positive S02 and null S01/S03 are linked together, retaining the original description of inconsistent results. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Oral positive/null findings; surgery; background care; events/baseline risk	Material needed: Route, prophylaxis, event and regional differences are not erased, and results are not newly pooled or established as independent replication. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
24	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N24 · Evidence conditionCan findings be generalized across surgery, region, duration and dose?Required	This mainly concerns short perioperative oral add-on treatment around CABG. The original restriction against extending one region’s positive findings to all patients is retained. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Surgery/region; dose; background drugs; long-term/prespecified subgroup hypotheses	Material needed: Effects across all cardiac operations, other doses, long-term/post-discharge prevention and prespecified subgroups remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
25	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N25 · Evidence conditionAre hospital stay and other clinical outcomes kept separate?Required	The existing manuscript does not transfer shorter hospital stay into atrial-fibrillation prevention. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	POAF; hospital stay; complications; quality of life; other outcome boundaries	Material needed: Separate effects on stroke, death, quality of life or readmission, and treatment of existing AF, do not fill the current POAF question. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
26	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N26 · Evidence conditionHow far are funding, products, authorship and COI verified?Required	The original records retain unverified funding/products/employee authors for S01, unverified funding/manufacturer involvement for S02 and funding/COI requiring recheck for S03. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Funding; free/product support; employment; patents; original COI material	Material needed: The existing I2 and independent cross-check are not inherited as current item-specific verification. Funding, products, employment and COI remain separately unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
27	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N27 · Evidence conditionWhat is the actual level of harm collection?Supplementary	Existing safety caution, possible gastrointestinal discomfort at high oral doses and limited trial-specific event counts are retained. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Oral C events; collection; discontinuation; exposure/event/time denominators	Material needed: Group harms, collection, discontinuation and denominators remain unverified. POAF prevention or null results do not determine safety. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
28	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N28 · Evidence conditionWhat are the surgery, concomitant-treatment, baseline-risk and harm timelines?Supplementary	The existing oral caution wording is linked to perioperative prophylaxis conditions. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Surgery/prophylaxis; kidney/stone/iron-overload risk; onset/recovery; alternatives	Material needed: Specific interactions, harm causality, between-group risk, recovery after stopping and re-exposure remain unverified. No new event counts or incidence rates were calculated. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
29	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N29 · Evidence conditionWhat is known about long-term or rare harms and special populations?Supplementary	The scope of short perioperative oral studies and the original safety wording is retained. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Long-term/rare events; direct exposure by underlying condition	Material needed: Limited event counts do not establish the absence of long-term or rare harms or safety in every special population. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
30	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N30 · Evidence conditionWhat are the original D34, assessment values, dates and empty corrections?Required	D34, original assessment values, historical independent cross-checking, the 2026-09-07 evidence date, empty corrections, detailed claims and additional discussion and existing Korean and English explanations are retained. S01 S02 S03	The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.	Grade/score; assessment values; original evidence date; empty values; historical checks	Material needed: Historical wording about recent or verified evidence is not inherited as a new search. No new verdict or current literature-integrity certification is made. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.

No items match your search or filter.

30 itemsWhat the statuses mean

Assessment scope

Stored-material review date: Not recorded
Original evidence cut-off: 2026-09-07
Scope actually checked: Existing review summaries and stored records of methodological application. Full papers, supplements, registrations, plans and original data were not read.
What the dates mean: This is the date the stored materials were checked, not the date of a new search of the clinical literature.
Population: The record mainly concerns adults undergoing elective on-pump CABG. Study-specific surgery, baseline rhythm, age, risk, eligibility and background beta-blocker or amiodarone prophylaxis remain separate rather than generalized to all cardiac-surgery patients.
Ingredient, formulation and route: The selected route is single-ingredient oral ascorbic acid. The original tablet/solution and unverified IV salt, buffering and excipient records are retained without converting IV products into oral formulations. Feedstock, manufacture and oral tablet/solution, salt, excipients and product specifications remain unverified.
Dose: The original grouped IV schedules are 2 g at 24 h and 2 h before surgery, followed by 1 g 2 times daily for 5 days(A2), and another IV 2 g before surgery +500 mg 2 times daily for 5 days(A3). They are not applied as oral schedules. The unverified oral A1 dose remains separate from S03: 1 g 2 times daily from 5 days before through 10 days after surgery; no cumulative dose is calculated.
Comparator: Oral placebo comparisons remain separate from effects added to usual background prophylaxis. A beta-blocker-alone comparison is not converted into the same placebo for every report; drug types, doses, amiodarone, changes, rescue treatment and group balance remain unverified.
Measured outcome: The endpoint is new POAF/flutter. Report-specific AF/flutter grouping, duration thresholds, continuous or intermittent rhythm surveillance, assessment and observation windows remain separate. Hospital stay, other complications and treatment of existing atrial fibrillation do not substitute for this prevention endpoint.
Duration: The original general scope of about 5 perioperative days and early inpatient rhythm surveillance is retained separately from S03’s oral schedule from 5 days before through 10 days after surgery. Study-specific dosing, surveillance windows and post-discharge events remain unverified; total days and cumulative doses are not newly calculated.
Questions outside this scope: This question concerns single-ingredient oral vitamin C around cardiac surgery for prevention of new POAF. It is not extended to foods, combinations, intravenous or mixed routes, treatment of existing atrial fibrillation or all surgical populations.; The existing grade D·34 points, stored assessment values, Korean and English explanations and evidence date 2026-09-07 are retained. Historical cross-checking and past descriptions as recent do not establish current reading of original material, regrading or a completed comprehensive literature search.; S01’s 185 completers(C 89/control 96) are not converted into initial randomization or exact event denominators. The rounded rates 30.3% versus 30.2%, P=.985 are not back-calculated into event counts, and no new 95%CI is created.; The original IV-dose labels A2/A3 are not automatically mapped to current oral reports S02/S03. The unverified oral A1 dose and gaps in each trial’s actual schedule remain.; S03’s 253 participants, 1 g 2 times daily and schedule from 5 days before through 10 days after surgery are not replaced by the original general description of about 5 days. Reports are not summed and cumulative doses are not calculated without verifying the same background drugs, events and surgical populations.; Older positive oral add-on findings and oral null reports are both retained. Shorter hospital stay or positive findings from one region are not turned into POAF prevention for every patient, and other clinical outcomes do not substitute.; Nonsignificance does not establish an effect of exactly 0 or equivalence. The target and details of sample-size criticism are unlinked; methodological commentary, withdrawn registry records and retracted publications remain separate. A registry identifier alone does not verify prespecification or agreement with plans.; Existing caution about gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhea, kidney disease, stone risk and iron overload with oral vitamin C is retained. Limited event counts and POAF results are not converted into an absence of harm or established safety, and no new incidence rate, interaction or individual dosing guidance is created.

Evidence and sources

The links below lead to the sources. A link alone does not mean the original source was read or its latest publication status verified.

S01 · Bjordahl et al. 2012 · Oral placebo report

PubMed

Material type: Triple-blind oral placebo randomized trial
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external materials unread
Findings recorded in the stored summary: 30.3% versus 30.2%, P=.985. Event counts are not back-calculated from rounded rates; 95%CI remains unverified.
Record level: 185 completers(C 89/control 96). Initial randomized denominators, exact event and analysis denominators, attrition and missing-data handling remain unverified.
Study overlap and independent replication: S01’s 185 completers, S02’s 100 participants and S03’s 253 participants remain separate original records. Allocation, analysis and event denominators, background drugs, schedules and surveillance windows differ or remain unverified; no new participant total, unique trial count or independent-replication total is established.

Public availability, access and reading status by material
Material	Public availability	Access status	Actually read	Notes
Stored existing review summary	Preserved copy of the complete existing review summary	Stored summary	Summary read	PMID23022248 · DOI10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.03.012. The historical citation’s abstract-check record is retained. Only the stored summary was read here; original papers, registration, protocols and SAPs are unread. Dates for all material slots are the original record’s historical evidence date. Unread external slots retain the same historical date, which is not presented as current external reading.
External paper	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID23022248 · DOI10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.03.012. The historical citation’s abstract-check record is retained. Only the stored summary was read here; original papers, registration, protocols and SAPs are unread. Dates for all material slots are the original record’s historical evidence date. Unread external slots retain the same historical date, which is not presented as current external reading.
Registration material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID23022248 · DOI10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.03.012. The historical citation’s abstract-check record is retained. Only the stored summary was read here; original papers, registration, protocols and SAPs are unread. Dates for all material slots are the original record’s historical evidence date. Unread external slots retain the same historical date, which is not presented as current external reading.
Protocol	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID23022248 · DOI10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.03.012. The historical citation’s abstract-check record is retained. Only the stored summary was read here; original papers, registration, protocols and SAPs are unread. Dates for all material slots are the original record’s historical evidence date. Unread external slots retain the same historical date, which is not presented as current external reading.
Statistical analysis plan	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID23022248 · DOI10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.03.012. The historical citation’s abstract-check record is retained. Only the stored summary was read here; original papers, registration, protocols and SAPs are unread. Dates for all material slots are the original record’s historical evidence date. Unread external slots retain the same historical date, which is not presented as current external reading.
Funding, product support and COI material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID23022248 · DOI10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.03.012. The historical citation’s abstract-check record is retained. Only the stored summary was read here; original papers, registration, protocols and SAPs are unread. Dates for all material slots are the original record’s historical evidence date. Unread external slots retain the same historical date, which is not presented as current external reading.

S02 · Eslami et al. 2007 · Oral add-on report

PubMed

Material type: Randomized oral vitamin C plus beta-blocker versus beta-blocker add-on trial
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external materials unread
Findings recorded in the stored summary: This is an older positive oral add-on result. Modern background-care and registration boundaries remain unverified.
Record level: The original record of 100 participants is retained. Group event counts, denominators, effects, intervals and oral dose/duration remain unverified and are not filled with other reports or IV schedules.
Study overlap and independent replication: S01’s 185 completers, S02’s 100 participants and S03’s 253 participants remain separate original records. Allocation, analysis and event denominators, background drugs, schedules and surveillance windows differ or remain unverified; no new participant total, unique trial count or independent-replication total is established.

Public availability, access and reading status by material
Material	Public availability	Access status	Actually read	Notes
Stored existing review summary	Preserved copy of the complete existing review summary	Stored summary	Summary read	PMID17948074 · PMCIDPMC1995047. Historical citation wording about an independent cross-check does not establish current reading of original material or new independent replication. Oral add-on treatment remains separate from IV-dose labels; exact events, intervals and support remain unverified. Dates for all material slots are the original record’s historical evidence date. Unread external slots retain the same historical date, which is not presented as current external reading.
External paper	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID17948074 · PMCIDPMC1995047. Historical citation wording about an independent cross-check does not establish current reading of original material or new independent replication. Oral add-on treatment remains separate from IV-dose labels; exact events, intervals and support remain unverified. Dates for all material slots are the original record’s historical evidence date. Unread external slots retain the same historical date, which is not presented as current external reading.
Registration material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID17948074 · PMCIDPMC1995047. Historical citation wording about an independent cross-check does not establish current reading of original material or new independent replication. Oral add-on treatment remains separate from IV-dose labels; exact events, intervals and support remain unverified. Dates for all material slots are the original record’s historical evidence date. Unread external slots retain the same historical date, which is not presented as current external reading.
Protocol	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID17948074 · PMCIDPMC1995047. Historical citation wording about an independent cross-check does not establish current reading of original material or new independent replication. Oral add-on treatment remains separate from IV-dose labels; exact events, intervals and support remain unverified. Dates for all material slots are the original record’s historical evidence date. Unread external slots retain the same historical date, which is not presented as current external reading.
Statistical analysis plan	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID17948074 · PMCIDPMC1995047. Historical citation wording about an independent cross-check does not establish current reading of original material or new independent replication. Oral add-on treatment remains separate from IV-dose labels; exact events, intervals and support remain unverified. Dates for all material slots are the original record’s historical evidence date. Unread external slots retain the same historical date, which is not presented as current external reading.
Funding, product support and COI material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID17948074 · PMCIDPMC1995047. Historical citation wording about an independent cross-check does not establish current reading of original material or new independent replication. Oral add-on treatment remains separate from IV-dose labels; exact events, intervals and support remain unverified. Dates for all material slots are the original record’s historical evidence date. Unread external slots retain the same historical date, which is not presented as current external reading.

S03 · 2023 registered oral trial · Generic title in the stored citation

PubMed

Material type: Registered randomized controlled oral trial; registry contents and prespecification unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external materials unread
Findings recorded in the stored summary: Oral 1 g 2 times daily from 5 days before through 10 days after surgery did not confirm a POAF difference.
Record level: The original record states 253 participants. Initial allocation, group event counts, denominators, effects, intervals and exact full bibliography remain unverified; registration, plans and funding/COI are currently unread.
Study overlap and independent replication: S01’s 185 completers, S02’s 100 participants and S03’s 253 participants remain separate original records. Allocation, analysis and event denominators, background drugs, schedules and surveillance windows differ or remain unverified; no new participant total, unique trial count or independent-replication total is established.

Public availability, access and reading status by material
Material	Public availability	Access status	Actually read	Notes
Stored existing review summary	Preserved copy of the complete existing review summary	Stored summary	Summary read	PMID37039967 · Citation registry identifier NCT03592680. The stored citation’s generic title is not converted into full original-report identity verification. The original registration-identity field is empty; the identifier does not establish prespecification, registry/change-history reading or agreement with plans. Historical cross-checking is not current reading. Dates for all material slots are the original record’s historical evidence date. Unread external slots retain the same historical date, which is not presented as current external reading.
External paper	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID37039967 · Citation registry identifier NCT03592680. The stored citation’s generic title is not converted into full original-report identity verification. The original registration-identity field is empty; the identifier does not establish prespecification, registry/change-history reading or agreement with plans. Historical cross-checking is not current reading. Dates for all material slots are the original record’s historical evidence date. Unread external slots retain the same historical date, which is not presented as current external reading.
Registration material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID37039967 · Citation registry identifier NCT03592680. The stored citation’s generic title is not converted into full original-report identity verification. The original registration-identity field is empty; the identifier does not establish prespecification, registry/change-history reading or agreement with plans. Historical cross-checking is not current reading. Dates for all material slots are the original record’s historical evidence date. Unread external slots retain the same historical date, which is not presented as current external reading.
Protocol	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID37039967 · Citation registry identifier NCT03592680. The stored citation’s generic title is not converted into full original-report identity verification. The original registration-identity field is empty; the identifier does not establish prespecification, registry/change-history reading or agreement with plans. Historical cross-checking is not current reading. Dates for all material slots are the original record’s historical evidence date. Unread external slots retain the same historical date, which is not presented as current external reading.
Statistical analysis plan	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID37039967 · Citation registry identifier NCT03592680. The stored citation’s generic title is not converted into full original-report identity verification. The original registration-identity field is empty; the identifier does not establish prespecification, registry/change-history reading or agreement with plans. Historical cross-checking is not current reading. Dates for all material slots are the original record’s historical evidence date. Unread external slots retain the same historical date, which is not presented as current external reading.
Funding, product support and COI material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	PMID37039967 · Citation registry identifier NCT03592680. The stored citation’s generic title is not converted into full original-report identity verification. The original registration-identity field is empty; the identifier does not establish prespecification, registry/change-history reading or agreement with plans. Historical cross-checking is not current reading. Dates for all material slots are the original record’s historical evidence date. Unread external slots retain the same historical date, which is not presented as current external reading.

Report counts versus independent study counts

S01’s 185 completers, S02’s 100 participants and S03’s 253 participants remain separate original records. Allocation, analysis and event denominators, background drugs, schedules and surveillance windows differ or remain unverified; no new participant total, unique trial count or independent-replication total is established.

Review criteria

Version 1.0 · Criteria record date 2026-10-06. These are Chamgap's own application conditions, informed by the referenced methods. They do not constitute official assessment-tool certification or a new efficacy score.

N01 · What is the scope of the oral POAF prevention question?

Required materials and conditions: Perioperative oral single-ingredient C; new POAF; background prophylaxis; comparison
Conditions for verification: Original records on Perioperative oral single-ingredient C; new POAF; background prophylaxis; comparison must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Perioperative oral single-ingredient C; new POAF; background prophylaxis; comparison is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N02 · How does current reading differ from historical checks?

Required materials and conditions: Stored summaries; historical abstract/cross-check records; current external material
Conditions for verification: Original records on Stored summaries; historical abstract/cross-check records; current external material must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Stored summaries; historical abstract/cross-check records; current external material is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N03 · What identifies the main oral null report?

Required materials and conditions: Bjordahl 2012 title; PMID/DOI; report and trial linkage
Conditions for verification: Original records on Bjordahl 2012 title; PMID/DOI; report and trial linkage must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Bjordahl 2012 title; PMID/DOI; report and trial linkage is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N04 · What is the older positive oral add-on report?

Required materials and conditions: Eslami 2007; oral C plus beta-blocker; 100 participants; comparison
Conditions for verification: Original records on Eslami 2007; oral C plus beta-blocker; 100 participants; comparison must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Eslami 2007; oral C plus beta-blocker; 100 participants; comparison is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N05 · What is the 2023 registered oral report?

Required materials and conditions: 253 participants; oral schedule; PMID/registration; complete bibliography
Conditions for verification: Original records on 253 participants; oral schedule; PMID/registration; complete bibliography must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on 253 participants; oral schedule; PMID/registration; complete bibliography is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N06 · Are reports, participants and events kept separate?

Required materials and conditions: 185 completers; 100 participants; 253 participants; analysis and reporting relationships
Conditions for verification: Original records on 185 completers; 100 participants; 253 participants; analysis and reporting relationships must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on 185 completers; 100 participants; 253 participants; analysis and reporting relationships is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N07 · What are the surgical and baseline-population boundaries?

Required materials and conditions: Elective on-pump CABG; surgery; baseline rhythm/risk; eligibility
Conditions for verification: Original records on Elective on-pump CABG; surgery; baseline rhythm/risk; eligibility must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Elective on-pump CABG; surgery; baseline rhythm/risk; eligibility is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N08 · Are oral and IV formulations distinguished?

Required materials and conditions: Oral ascorbic acid; formulation/components; IV kept separate
Conditions for verification: Original records on Oral ascorbic acid; formulation/components; IV kept separate must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Oral ascorbic acid; formulation/components; IV kept separate is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N09 · Are IV doses kept separate from oral reports?

Required materials and conditions: Original IV A2/A3 labels; actual dose in each oral report
Conditions for verification: Original records on Original IV A2/A3 labels; actual dose in each oral report must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Original IV A2/A3 labels; actual dose in each oral report is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N10 · What is the 2023 oral dose and schedule?

Required materials and conditions: 1 g 2 times daily; 5 days before through 10 days after surgery; actual use/adherence
Conditions for verification: Original records on 1 g 2 times daily; 5 days before through 10 days after surgery; actual use/adherence must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on 1 g 2 times daily; 5 days before through 10 days after surgery; actual use/adherence is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N11 · Are older oral doses and durations verified?

Required materials and conditions: S01/S02 oral doses; perioperative schedules; actual exposure
Conditions for verification: Original records on S01/S02 oral doses; perioperative schedules; actual exposure must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on S01/S02 oral doses; perioperative schedules; actual exposure is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N12 · Is the effect additional to background prophylaxis?

Required materials and conditions: Beta-blocker; amiodarone; common care; changes/rescue
Conditions for verification: Original records on Beta-blocker; amiodarone; common care; changes/rescue must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Beta-blocker; amiodarone; common care; changes/rescue is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N13 · Are placebo and usual-prophylaxis comparisons distinguished?

Required materials and conditions: Placebo components; masking; usual care; comparison direction
Conditions for verification: Original records on Placebo components; masking; usual care; comparison direction must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Placebo components; masking; usual care; comparison direction is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N14 · How far are allocation, concealment and masking verified?

Required materials and conditions: Report-specific sequence generation; concealment; masked parties; baseline balance
Conditions for verification: Original records on Report-specific sequence generation; concealment; masked parties; baseline balance must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Report-specific sequence generation; concealment; masked parties; baseline balance is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N15 · How were POAF/flutter events defined?

Required materials and conditions: New AF/flutter; duration threshold; surveillance method/window; assessment
Conditions for verification: Original records on New AF/flutter; duration threshold; surveillance method/window; assessment must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on New AF/flutter; duration threshold; surveillance method/window; assessment is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N16 · What denominators are 185 completers and 89/96?

Required materials and conditions: Initial allocation; completion; POAF/analysis; group attrition
Conditions for verification: Original records on Initial allocation; completion; POAF/analysis; group attrition must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Initial allocation; completion; POAF/analysis; group attrition is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N17 · What does 30.3% versus 30.2% describe?

Required materials and conditions: S01 reported rates; P; group events/denominators; interval
Conditions for verification: Original records on S01 reported rates; P; group events/denominators; interval must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on S01 reported rates; P; group events/denominators; interval is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N18 · What do the positive and null S02/S03 findings establish?

Required materials and conditions: Each event/denominator; effect/CI; prespecified analysis; wording scope
Conditions for verification: Original records on Each event/denominator; effect/CI; prespecified analysis; wording scope must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Each event/denominator; effect/CI; prespecified analysis; wording scope is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N19 · How were analysis populations, attrition and rescue handled?

Required materials and conditions: ITT/PP/completers; missingness; attrition; concurrent changes/adjustment
Conditions for verification: Original records on ITT/PP/completers; missingness; attrition; concurrent changes/adjustment must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on ITT/PP/completers; missingness; attrition; concurrent changes/adjustment is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N20 · What is the scope of nonsignificance and sample-size criticism?

Required materials and conditions: Original CI; important effect; sample-size plan; target/details of criticism
Conditions for verification: Original records on Original CI; important effect; sample-size plan; target/details of criticism must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Original CI; important effect; sample-size plan; target/details of criticism is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N21 · Are registration, prespecified endpoints and SAPs verified?

Required materials and conditions: Registration; change history; endpoint/time-point/analysis hierarchy
Conditions for verification: Original records on Registration; change history; endpoint/time-point/analysis hierarchy must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Registration; change history; endpoint/time-point/analysis hierarchy is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N22 · Are commentary, withdrawn registration and publication retraction distinguished?

Required materials and conditions: Event type; target identity; original material; historical search scope
Conditions for verification: Original records on Event type; target identity; original material; historical search scope must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Event type; target identity; original material; historical search scope is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N23 · Are conflicting directions retained by their conditions?

Required materials and conditions: Oral positive/null findings; surgery; background care; events/baseline risk
Conditions for verification: Original records on Oral positive/null findings; surgery; background care; events/baseline risk must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Oral positive/null findings; surgery; background care; events/baseline risk is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N24 · Can findings be generalized across surgery, region, duration and dose?

Required materials and conditions: Surgery/region; dose; background drugs; long-term/prespecified subgroup hypotheses
Conditions for verification: Original records on Surgery/region; dose; background drugs; long-term/prespecified subgroup hypotheses must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Surgery/region; dose; background drugs; long-term/prespecified subgroup hypotheses is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N25 · Are hospital stay and other clinical outcomes kept separate?

Required materials and conditions: POAF; hospital stay; complications; quality of life; other outcome boundaries
Conditions for verification: Original records on POAF; hospital stay; complications; quality of life; other outcome boundaries must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on POAF; hospital stay; complications; quality of life; other outcome boundaries is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N26 · How far are funding, products, authorship and COI verified?

Required materials and conditions: Funding; free/product support; employment; patents; original COI material
Conditions for verification: Original records on Funding; free/product support; employment; patents; original COI material must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Funding; free/product support; employment; patents; original COI material is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N27 · What is the actual level of harm collection?

Required materials and conditions: Oral C events; collection; discontinuation; exposure/event/time denominators
Conditions for verification: Original records on Oral C events; collection; discontinuation; exposure/event/time denominators must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Supplementary
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Oral C events; collection; discontinuation; exposure/event/time denominators is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N28 · What are the surgery, concomitant-treatment, baseline-risk and harm timelines?

Required materials and conditions: Surgery/prophylaxis; kidney/stone/iron-overload risk; onset/recovery; alternatives
Conditions for verification: Original records on Surgery/prophylaxis; kidney/stone/iron-overload risk; onset/recovery; alternatives must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Supplementary
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Surgery/prophylaxis; kidney/stone/iron-overload risk; onset/recovery; alternatives is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N29 · What is known about long-term or rare harms and special populations?

Required materials and conditions: Long-term/rare events; direct exposure by underlying condition
Conditions for verification: Original records on Long-term/rare events; direct exposure by underlying condition must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Supplementary
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Long-term/rare events; direct exposure by underlying condition is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

N30 · What are the original D34, assessment values, dates and empty corrections?

Required materials and conditions: Grade/score; assessment values; original evidence date; empty values; historical checks
Conditions for verification: Original records on Grade/score; assessment values; original evidence date; empty values; historical checks must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Grade/score; assessment values; original evidence date; empty values; historical checks is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Referenced methods and the sections actually reviewed

M03 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08

Official methodology · §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.3, MECIR C5/C7/C13

Referenced principle: Clearly record the question, eligibility conditions and reasons for changes, and distinguish variations in interventions.
Extent of review: Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.

M04 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5.1 (2025), chapter updated 2025-03

Official methodology · §4.5, §4.6.1–4.6.3, MECIR C42

Referenced principle: Distinguish studies from reports and link them; do not omit a study solely because results are unreported.
Extent of review: Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.

M08 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10

Official methodology · §8.1–8.2.3, Table 8.2.a

Referenced principle: Define the outcome and effect of interest, then examine randomization, deviations, missing data, measurement and selective reporting.
Extent of review: Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.

M15 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08

Official methodology · §15.2.4, §15.3.1–15.3.3

Referenced principle: Distinguish effect estimates, intervals, importance and applicability. Sample size alone does not determine precision.
Extent of review: Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.

M19 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10

Official methodology · §19.1.2, §19.2.1–19.2.4

Referenced principle: Harm questions may require different designs, populations and follow-up from efficacy questions. Case reports do not establish incidence rates.
Extent of review: Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.

What the statuses mean

Partly verified: Partial information from the stored summary is linked; detailed originals and content review remain incomplete.
Unverified: Required details cannot be established within the preserved scope. This does not establish absence of effects or studies, or safety.
Review incomplete: Review of existing content remains incomplete.
Met: This state is used only within the relevant conditions after material verification and content review. It was not automatically assigned in this work.
Not reported: Unreported within material actually read. Unread external material is not relabeled as unreported.
Inaccessible: This means actual access failure. External access was not attempted in this work, so this state was not assigned.
Not applicable: Used only with an application exception and reason based on the question scope.
Conflicting data: This requires actual comparison of materials; no new conflict judgment was made in this work.
Insufficient evidence for the conditions: This indicates gaps in additional material for the selected conditions. Unread material as a whole is not converted into an efficacy grade.

Change history

2026-10-22 · Public page/material version 1.0

The public view and materials were prepared from the existing 30 items. No new clinical search, verification-state change or scoring was performed.

The stored-material review date (Not recorded) and original evidence cut-off (2026-09-07) were retained unchanged.

Researcher downloads

These materials provide the same evidence, scope and verification status as this page.

View all item details

N01 · What is the scope of the oral POAF prevention question?

Current findings: The selected claim is prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery, as an add-on effect of single-ingredient oral vitamin C.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Intravenous or mixed routes, shorter hospital stay and prevention across all surgical populations are not converted into the same question.
Required materials and conditions: Perioperative oral single-ingredient C; new POAF; background prophylaxis; comparison
Materials to obtain first: Intravenous or mixed routes, shorter hospital stay and prevention across all surgical populations are not converted into the same question.
Further research: Material needed: Intravenous or mixed routes, shorter hospital stay and prevention across all surgical populations are not converted into the same question. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Perioperative oral single-ingredient C; new POAF; background prophylaxis; comparison must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Perioperative oral single-ingredient C; new POAF; background prophylaxis; comparison is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N02 · How does current reading differ from historical checks?

Current findings: The complete stored summary, 3 evidence entries, 3 citations and Korean and English explanations were read. Citation wording about abstract checks or independent cross-checks remains historical.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: External papers, registration, protocols and SAPs are currently unread and access was not attempted. Bibliographic links and historical verification are not promoted to current reading of original material.
Required materials and conditions: Stored summaries; historical abstract/cross-check records; current external material
Materials to obtain first: External papers, registration, protocols and SAPs are currently unread and access was not attempted. Bibliographic links and historical verification are not promoted to current reading of original material.
Further research: Material needed: External papers, registration, protocols and SAPs are currently unread and access was not attempted. Bibliographic links and historical verification are not promoted to current reading of original material. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Stored summaries; historical abstract/cross-check records; current external material must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Stored summaries; historical abstract/cross-check records; current external material is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N03 · What identifies the main oral null report?

Current findings: The oral report by Bjordahl et al., Am J Surg 2012, PMID23022248 and DOI10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.03.012 is retained.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: The full original paper, registration, initial allocation, exact dose and report-identity linkage remain unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Bjordahl 2012 title; PMID/DOI; report and trial linkage
Materials to obtain first: The full original paper, registration, initial allocation, exact dose and report-identity linkage remain unverified.
Further research: Material needed: The full original paper, registration, initial allocation, exact dose and report-identity linkage remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Bjordahl 2012 title; PMID/DOI; report and trial linkage must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Bjordahl 2012 title; PMID/DOI; report and trial linkage is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01

N04 · What is the older positive oral add-on report?

Current findings: Eslami et al., Tex Heart Inst J 2007, PMID17948074 and PMCIDPMC1995047 report a randomized oral C plus beta-blocker versus beta-blocker add-on comparison in 100 participants.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Exact events, denominators, intervals, modern background care and registration boundaries remain unverified and are not filled with values from the main null report.
Required materials and conditions: Eslami 2007; oral C plus beta-blocker; 100 participants; comparison
Materials to obtain first: Exact events, denominators, intervals, modern background care and registration boundaries remain unverified and are not filled with values from the main null report.
Further research: Material needed: Exact events, denominators, intervals, modern background care and registration boundaries remain unverified and are not filled with values from the main null report. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Eslami 2007; oral C plus beta-blocker; 100 participants; comparison must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Eslami 2007; oral C plus beta-blocker; 100 participants; comparison is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S02

N05 · What is the 2023 registered oral report?

Current findings: The existing manuscript links the 2023 oral trial with 253 participants to PMID37039967 and NCT03592680.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: A generic title is not converted into full original-bibliography verification. Registry contents, change history, denominators and COI remain currently unread or unverified.
Required materials and conditions: 253 participants; oral schedule; PMID/registration; complete bibliography
Materials to obtain first: A generic title is not converted into full original-bibliography verification. Registry contents, change history, denominators and COI remain currently unread or unverified.
Further research: Material needed: A generic title is not converted into full original-bibliography verification. Registry contents, change history, denominators and COI remain currently unread or unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on 253 participants; oral schedule; PMID/registration; complete bibliography must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on 253 participants; oral schedule; PMID/registration; complete bibliography is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S03

N06 · Are reports, participants and events kept separate?

Current findings: Each oral report is linked separately, retaining the original records of 185 completers, 100 participants and 253 participants.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Initial allocation and denominator types differ or remain unverified; no new participant total, unique trial count, independent-replication count or POAF event total is summed or established.
Required materials and conditions: 185 completers; 100 participants; 253 participants; analysis and reporting relationships
Materials to obtain first: Initial allocation and denominator types differ or remain unverified; no new participant total, unique trial count, independent-replication count or POAF event total is summed or established.
Further research: Material needed: Initial allocation and denominator types differ or remain unverified; no new participant total, unique trial count, independent-replication count or POAF event total is summed or established. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on 185 completers; 100 participants; 253 participants; analysis and reporting relationships must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on 185 completers; 100 participants; 253 participants; analysis and reporting relationships is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N07 · What are the surgical and baseline-population boundaries?

Current findings: The original population information mainly concerns adults undergoing elective on-pump CABG, with background beta-blocker and amiodarone prophylaxis distinguished.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Report-specific surgery, pre-existing arrhythmia, age, risk, eligibility/exclusions and applicability to other operations remain unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Elective on-pump CABG; surgery; baseline rhythm/risk; eligibility
Materials to obtain first: Report-specific surgery, pre-existing arrhythmia, age, risk, eligibility/exclusions and applicability to other operations remain unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Report-specific surgery, pre-existing arrhythmia, age, risk, eligibility/exclusions and applicability to other operations remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Elective on-pump CABG; surgery; baseline rhythm/risk; eligibility must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Elective on-pump CABG; surgery; baseline rhythm/risk; eligibility is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N08 · Are oral and IV formulations distinguished?

Current findings: The selected route is oral. The original tablet/solution wording and unverified IV salts, buffers and excipients are retained.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: IV or mixed-route results and product specifications are not transferred to oral formulations. Oral tablet/solution, salt, excipients and manufacturing details remain unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Oral ascorbic acid; formulation/components; IV kept separate
Materials to obtain first: IV or mixed-route results and product specifications are not transferred to oral formulations. Oral tablet/solution, salt, excipients and manufacturing details remain unverified.
Further research: Material needed: IV or mixed-route results and product specifications are not transferred to oral formulations. Oral tablet/solution, salt, excipients and manufacturing details remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Oral ascorbic acid; formulation/components; IV kept separate must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Oral ascorbic acid; formulation/components; IV kept separate is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N09 · Are IV doses kept separate from oral reports?

Current findings: The original IV 2 g/1 g and other IV 2 g/500 mg schedules are retained. The oral A1 dose remains unverified.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: The original A2/A3 labels are not automatically mapped to current oral S02/S03 or used as oral doses.
Required materials and conditions: Original IV A2/A3 labels; actual dose in each oral report
Materials to obtain first: The original A2/A3 labels are not automatically mapped to current oral S02/S03 or used as oral doses.
Further research: Material needed: The original A2/A3 labels are not automatically mapped to current oral S02/S03 or used as oral doses. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Original IV A2/A3 labels; actual dose in each oral report must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Original IV A2/A3 labels; actual dose in each oral report is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N10 · What is the 2023 oral dose and schedule?

Current findings: S03 records that oral 1 g 2 times daily from 5 days before through 10 days after surgery did not confirm a POAF difference.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: The original general duration of about 5 days is not applied to this report. Cumulative dose, total days and actual adherence are not newly calculated or filled as verified values.
Required materials and conditions: 1 g 2 times daily; 5 days before through 10 days after surgery; actual use/adherence
Materials to obtain first: The original general duration of about 5 days is not applied to this report. Cumulative dose, total days and actual adherence are not newly calculated or filled as verified values.
Further research: Material needed: The original general duration of about 5 days is not applied to this report. Cumulative dose, total days and actual adherence are not newly calculated or filled as verified values. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on 1 g 2 times daily; 5 days before through 10 days after surgery; actual use/adherence must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on 1 g 2 times daily; 5 days before through 10 days after surgery; actual use/adherence is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S03

N11 · Are older oral doses and durations verified?

Current findings: S01’s exact dose and initial allocation remain unverified. S02’s oral C plus beta-blocker exposure is retained.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Older oral doses and durations are not filled with IV schedules or the S03 dose. Actual adherence and adjustments remain unverified.
Required materials and conditions: S01/S02 oral doses; perioperative schedules; actual exposure
Materials to obtain first: Older oral doses and durations are not filled with IV schedules or the S03 dose. Actual adherence and adjustments remain unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Older oral doses and durations are not filled with IV schedules or the S03 dose. Actual adherence and adjustments remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on S01/S02 oral doses; perioperative schedules; actual exposure must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on S01/S02 oral doses; perioperative schedules; actual exposure is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02

N12 · Is the effect additional to background prophylaxis?

Current findings: The existing manuscript concerns oral effects added to background prophylaxis. S02 compares C plus beta-blocker with beta-blocker.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Report-specific drug types, doses, amiodarone use, group changes, rescue treatment, balance and correspondence to modern care remain unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Beta-blocker; amiodarone; common care; changes/rescue
Materials to obtain first: Report-specific drug types, doses, amiodarone use, group changes, rescue treatment, balance and correspondence to modern care remain unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Report-specific drug types, doses, amiodarone use, group changes, rescue treatment, balance and correspondence to modern care remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Beta-blocker; amiodarone; common care; changes/rescue must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Beta-blocker; amiodarone; common care; changes/rescue is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N13 · Are placebo and usual-prophylaxis comparisons distinguished?

Current findings: S01 is a triple-blind oral placebo trial, S02 compares with beta-blocker alone, and S03 is a registered controlled oral trial.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Reports are not all converted into the same placebo comparison. Placebo and control details remain separately unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Placebo components; masking; usual care; comparison direction
Materials to obtain first: Reports are not all converted into the same placebo comparison. Placebo and control details remain separately unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Reports are not all converted into the same placebo comparison. Placebo and control details remain separately unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Placebo components; masking; usual care; comparison direction must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Placebo components; masking; usual care; comparison direction is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N14 · How far are allocation, concealment and masking verified?

Current findings: The original descriptions of triple-blind oral placebo, randomized add-on treatment and a registered randomized oral trial are retained.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Design labels alone do not verify allocation, concealment, maintenance of masking or baseline balance.
Required materials and conditions: Report-specific sequence generation; concealment; masked parties; baseline balance
Materials to obtain first: Design labels alone do not verify allocation, concealment, maintenance of masking or baseline balance.
Further research: Material needed: Design labels alone do not verify allocation, concealment, maintenance of masking or baseline balance. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Report-specific sequence generation; concealment; masked parties; baseline balance must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Report-specific sequence generation; concealment; masked parties; baseline balance is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N15 · How were POAF/flutter events defined?

Current findings: The selected endpoint is new POAF/flutter, retaining the scope of early inpatient rhythm surveillance.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Report-specific AF/flutter grouping, duration thresholds, continuous/intermittent monitoring, masking, time windows and post-discharge events remain unverified.
Required materials and conditions: New AF/flutter; duration threshold; surveillance method/window; assessment
Materials to obtain first: Report-specific AF/flutter grouping, duration thresholds, continuous/intermittent monitoring, masking, time windows and post-discharge events remain unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Report-specific AF/flutter grouping, duration thresholds, continuous/intermittent monitoring, masking, time windows and post-discharge events remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on New AF/flutter; duration threshold; surveillance method/window; assessment must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on New AF/flutter; duration threshold; surveillance method/window; assessment is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N16 · What denominators are 185 completers and 89/96?

Current findings: S01 records 185 completers(C 89/control 96), with the exact initial randomized denominators unverified.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Completer counts are not converted into randomization. Group event and analysis denominators, attrition and missingness remain unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Initial allocation; completion; POAF/analysis; group attrition
Materials to obtain first: Completer counts are not converted into randomization. Group event and analysis denominators, attrition and missingness remain unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Completer counts are not converted into randomization. Group event and analysis denominators, attrition and missingness remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Initial allocation; completion; POAF/analysis; group attrition must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Initial allocation; completion; POAF/analysis; group attrition is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01

N17 · What does 30.3% versus 30.2% describe?

Current findings: The original 30.3% versus 30.2%, P=.985 is retained.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Event counts are not back-calculated from rounded rates. Exact95%CI, effects in the randomized population and original testing remain unverified.
Required materials and conditions: S01 reported rates; P; group events/denominators; interval
Materials to obtain first: Event counts are not back-calculated from rounded rates. Exact95%CI, effects in the randomized population and original testing remain unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Event counts are not back-calculated from rounded rates. Exact95%CI, effects in the randomized population and original testing remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on S01 reported rates; P; group events/denominators; interval must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on S01 reported rates; P; group events/denominators; interval is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01

N18 · What do the positive and null S02/S03 findings establish?

Current findings: S02’s older positive oral add-on result and S03’s unconfirmed POAF difference retain their original directions.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Exact event counts, group denominators, effects, P values and CIs are not newly created. Directional wording is not converted into precise estimates.
Required materials and conditions: Each event/denominator; effect/CI; prespecified analysis; wording scope
Materials to obtain first: Exact event counts, group denominators, effects, P values and CIs are not newly created. Directional wording is not converted into precise estimates.
Further research: Material needed: Exact event counts, group denominators, effects, P values and CIs are not newly created. Directional wording is not converted into precise estimates. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Each event/denominator; effect/CI; prespecified analysis; wording scope must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Each event/denominator; effect/CI; prespecified analysis; wording scope is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S02 S03

N19 · How were analysis populations, attrition and rescue handled?

Current findings: The original records of S01 completers, S02’s 100 participants and S03’s 253 participants are retained.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Report-specific ITT/PP, reasons for missingness/attrition, rescue, adjustment and sensitivity analyses remain unverified. Total sample sizes do not fill analysis denominators.
Required materials and conditions: ITT/PP/completers; missingness; attrition; concurrent changes/adjustment
Materials to obtain first: Report-specific ITT/PP, reasons for missingness/attrition, rescue, adjustment and sensitivity analyses remain unverified. Total sample sizes do not fill analysis denominators.
Further research: Material needed: Report-specific ITT/PP, reasons for missingness/attrition, rescue, adjustment and sensitivity analyses remain unverified. Total sample sizes do not fill analysis denominators. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on ITT/PP/completers; missingness; attrition; concurrent changes/adjustment must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on ITT/PP/completers; missingness; attrition; concurrent changes/adjustment is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N20 · What is the scope of nonsignificance and sample-size criticism?

Current findings: The existing manuscript states that a null P value does not establish exactly 0 effect and limits the interpretation that a trial with sample-size criticism excluded a small effect.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: The target, bibliography and calculation details of the criticism are not linked in this summary. No current reading of the commentary or recalculation was performed.
Required materials and conditions: Original CI; important effect; sample-size plan; target/details of criticism
Materials to obtain first: The target, bibliography and calculation details of the criticism are not linked in this summary. No current reading of the commentary or recalculation was performed.
Further research: Material needed: The target, bibliography and calculation details of the criticism are not linked in this summary. No current reading of the commentary or recalculation was performed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Original CI; important effect; sample-size plan; target/details of criticism must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Original CI; important effect; sample-size plan; target/details of criticism is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N21 · Are registration, prespecified endpoints and SAPs verified?

Current findings: S01/S02 registration remains unverified; S03’s NCT03592680 is retained.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: An identifier alone does not verify endpoint prespecification or agreement with plans. Registration, protocols and SAPs are currently unread.
Required materials and conditions: Registration; change history; endpoint/time-point/analysis hierarchy
Materials to obtain first: An identifier alone does not verify endpoint prespecification or agreement with plans. Registration, protocols and SAPs are currently unread.
Further research: Material needed: An identifier alone does not verify endpoint prespecification or agreement with plans. Registration, protocols and SAPs are currently unread. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Registration; change history; endpoint/time-point/analysis hierarchy must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Registration; change history; endpoint/time-point/analysis hierarchy is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N22 · Are commentary, withdrawn registration and publication retraction distinguished?

Current findings: The existing manuscript states that sample-size criticism is not publication retraction, and a withdrawn trial registration also differs from a retracted publication.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Current integrity of all literature is not guaranteed. Unlinked targets or original material are not newly verified or converted into a claim that everything is problem-free.
Required materials and conditions: Event type; target identity; original material; historical search scope
Materials to obtain first: Current integrity of all literature is not guaranteed. Unlinked targets or original material are not newly verified or converted into a claim that everything is problem-free.
Further research: Material needed: Current integrity of all literature is not guaranteed. Unlinked targets or original material are not newly verified or converted into a claim that everything is problem-free. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Event type; target identity; original material; historical search scope must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Event type; target identity; original material; historical search scope is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N23 · Are conflicting directions retained by their conditions?

Current findings: Older positive S02 and null S01/S03 are linked together, retaining the original description of inconsistent results.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Route, prophylaxis, event and regional differences are not erased, and results are not newly pooled or established as independent replication.
Required materials and conditions: Oral positive/null findings; surgery; background care; events/baseline risk
Materials to obtain first: Route, prophylaxis, event and regional differences are not erased, and results are not newly pooled or established as independent replication.
Further research: Material needed: Route, prophylaxis, event and regional differences are not erased, and results are not newly pooled or established as independent replication. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Oral positive/null findings; surgery; background care; events/baseline risk must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Oral positive/null findings; surgery; background care; events/baseline risk is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N24 · Can findings be generalized across surgery, region, duration and dose?

Current findings: This mainly concerns short perioperative oral add-on treatment around CABG. The original restriction against extending one region’s positive findings to all patients is retained.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Effects across all cardiac operations, other doses, long-term/post-discharge prevention and prespecified subgroups remain unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Surgery/region; dose; background drugs; long-term/prespecified subgroup hypotheses
Materials to obtain first: Effects across all cardiac operations, other doses, long-term/post-discharge prevention and prespecified subgroups remain unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Effects across all cardiac operations, other doses, long-term/post-discharge prevention and prespecified subgroups remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Surgery/region; dose; background drugs; long-term/prespecified subgroup hypotheses must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Surgery/region; dose; background drugs; long-term/prespecified subgroup hypotheses is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N25 · Are hospital stay and other clinical outcomes kept separate?

Current findings: The existing manuscript does not transfer shorter hospital stay into atrial-fibrillation prevention.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Separate effects on stroke, death, quality of life or readmission, and treatment of existing AF, do not fill the current POAF question.
Required materials and conditions: POAF; hospital stay; complications; quality of life; other outcome boundaries
Materials to obtain first: Separate effects on stroke, death, quality of life or readmission, and treatment of existing AF, do not fill the current POAF question.
Further research: Material needed: Separate effects on stroke, death, quality of life or readmission, and treatment of existing AF, do not fill the current POAF question. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on POAF; hospital stay; complications; quality of life; other outcome boundaries must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on POAF; hospital stay; complications; quality of life; other outcome boundaries is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N26 · How far are funding, products, authorship and COI verified?

Current findings: The original records retain unverified funding/products/employee authors for S01, unverified funding/manufacturer involvement for S02 and funding/COI requiring recheck for S03.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: The existing I2 and independent cross-check are not inherited as current item-specific verification. Funding, products, employment and COI remain separately unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Funding; free/product support; employment; patents; original COI material
Materials to obtain first: The existing I2 and independent cross-check are not inherited as current item-specific verification. Funding, products, employment and COI remain separately unverified.
Further research: Material needed: The existing I2 and independent cross-check are not inherited as current item-specific verification. Funding, products, employment and COI remain separately unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Funding; free/product support; employment; patents; original COI material must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Funding; free/product support; employment; patents; original COI material is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N27 · What is the actual level of harm collection?

Current findings: Existing safety caution, possible gastrointestinal discomfort at high oral doses and limited trial-specific event counts are retained.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Group harms, collection, discontinuation and denominators remain unverified. POAF prevention or null results do not determine safety.
Required materials and conditions: Oral C events; collection; discontinuation; exposure/event/time denominators
Materials to obtain first: Group harms, collection, discontinuation and denominators remain unverified. POAF prevention or null results do not determine safety.
Further research: Material needed: Group harms, collection, discontinuation and denominators remain unverified. POAF prevention or null results do not determine safety. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Oral C events; collection; discontinuation; exposure/event/time denominators must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Oral C events; collection; discontinuation; exposure/event/time denominators is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N28 · What are the surgery, concomitant-treatment, baseline-risk and harm timelines?

Current findings: The existing oral caution wording is linked to perioperative prophylaxis conditions.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Specific interactions, harm causality, between-group risk, recovery after stopping and re-exposure remain unverified. No new event counts or incidence rates were calculated.
Required materials and conditions: Surgery/prophylaxis; kidney/stone/iron-overload risk; onset/recovery; alternatives
Materials to obtain first: Specific interactions, harm causality, between-group risk, recovery after stopping and re-exposure remain unverified. No new event counts or incidence rates were calculated.
Further research: Material needed: Specific interactions, harm causality, between-group risk, recovery after stopping and re-exposure remain unverified. No new event counts or incidence rates were calculated. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Surgery/prophylaxis; kidney/stone/iron-overload risk; onset/recovery; alternatives must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Surgery/prophylaxis; kidney/stone/iron-overload risk; onset/recovery; alternatives is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N29 · What is known about long-term or rare harms and special populations?

Current findings: The scope of short perioperative oral studies and the original safety wording is retained.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Limited event counts do not establish the absence of long-term or rare harms or safety in every special population.
Required materials and conditions: Long-term/rare events; direct exposure by underlying condition
Materials to obtain first: Limited event counts do not establish the absence of long-term or rare harms or safety in every special population.
Further research: Material needed: Limited event counts do not establish the absence of long-term or rare harms or safety in every special population. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Long-term/rare events; direct exposure by underlying condition must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Long-term/rare events; direct exposure by underlying condition is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03

N30 · What are the original D34, assessment values, dates and empty corrections?

Current findings: D34, original assessment values, historical independent cross-checking, the 2026-09-07 evidence date, empty corrections, detailed claims and additional discussion and existing Korean and English explanations are retained.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread
Why unverified: The stored summary’s information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; this does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
Reason for missing information: Historical wording about recent or verified evidence is not inherited as a new search. No new verdict or current literature-integrity certification is made.
Required materials and conditions: Grade/score; assessment values; original evidence date; empty values; historical checks
Materials to obtain first: Historical wording about recent or verified evidence is not inherited as a new search. No new verdict or current literature-integrity certification is made.
Further research: Material needed: Historical wording about recent or verified evidence is not inherited as a new search. No new verdict or current literature-integrity certification is made. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in study-specific surgical populations, oral doses, background drugs, event definitions, allocation/analysis denominators, prespecified plans, support and harms remain. Conflicting results and nonsignificance are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
Conditions for verification: Original records on Grade/score; assessment values; original evidence date; empty values; historical checks must link to the same oral route, surgical population, background drugs, comparison, event, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
Why this condition is needed: Material on Grade/score; assessment values; original evidence date; empty values; historical checks is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its surgical population, formulation, dosing, background drugs, comparison, events, surveillance window, denominator, precision and harms.
Application exceptions: Oral and intravenous or mixed routes, allocation and completer/event denominators, and placebo versus add-on prophylaxis remain separate. Other routes’ doses, rounded rates, hospital stay, commentary or registry status do not substitute for oral effects, event counts, publication retraction or overall safety; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, routes, direct comparisons, reports and trials, background prophylaxis, event definitions, denominators, precision and harms.

Related sources S01 S02 S03