Dark chocolate × lasting eyesight and eye health: evidence gaps

Required evidence, verification status and materials actually read
Item	AVerification status	BReading scope	CReview item	DCurrent findings	EWhy unverified	FRequired materials and conditions	GFurther research
1	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N01 · Evidence conditionWhat are the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question and verdict?Required	The selected wording is “Lasting improvement in eyesight or eye health,” with original grade ? and note “Duration and clinical function were not measured.” Absent subclaim score, status and axes are distinguished from parent acute C54. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Existing claim of lasting improvement in eyesight or eye health	Material needed: Direct persistence, everyday clinical-function and eye-health material, and applicability review, remain needed. ? is not converted into effect 0, score 0 or absence of all research. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
2	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N02 · Evidence conditionWas duration of effect directly measured?Required	There was one test about 1.75 hours after a single serving; the subclaim note and parent summary record that duration was not measured. Testing within 2 hours is not a guarantee of persistence for 2 hours or long-term follow-up. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Acute test timing versus persistence follow-up	Material needed: Later time-specific tests, effects/CIs, exposure, denominators, post-treatment follow-up and duration definitions are needed. No new duration or effect is inferred. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
3	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N03 · Evidence conditionWas everyday clinical function directly tested?Required	The subclaim note records unmeasured clinical function; the historical counterview records untested everyday function/repeated-ingestion effects. Small-letter test signals are not converted into direct effects on everyday activities or restored eyesight. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Laboratory psychophysical tests versus clinical function	Material needed: Definitions, measurements, denominators, comparators and effects/CIs for patient-important function, everyday activities and long-term eyesight are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
4	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N04 · Evidence conditionWhat are the original acute small-letter contrast values?Required	In the 30-person crossover trial, small-letter logCS was dark 1.45 versus milk 1.30, with mean difference 0.15, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.22, P<.001. Existing differences/intervals are preserved without transfer to lasting eyesight effects. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Original logCS effects/CIs and direct measurement timing	Material needed: Separate originals for persistence/clinical questions and acute tables, definitions, models and condition-specific denominators are needed. No new effects, CIs or relative changes are calculated. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
5	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N05 · Evidence conditionDoes large-letter contrast show the same result?Required	The original research description records a large-letter difference of 0.05 logCS, P=.07. The small-letter 0.15 CI/P value is not copied as large-letter success or persistence, and the large-letter CI gap remains. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Distinguishing small- and large-letter logCS	Material needed: Large-letter tests, denominators, effects/CIs, prior hierarchy, multiplicity and direct persistence material are needed. P=.07 does not certify effect 0 or equivalence. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
6	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N06 · Evidence conditionAre visual acuity in logMAR and contrast in logCS the same?Required	The original acuity difference of 0.04 logMAR, P=.05, is borderline and differs from contrast in logCS. Small-letter signals are not converted into successful eyesight restoration or other units. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Distinguishing acuity/contrast measures and units	Material needed: Original acuity tables, condition-specific denominators, comparative CIs, exact times, prior hierarchy, importance and persistence material are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
7	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N07 · Evidence conditionAre clinical eye-health or eye-disease event data available?Required	The preserved report is a single-exposure acuity/contrast experiment. Eye-health event types/counts, disease progression/recovery, follow-up and time at risk are not established as direct results in the current stored summary. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Specific eye-health endpoints and clinical-event gaps	Material needed: Disease/event definitions, clinical adjudication, group-specific events/denominators, follow-up and original CIs are needed. Unverified data are not converted into event 0 or preventive effect 0. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
8	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N08 · Evidence conditionAre healthy young adults the same as eye-disease patients?Required	The original population is 30 healthy young adults without eye disease. The same effect is not generalized to disease treatment, restored eyesight, other ages or risk groups; exact age and baseline test details are unverified. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	30 people without eye disease, eligibility and generalization	Material needed: Eligibility, exclusions, age, baseline vision, eye disease, medicines and original denominators for direct long-term populations are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
9	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N09 · Evidence conditionIs the actual comparison dark versus milk chocolate?Required	These are two single-exposure conditions using tested dark and milk chocolate. Milk is not replaced by no ingestion/placebo, and the same effect of general high-cacao products is not established. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Two tested foods and an active control	Material needed: Product composition, actual exposure, flavanols, cacao, sugar, calories, control matching and masking material are needed. No amounts or product recommendations are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
10	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N10 · Evidence conditionDoes cacao percentage alone ensure the same flavanol exposure?Required	Existing product information states that general-product cacao percentage alone cannot guarantee the tested flavanol dose. Product amounts or active content absent from the stored summary are not filled by calculation or inference. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Tested versus general products and unrecorded amounts	Material needed: Tested-product quantities, ingredients, batch, manufacturing, actual exposure and control composition are needed. No new ingestion doses or long-term exposure examples are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
11	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N11 · Evidence conditionAre the 30 crossover participants new people in each condition?Required	The original report concerns a 30-person within-person crossover with one session per condition. Two conditions/multiple visual tests in the same people are not added as new participants. Valid outcome denominators, session exclusions and order/period effects are separately unverified. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Within-person single-exposure conditions, denominators and repeats	Material needed: Allocation order, periods, washout, carryover, condition/outcome denominators, missingness and within-person models are needed. No new total observations or participant counts are calculated. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
12	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N12 · Evidence conditionAre single masking and possible chocolate recognition distinguished?Required	The original design is a single-masked crossover; the historical counterview says participants could recognize chocolate types. Actual recognition rates and masking tests are not established in the stored summary. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Measurement/participant masking and bias	Material needed: Who was masked, concealment, recognition assessment, assessors, test learning, order and missing-data originals are needed. Possibility is not regraded as a confirmed violation or null effect. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
13	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N13 · Evidence conditionDid registration and prior outcomes include the lasting-effect question?Required	Original NCT03326934 and the bibliography for acute acuity/large-letter/small-letter tests are preserved. Registry contents/dates, exact prior hierarchy and long-term eye-health endpoints were not read this time; no new prespecification certification is made. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	NCT03326934 and acute/long-term hierarchy	Material needed: Initial registration, change history, protocols, SAPs, outcomes/times, multiplicity and analysis populations are needed. Identifiers are distinguished from actual content verification. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
14	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N14 · Evidence conditionDoes the acute CI establish precision of lasting effects?Required	The acute small-letter CI 0.08 to 0.22 is preserved; the parent records clear exclusion of 0. It does not provide effects/CIs for lasting eyesight or clinical events. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Acute CI versus precision of persistence/clinical effects	Material needed: Direct long-term effects/CIs, patient importance, denominators and follow-up are needed. Parent C0/effect-size interpretation is not transferred to long-term subclaim values. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
15	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N15 · Evidence conditionAre data available on repeated ingestion and post-treatment persistence?Required	The preserved scope is a single-exposure acute signal with duration/clinical function unmeasured. Benefits of repeated ingestion or long-term eye health are not established as success of the same trial. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Repeated exposure and direct long-term function/events	Material needed: Repeated/later function, disease endpoints, denominators, CIs, actual exposure and harms with the same product/control are needed. Only research needs are recorded; no ingestion, product or treatment instructions are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
16	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N16 · Evidence conditionAre the same trial, eyes and conditions counted as new independent material?Required	Parent 2988 and the two existing subclaims share the same original report context. Sheets, visual tests, conditions, eyes and repeated measurements are not counted as new independent trials/participants; unique-trial/participant totals are unverified. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Shared bibliography/participants across parent and two subclaims	Material needed: Links among reports, populations, people, eyes, times, conditions and analysis populations are needed. Material slots are not quality scores or unique-trial counts. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
17	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N17 · Evidence conditionWhat material was actually read?Required	The complete parent stored summary was read for production and preserved in full. External abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and SAPs remain unread; URL/PMCID existence is not promoted to actual reading/access/condition fulfillment. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Complete parent stored summary versus external reading	Material needed: Actual original papers, appendices, registration, plans and reading records are needed. External-source content verification and link testing were not performed this time. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
18	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N18 · Evidence conditionWhat are the bibliographic and registration identifiers?Required	Original PMID 29710322, PMCID PMC6145773, DOI 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.0978 and the PubMed URL are preserved. NCT03326934 is recorded in the evidence/citation lists; contents, dates and prespecification were not read this time. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	PMID, PMCID, DOI and registration identification/content	Material needed: Accurate paper/full-text/registration links, contents and dates are needed. New full-text/registration URLs are not inferred from identifiers. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
19	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N19 · Evidence conditionAre original bilingual text and historical checks distinguished from current review?Required	Original Korean/English text, subclaim/note and historical original-paper, bibliographic, effect-size and scoring-check statements are preserved. This separation work is not a new clinical review, calculation or verdict. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Original Korean/English text, subclaim wording and historical scope	Material needed: Content review of originals, detailed translation, corrections and question boundaries remains incomplete. Historical checks are not labeled independent clinical verification now. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
20	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N20 · Evidence conditionAre subclaim values distinguished from parent C54, axes and safety?Required	Subclaim ?/note and absent score/status/axes are retained. Parent C54, Good safety, B/S/R1/I2/E+/B2/C0, four false flags and empty override reasons concern the acute context and do not fill long-term subclaim scores, safety or independence. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Subclaim grade/note and absent score/status/axes	Material needed: Content review of selected/parent original values remains incomplete. No new efficacy grades, scores, axes or regrading are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
21	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N21 · Evidence conditionAre the evidence date and corrections distinguished from production dates?Required	Original 2026-09-07, the empty corrections array and empty deliberation string are retained. They are not production/review dates or certification of no external corrections. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Original evidence date and empty correction/deliberation records	Material needed: Later/correction originals, complete before-change text and event history are needed. Absent dates/correction values are not arbitrarily filled. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
22	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N22 · Evidence conditionAre funding, product support, employee authors and analysis roles distinguished?Required	The original funding record describes a university research team with no commercial manufacturer involvement identified in the report. This differs from support, affiliation and analysis-role details; product support, employee authors and analytic involvement are not automatically filled as absent. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Four company-related dimensions and original independence statements	Material needed: Original funding/competing interests, product support, author affiliations and analysis/publication roles are needed. Parent I2 is not promoted to new independence certification. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
23	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N23 · Evidence conditionAre allocation, measurement, missingness and selective-reporting details available?Required	Single-masked within-person crossover, other visual measures and possible participant recognition of foods are retained. Allocation/order, measurement/test learning, missingness and selective-reporting details are separately unverified. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Original design, hierarchy and denominators	Material needed: Methods, protocols, SAPs, registry changes, original tables, effects of interest and denominators are needed. Design labels alone do not certify official RoB/GRADE or passed content review. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
24	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N24 · Evidence conditionHave actual exposure, concurrent care and repetition been verified?Required	Single exposure to particular dark/milk chocolate and testing about 1.75 hours later are preserved as research-identification information. Product amounts, active ingredients, concurrent meals/other ingestion and actual-exposure details are unverified. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Original intervention identity, adherence and co-interventions	Material needed: Product/formulation quantities, actual exposure, concurrent care, intervention deviations and denominators are needed. No total amounts or ingestion/product/eye-health instructions are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
25	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N25 · Evidence conditionAre harm-reporting scope and actual denominators distinguished?Supplementary	The original single food exposure was not a systematic safety trial; it records product/person boundaries for allergy, caffeine sensitivity, sugar and calories. Harm counts/rates, active collection and denominators are unverified. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Original safety statements, collection and exposure denominators	Material needed: Harm definitions, collection, actual exposure/denominators, discontinuation, dropout, severity and control originals are needed. Original Good safety is not transferred to safety in all populations/durations. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
26	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N26 · Evidence conditionWhat are the boundaries for long-term/rare harms and other populations?Supplementary	Single-exposure results in healthy adults do not certify safety of long-term/repeated ingestion or all products/disease populations. Original boundaries for allergy, caffeine and calories are retained. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Original duration, illnesses, medicines and long-term boundaries	Material needed: Long-term exposure/follow-up, harm surveillance, risk groups, medicines, denominators, CIs and event data are needed. No new treatment, ingestion or care instructions are provided. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
27	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N27 · Evidence conditionWhat material would trigger a sheet update?Required	This table transfers stored material about lasting eyesight/eye health. Content-review results for original tables, measures, times, people, eyes, denominators, comparators, concurrent care, follow-up, support and harms can be linked to separate update events. R01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Conditions, observations, original material and verdict-change events	Material needed: Complete before-change copies, original material, condition versions, separate application and content-review records are needed. Material additions, condition revisions and verdict changes are distinguished. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.

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27 itemsWhat the statuses mean

Assessment scope

Stored-material review date: Not recorded
Original evidence cut-off: 2026-09-07
Scope actually checked: Existing review summaries and stored records of methodological application. Full papers, supplements, registrations, plans and original data were not read.
What the dates mean: This is the date the stored materials were checked, not the date of a new search of the clinical literature.
Population: The preserved contextual trial concerns 30 healthy young adults without eye disease. Direct populations/follow-up for lasting eyesight, everyday clinical function and eye health are separately unverified. The same effects are not transferred to disease, other ages or risk groups.
Ingredient, formulation and route: A single comparison of particular high-cacao, high-flavanol dark chocolate and milk chocolate is preserved. Exact amount, product, active content, adherence and concurrent exposure are unverified; repeated-ingestion and long-term effects are not filled in.
Dose: This identifies single exposure to the original tested foods. Unrecorded amounts, flavanols and products are not newly filled, cumulative amounts/calories/long-term exposure are not calculated, and no ingestion, product, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Comparator: The original control is tested milk chocolate in another session in the same people. It is not converted into no ingestion, placebo, equivalence of general products or isolated-ingredient effects. Direct comparisons for persistence/repetition are separately unverified.
Measured outcome: The selected question concerns lasting eyesight, everyday clinical function and eye health. Acute small-letter 1.45/1.30 logCS, difference 0.15/95% CI 0.08 to 0.22/P<.001, large-letter 0.05 logCS/P=.07 and visual-acuity 0.04 logMAR/P=.05 are separate context and do not provide long-term effects, event counts, denominators or CIs.
Duration: The context is one measurement about 1.75 hours after a single serving. About 2 hours/within 2 hours are original descriptions of the same acute window; the note on unmeasured duration/clinical function is preserved. They are not converted into a guarantee of 2-hour persistence, long-term follow-up or repeated-ingestion results.
Questions outside this scope: Transferring acute small-letter, large-letter or acuity tests to direct effects on lasting eye health, all populations or disease treatment; Duplicating logCS/logMAR, tests, everyday clinical function, disease events and time points as the same endpoint; Using 30 people, eyes, conditions, repeated tests, the registration number or two subclaim sheets as new independent-trial/participant totals; Converting unmeasured/unverified data or grade ? into effect 0, score 0, event 0, absence of all research or safety; Calculating/certifying new effects, CIs, relative changes, persistence, amounts, hypothetical numbers, grades or independence; Inheriting parent C54, Good safety, axes or historical checks as a subclaim score, current clinical review or long-term safety, or creating ingestion, product, eye-health or treatment instructions

Evidence and sources

The links below lead to the sources. A link alone does not mean the original source was read or its latest publication status verified.

R01 · Rabin JC, Karunathilake N, Patrizi K. Effects of Milk vs Dark Chocolate Consumption on Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity Within 2 Hours: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136(6):678-681. PMID: 29710322. PMCID: PMC6145773. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.0978. NCT03326934.

PubMed

Material type: Randomized single-masked within-person crossover trial
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external paper, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Findings recorded in the stored summary: Small-letter +0.15 logCS (95% CI 0.08 to 0.22), P<.001; large-letter P=.07; acuity P=.05
Record level: Stored-summary acute small-letter signal, nonsignificant large-letter result and borderline acuity result. Selected duration/everyday clinical function were unmeasured; these are not transferred to direct long-term eye-health evidence.
Study overlap and independent replication: 30 people without eye disease and two single-exposure tested dark/milk conditions in the single Rabin 2018 report are the same randomized single-masked within-person crossover trial. About 1.75 hours, about 2 hours and within 2 hours are preserved as one acute testing window. Small-letter 0.15 logCS/CI 0.08 to 0.22/P<.001, large-letter 0.05 logCS/P=.07 and visual-acuity 0.04 logMAR/P=.05 are distinguished. People, eyes, conditions, repeated tests, the registration number and two subclaim sheets are not added as independent trials/participants or extended to long-term clinical efficacy. Directness for the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question is distinguished from the acute context. Confirmed unique-trial, participant and independent-replication totals remain unrecorded.

Public availability, access and reading status by material
Material	Public availability	Access status	Actually read	Notes
Stored summary	Preserved copy of the complete parent-verdict stored summary	Stored summary read	Summary read	Original PubMed URL, PMCID, DOI and NCT03326934 identifiers are preserved. Numbers/bibliography alone do not certify reading, acquisition, prior plans or condition fulfillment now; full-text/registration URLs are not inferred.
External abstract	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Original PubMed URL, PMCID, DOI and NCT03326934 identifiers are preserved. Numbers/bibliography alone do not certify reading, acquisition, prior plans or condition fulfillment now; full-text/registration URLs are not inferred.
External full text	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Original PubMed URL, PMCID, DOI and NCT03326934 identifiers are preserved. Numbers/bibliography alone do not certify reading, acquisition, prior plans or condition fulfillment now; full-text/registration URLs are not inferred.
Original registration	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Original PubMed URL, PMCID, DOI and NCT03326934 identifiers are preserved. Numbers/bibliography alone do not certify reading, acquisition, prior plans or condition fulfillment now; full-text/registration URLs are not inferred.
Original protocol	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Original PubMed URL, PMCID, DOI and NCT03326934 identifiers are preserved. Numbers/bibliography alone do not certify reading, acquisition, prior plans or condition fulfillment now; full-text/registration URLs are not inferred.

Report counts versus independent study counts

30 people without eye disease and two single-exposure tested dark/milk conditions in the single Rabin 2018 report are the same randomized single-masked within-person crossover trial. About 1.75 hours, about 2 hours and within 2 hours are preserved as one acute testing window. Small-letter 0.15 logCS/CI 0.08 to 0.22/P<.001, large-letter 0.05 logCS/P=.07 and visual-acuity 0.04 logMAR/P=.05 are distinguished. People, eyes, conditions, repeated tests, the registration number and two subclaim sheets are not added as independent trials/participants or extended to long-term clinical efficacy. Directness for the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question is distinguished from the acute context. Confirmed unique-trial, participant and independent-replication totals remain unrecorded.

Review criteria

Version 1.0 · Criteria record date 2026-10-06. These are Chamgap's own application conditions, informed by the referenced methods. They do not constitute official assessment-tool certification or a new efficacy score.

N01 · What are the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question and verdict?

Required materials and conditions: Existing claim of lasting improvement in eyesight or eye health
Conditions for verification: Material for Existing claim of lasting improvement in eyesight or eye health must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Existing claim of lasting improvement in eyesight or eye health with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N02 · Was duration of effect directly measured?

Required materials and conditions: Acute test timing versus persistence follow-up
Conditions for verification: Material for Acute test timing versus persistence follow-up must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Acute test timing versus persistence follow-up with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N03 · Was everyday clinical function directly tested?

Required materials and conditions: Laboratory psychophysical tests versus clinical function
Conditions for verification: Material for Laboratory psychophysical tests versus clinical function must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Laboratory psychophysical tests versus clinical function with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N04 · What are the original acute small-letter contrast values?

Required materials and conditions: Original logCS effects/CIs and direct measurement timing
Conditions for verification: Material for Original logCS effects/CIs and direct measurement timing must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original logCS effects/CIs and direct measurement timing with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N05 · Does large-letter contrast show the same result?

Required materials and conditions: Distinguishing small- and large-letter logCS
Conditions for verification: Material for Distinguishing small- and large-letter logCS must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Distinguishing small- and large-letter logCS with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N06 · Are visual acuity in logMAR and contrast in logCS the same?

Required materials and conditions: Distinguishing acuity/contrast measures and units
Conditions for verification: Material for Distinguishing acuity/contrast measures and units must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Distinguishing acuity/contrast measures and units with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N07 · Are clinical eye-health or eye-disease event data available?

Required materials and conditions: Specific eye-health endpoints and clinical-event gaps
Conditions for verification: Material for Specific eye-health endpoints and clinical-event gaps must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Specific eye-health endpoints and clinical-event gaps with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N08 · Are healthy young adults the same as eye-disease patients?

Required materials and conditions: 30 people without eye disease, eligibility and generalization
Conditions for verification: Material for 30 people without eye disease, eligibility and generalization must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects 30 people without eye disease, eligibility and generalization with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N09 · Is the actual comparison dark versus milk chocolate?

Required materials and conditions: Two tested foods and an active control
Conditions for verification: Material for Two tested foods and an active control must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Two tested foods and an active control with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N10 · Does cacao percentage alone ensure the same flavanol exposure?

Required materials and conditions: Tested versus general products and unrecorded amounts
Conditions for verification: Material for Tested versus general products and unrecorded amounts must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Tested versus general products and unrecorded amounts with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N11 · Are the 30 crossover participants new people in each condition?

Required materials and conditions: Within-person single-exposure conditions, denominators and repeats
Conditions for verification: Material for Within-person single-exposure conditions, denominators and repeats must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Within-person single-exposure conditions, denominators and repeats with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N12 · Are single masking and possible chocolate recognition distinguished?

Required materials and conditions: Measurement/participant masking and bias
Conditions for verification: Material for Measurement/participant masking and bias must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Measurement/participant masking and bias with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N13 · Did registration and prior outcomes include the lasting-effect question?

Required materials and conditions: NCT03326934 and acute/long-term hierarchy
Conditions for verification: Material for NCT03326934 and acute/long-term hierarchy must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects NCT03326934 and acute/long-term hierarchy with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N14 · Does the acute CI establish precision of lasting effects?

Required materials and conditions: Acute CI versus precision of persistence/clinical effects
Conditions for verification: Material for Acute CI versus precision of persistence/clinical effects must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Acute CI versus precision of persistence/clinical effects with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N15 · Are data available on repeated ingestion and post-treatment persistence?

Required materials and conditions: Repeated exposure and direct long-term function/events
Conditions for verification: Material for Repeated exposure and direct long-term function/events must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Repeated exposure and direct long-term function/events with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N16 · Are the same trial, eyes and conditions counted as new independent material?

Required materials and conditions: Shared bibliography/participants across parent and two subclaims
Conditions for verification: Material for Shared bibliography/participants across parent and two subclaims must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Shared bibliography/participants across parent and two subclaims with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N17 · What material was actually read?

Required materials and conditions: Complete parent stored summary versus external reading
Conditions for verification: Material for Complete parent stored summary versus external reading must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Complete parent stored summary versus external reading with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N18 · What are the bibliographic and registration identifiers?

Required materials and conditions: PMID, PMCID, DOI and registration identification/content
Conditions for verification: Material for PMID, PMCID, DOI and registration identification/content must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects PMID, PMCID, DOI and registration identification/content with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N19 · Are original bilingual text and historical checks distinguished from current review?

Required materials and conditions: Original Korean/English text, subclaim wording and historical scope
Conditions for verification: Material for Original Korean/English text, subclaim wording and historical scope must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original Korean/English text, subclaim wording and historical scope with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N20 · Are subclaim values distinguished from parent C54, axes and safety?

Required materials and conditions: Subclaim grade/note and absent score/status/axes
Conditions for verification: Material for Subclaim grade/note and absent score/status/axes must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Subclaim grade/note and absent score/status/axes with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N21 · Are the evidence date and corrections distinguished from production dates?

Required materials and conditions: Original evidence date and empty correction/deliberation records
Conditions for verification: Material for Original evidence date and empty correction/deliberation records must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original evidence date and empty correction/deliberation records with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N22 · Are funding, product support, employee authors and analysis roles distinguished?

Required materials and conditions: Four company-related dimensions and original independence statements
Conditions for verification: Material for Four company-related dimensions and original independence statements must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Four company-related dimensions and original independence statements with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N23 · Are allocation, measurement, missingness and selective-reporting details available?

Required materials and conditions: Original design, hierarchy and denominators
Conditions for verification: Material for Original design, hierarchy and denominators must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original design, hierarchy and denominators with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N24 · Have actual exposure, concurrent care and repetition been verified?

Required materials and conditions: Original intervention identity, adherence and co-interventions
Conditions for verification: Material for Original intervention identity, adherence and co-interventions must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original intervention identity, adherence and co-interventions with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N25 · Are harm-reporting scope and actual denominators distinguished?

Required materials and conditions: Original safety statements, collection and exposure denominators
Conditions for verification: Material for Original safety statements, collection and exposure denominators must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Supplementary
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original safety statements, collection and exposure denominators with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N26 · What are the boundaries for long-term/rare harms and other populations?

Required materials and conditions: Original duration, illnesses, medicines and long-term boundaries
Conditions for verification: Material for Original duration, illnesses, medicines and long-term boundaries must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Supplementary
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original duration, illnesses, medicines and long-term boundaries with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N27 · What material would trigger a sheet update?

Required materials and conditions: Conditions, observations, original material and verdict-change events
Conditions for verification: Material for Conditions, observations, original material and verdict-change events must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Conditions, observations, original material and verdict-change events with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Referenced methods and the sections actually reviewed

M03 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08

Official methodology · §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.3, MECIR C5/C7/C13

Referenced principle: Clearly record the question, eligibility conditions and reasons for changes, and distinguish variations in interventions.
Extent of review: Link preserved methodological application records; no current clinical-content reassessment or external-link verification was performed.

M04 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5.1 (2025), chapter updated 2025-03

Official methodology · §4.5, §4.6.1–4.6.3, MECIR C42

Referenced principle: Distinguish studies from reports and link them; do not omit a study solely because results are unreported.
Extent of review: Link preserved methodological application records; no current clinical-content reassessment or external-link verification was performed.

M08 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10

Official methodology · §8.1–8.2.3, Table 8.2.a

Referenced principle: Define the outcome and effect of interest, then examine randomization, deviations, missing data, measurement and selective reporting.
Extent of review: Link preserved methodological application records; no current clinical-content reassessment or external-link verification was performed.

M15 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08

Official methodology · §15.2.4, §15.3.1–15.3.3

Referenced principle: Distinguish effect estimates, intervals, importance and applicability. Sample size alone does not determine precision.
Extent of review: Link preserved methodological application records; no current clinical-content reassessment or external-link verification was performed.

M19 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10

Official methodology · §19.1.2, §19.2.1–19.2.4

Referenced principle: Harm questions may require different designs, populations and follow-up from efficacy questions. Case reports do not establish incidence rates.
Extent of review: Link preserved methodological application records; no current clinical-content reassessment or external-link verification was performed.

What the statuses mean

Partly verified: Some information exists in the preserved review summary; detailed original materials remain unverified. This does not certify a passed review or clinical efficacy.
Unverified: Detailed materials for the selected condition could not be established within the stored scope; this does not mean zero effect, zero studies or safety
Review incomplete: Review of existing content incomplete
Met: Use only within the relevant conditions after existing content review; no automatic designation in this preparation
Not reported: Distinguish only within materials actually read; do not turn unread external materials into unreported findings
Inaccessible: Not applied during this preparation because actual access was not tested
Not applicable: Use with a reason for non-applicability based on an explicit question boundary
Conflicting data: Judge after actual material comparison; review was not performed during this preparation
Insufficient evidence for the conditions: Do not use as a clinical grade encompassing currently unread materials

Change history

2026-10-16 · Public page/material version 1.0

Public pages and materials were prepared from the existing 27 items. No new clinical search, verification-status change or scoring was performed.

The stored-material review date (Not recorded) and original evidence cut-off (2026-09-07) were retained unchanged.

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These materials provide the same evidence, scope and verification status as this page.

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N01 · What are the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question and verdict?

Current findings: The selected wording is “Lasting improvement in eyesight or eye health,” with original grade ? and note “Duration and clinical function were not measured.” Absent subclaim score, status and axes are distinguished from parent acute C54.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Direct persistence, everyday clinical-function and eye-health material, and applicability review, remain needed. ? is not converted into effect 0, score 0 or absence of all research.
Required materials and conditions: Existing claim of lasting improvement in eyesight or eye health
Materials to obtain first: Direct persistence, everyday clinical-function and eye-health material, and applicability review, remain needed. ? is not converted into effect 0, score 0 or absence of all research.
Further research: Material needed: Direct persistence, everyday clinical-function and eye-health material, and applicability review, remain needed. ? is not converted into effect 0, score 0 or absence of all research. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Existing claim of lasting improvement in eyesight or eye health must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Existing claim of lasting improvement in eyesight or eye health with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01

N02 · Was duration of effect directly measured?

Current findings: There was one test about 1.75 hours after a single serving; the subclaim note and parent summary record that duration was not measured. Testing within 2 hours is not a guarantee of persistence for 2 hours or long-term follow-up.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Later time-specific tests, effects/CIs, exposure, denominators, post-treatment follow-up and duration definitions are needed. No new duration or effect is inferred.
Required materials and conditions: Acute test timing versus persistence follow-up
Materials to obtain first: Later time-specific tests, effects/CIs, exposure, denominators, post-treatment follow-up and duration definitions are needed. No new duration or effect is inferred.
Further research: Material needed: Later time-specific tests, effects/CIs, exposure, denominators, post-treatment follow-up and duration definitions are needed. No new duration or effect is inferred. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Acute test timing versus persistence follow-up must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Acute test timing versus persistence follow-up with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01

N03 · Was everyday clinical function directly tested?

Current findings: The subclaim note records unmeasured clinical function; the historical counterview records untested everyday function/repeated-ingestion effects. Small-letter test signals are not converted into direct effects on everyday activities or restored eyesight.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Definitions, measurements, denominators, comparators and effects/CIs for patient-important function, everyday activities and long-term eyesight are needed.
Required materials and conditions: Laboratory psychophysical tests versus clinical function
Materials to obtain first: Definitions, measurements, denominators, comparators and effects/CIs for patient-important function, everyday activities and long-term eyesight are needed.
Further research: Material needed: Definitions, measurements, denominators, comparators and effects/CIs for patient-important function, everyday activities and long-term eyesight are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Laboratory psychophysical tests versus clinical function must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Laboratory psychophysical tests versus clinical function with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01

N04 · What are the original acute small-letter contrast values?

Current findings: In the 30-person crossover trial, small-letter logCS was dark 1.45 versus milk 1.30, with mean difference 0.15, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.22, P<.001. Existing differences/intervals are preserved without transfer to lasting eyesight effects.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Separate originals for persistence/clinical questions and acute tables, definitions, models and condition-specific denominators are needed. No new effects, CIs or relative changes are calculated.
Required materials and conditions: Original logCS effects/CIs and direct measurement timing
Materials to obtain first: Separate originals for persistence/clinical questions and acute tables, definitions, models and condition-specific denominators are needed. No new effects, CIs or relative changes are calculated.
Further research: Material needed: Separate originals for persistence/clinical questions and acute tables, definitions, models and condition-specific denominators are needed. No new effects, CIs or relative changes are calculated. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Original logCS effects/CIs and direct measurement timing must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original logCS effects/CIs and direct measurement timing with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01

N05 · Does large-letter contrast show the same result?

Current findings: The original research description records a large-letter difference of 0.05 logCS, P=.07. The small-letter 0.15 CI/P value is not copied as large-letter success or persistence, and the large-letter CI gap remains.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Large-letter tests, denominators, effects/CIs, prior hierarchy, multiplicity and direct persistence material are needed. P=.07 does not certify effect 0 or equivalence.
Required materials and conditions: Distinguishing small- and large-letter logCS
Materials to obtain first: Large-letter tests, denominators, effects/CIs, prior hierarchy, multiplicity and direct persistence material are needed. P=.07 does not certify effect 0 or equivalence.
Further research: Material needed: Large-letter tests, denominators, effects/CIs, prior hierarchy, multiplicity and direct persistence material are needed. P=.07 does not certify effect 0 or equivalence. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Distinguishing small- and large-letter logCS must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Distinguishing small- and large-letter logCS with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01

N06 · Are visual acuity in logMAR and contrast in logCS the same?

Current findings: The original acuity difference of 0.04 logMAR, P=.05, is borderline and differs from contrast in logCS. Small-letter signals are not converted into successful eyesight restoration or other units.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Original acuity tables, condition-specific denominators, comparative CIs, exact times, prior hierarchy, importance and persistence material are needed.
Required materials and conditions: Distinguishing acuity/contrast measures and units
Materials to obtain first: Original acuity tables, condition-specific denominators, comparative CIs, exact times, prior hierarchy, importance and persistence material are needed.
Further research: Material needed: Original acuity tables, condition-specific denominators, comparative CIs, exact times, prior hierarchy, importance and persistence material are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Distinguishing acuity/contrast measures and units must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Distinguishing acuity/contrast measures and units with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01

N07 · Are clinical eye-health or eye-disease event data available?

Current findings: The preserved report is a single-exposure acuity/contrast experiment. Eye-health event types/counts, disease progression/recovery, follow-up and time at risk are not established as direct results in the current stored summary.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Disease/event definitions, clinical adjudication, group-specific events/denominators, follow-up and original CIs are needed. Unverified data are not converted into event 0 or preventive effect 0.
Required materials and conditions: Specific eye-health endpoints and clinical-event gaps
Materials to obtain first: Disease/event definitions, clinical adjudication, group-specific events/denominators, follow-up and original CIs are needed. Unverified data are not converted into event 0 or preventive effect 0.
Further research: Material needed: Disease/event definitions, clinical adjudication, group-specific events/denominators, follow-up and original CIs are needed. Unverified data are not converted into event 0 or preventive effect 0. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Specific eye-health endpoints and clinical-event gaps must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Specific eye-health endpoints and clinical-event gaps with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01

N08 · Are healthy young adults the same as eye-disease patients?

Current findings: The original population is 30 healthy young adults without eye disease. The same effect is not generalized to disease treatment, restored eyesight, other ages or risk groups; exact age and baseline test details are unverified.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Eligibility, exclusions, age, baseline vision, eye disease, medicines and original denominators for direct long-term populations are needed.
Required materials and conditions: 30 people without eye disease, eligibility and generalization
Materials to obtain first: Eligibility, exclusions, age, baseline vision, eye disease, medicines and original denominators for direct long-term populations are needed.
Further research: Material needed: Eligibility, exclusions, age, baseline vision, eye disease, medicines and original denominators for direct long-term populations are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for 30 people without eye disease, eligibility and generalization must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects 30 people without eye disease, eligibility and generalization with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01

N09 · Is the actual comparison dark versus milk chocolate?

Current findings: These are two single-exposure conditions using tested dark and milk chocolate. Milk is not replaced by no ingestion/placebo, and the same effect of general high-cacao products is not established.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Product composition, actual exposure, flavanols, cacao, sugar, calories, control matching and masking material are needed. No amounts or product recommendations are created.
Required materials and conditions: Two tested foods and an active control
Materials to obtain first: Product composition, actual exposure, flavanols, cacao, sugar, calories, control matching and masking material are needed. No amounts or product recommendations are created.
Further research: Material needed: Product composition, actual exposure, flavanols, cacao, sugar, calories, control matching and masking material are needed. No amounts or product recommendations are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Two tested foods and an active control must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Two tested foods and an active control with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01

N10 · Does cacao percentage alone ensure the same flavanol exposure?

Current findings: Existing product information states that general-product cacao percentage alone cannot guarantee the tested flavanol dose. Product amounts or active content absent from the stored summary are not filled by calculation or inference.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Tested-product quantities, ingredients, batch, manufacturing, actual exposure and control composition are needed. No new ingestion doses or long-term exposure examples are created.
Required materials and conditions: Tested versus general products and unrecorded amounts
Materials to obtain first: Tested-product quantities, ingredients, batch, manufacturing, actual exposure and control composition are needed. No new ingestion doses or long-term exposure examples are created.
Further research: Material needed: Tested-product quantities, ingredients, batch, manufacturing, actual exposure and control composition are needed. No new ingestion doses or long-term exposure examples are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Tested versus general products and unrecorded amounts must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Tested versus general products and unrecorded amounts with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01

N11 · Are the 30 crossover participants new people in each condition?

Current findings: The original report concerns a 30-person within-person crossover with one session per condition. Two conditions/multiple visual tests in the same people are not added as new participants. Valid outcome denominators, session exclusions and order/period effects are separately unverified.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Allocation order, periods, washout, carryover, condition/outcome denominators, missingness and within-person models are needed. No new total observations or participant counts are calculated.
Required materials and conditions: Within-person single-exposure conditions, denominators and repeats
Materials to obtain first: Allocation order, periods, washout, carryover, condition/outcome denominators, missingness and within-person models are needed. No new total observations or participant counts are calculated.
Further research: Material needed: Allocation order, periods, washout, carryover, condition/outcome denominators, missingness and within-person models are needed. No new total observations or participant counts are calculated. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Within-person single-exposure conditions, denominators and repeats must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Within-person single-exposure conditions, denominators and repeats with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01

N12 · Are single masking and possible chocolate recognition distinguished?

Current findings: The original design is a single-masked crossover; the historical counterview says participants could recognize chocolate types. Actual recognition rates and masking tests are not established in the stored summary.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Who was masked, concealment, recognition assessment, assessors, test learning, order and missing-data originals are needed. Possibility is not regraded as a confirmed violation or null effect.
Required materials and conditions: Measurement/participant masking and bias
Materials to obtain first: Who was masked, concealment, recognition assessment, assessors, test learning, order and missing-data originals are needed. Possibility is not regraded as a confirmed violation or null effect.
Further research: Material needed: Who was masked, concealment, recognition assessment, assessors, test learning, order and missing-data originals are needed. Possibility is not regraded as a confirmed violation or null effect. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Measurement/participant masking and bias must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Measurement/participant masking and bias with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01

N13 · Did registration and prior outcomes include the lasting-effect question?

Current findings: Original NCT03326934 and the bibliography for acute acuity/large-letter/small-letter tests are preserved. Registry contents/dates, exact prior hierarchy and long-term eye-health endpoints were not read this time; no new prespecification certification is made.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Initial registration, change history, protocols, SAPs, outcomes/times, multiplicity and analysis populations are needed. Identifiers are distinguished from actual content verification.
Required materials and conditions: NCT03326934 and acute/long-term hierarchy
Materials to obtain first: Initial registration, change history, protocols, SAPs, outcomes/times, multiplicity and analysis populations are needed. Identifiers are distinguished from actual content verification.
Further research: Material needed: Initial registration, change history, protocols, SAPs, outcomes/times, multiplicity and analysis populations are needed. Identifiers are distinguished from actual content verification. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for NCT03326934 and acute/long-term hierarchy must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects NCT03326934 and acute/long-term hierarchy with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N14 · Does the acute CI establish precision of lasting effects?

Current findings: The acute small-letter CI 0.08 to 0.22 is preserved; the parent records clear exclusion of 0. It does not provide effects/CIs for lasting eyesight or clinical events.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Direct long-term effects/CIs, patient importance, denominators and follow-up are needed. Parent C0/effect-size interpretation is not transferred to long-term subclaim values.
Required materials and conditions: Acute CI versus precision of persistence/clinical effects
Materials to obtain first: Direct long-term effects/CIs, patient importance, denominators and follow-up are needed. Parent C0/effect-size interpretation is not transferred to long-term subclaim values.
Further research: Material needed: Direct long-term effects/CIs, patient importance, denominators and follow-up are needed. Parent C0/effect-size interpretation is not transferred to long-term subclaim values. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Acute CI versus precision of persistence/clinical effects must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Acute CI versus precision of persistence/clinical effects with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N15 · Are data available on repeated ingestion and post-treatment persistence?

Current findings: The preserved scope is a single-exposure acute signal with duration/clinical function unmeasured. Benefits of repeated ingestion or long-term eye health are not established as success of the same trial.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Repeated/later function, disease endpoints, denominators, CIs, actual exposure and harms with the same product/control are needed. Only research needs are recorded; no ingestion, product or treatment instructions are created.
Required materials and conditions: Repeated exposure and direct long-term function/events
Materials to obtain first: Repeated/later function, disease endpoints, denominators, CIs, actual exposure and harms with the same product/control are needed. Only research needs are recorded; no ingestion, product or treatment instructions are created.
Further research: Material needed: Repeated/later function, disease endpoints, denominators, CIs, actual exposure and harms with the same product/control are needed. Only research needs are recorded; no ingestion, product or treatment instructions are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Repeated exposure and direct long-term function/events must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Repeated exposure and direct long-term function/events with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N16 · Are the same trial, eyes and conditions counted as new independent material?

Current findings: Parent 2988 and the two existing subclaims share the same original report context. Sheets, visual tests, conditions, eyes and repeated measurements are not counted as new independent trials/participants; unique-trial/participant totals are unverified.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Links among reports, populations, people, eyes, times, conditions and analysis populations are needed. Material slots are not quality scores or unique-trial counts.
Required materials and conditions: Shared bibliography/participants across parent and two subclaims
Materials to obtain first: Links among reports, populations, people, eyes, times, conditions and analysis populations are needed. Material slots are not quality scores or unique-trial counts.
Further research: Material needed: Links among reports, populations, people, eyes, times, conditions and analysis populations are needed. Material slots are not quality scores or unique-trial counts. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Shared bibliography/participants across parent and two subclaims must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Shared bibliography/participants across parent and two subclaims with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N17 · What material was actually read?

Current findings: The complete parent stored summary was read for production and preserved in full. External abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and SAPs remain unread; URL/PMCID existence is not promoted to actual reading/access/condition fulfillment.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Actual original papers, appendices, registration, plans and reading records are needed. External-source content verification and link testing were not performed this time.
Required materials and conditions: Complete parent stored summary versus external reading
Materials to obtain first: Actual original papers, appendices, registration, plans and reading records are needed. External-source content verification and link testing were not performed this time.
Further research: Material needed: Actual original papers, appendices, registration, plans and reading records are needed. External-source content verification and link testing were not performed this time. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Complete parent stored summary versus external reading must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Complete parent stored summary versus external reading with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01

N18 · What are the bibliographic and registration identifiers?

Current findings: Original PMID 29710322, PMCID PMC6145773, DOI 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.0978 and the PubMed URL are preserved. NCT03326934 is recorded in the evidence/citation lists; contents, dates and prespecification were not read this time.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Accurate paper/full-text/registration links, contents and dates are needed. New full-text/registration URLs are not inferred from identifiers.
Required materials and conditions: PMID, PMCID, DOI and registration identification/content
Materials to obtain first: Accurate paper/full-text/registration links, contents and dates are needed. New full-text/registration URLs are not inferred from identifiers.
Further research: Material needed: Accurate paper/full-text/registration links, contents and dates are needed. New full-text/registration URLs are not inferred from identifiers. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for PMID, PMCID, DOI and registration identification/content must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects PMID, PMCID, DOI and registration identification/content with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01

N19 · Are original bilingual text and historical checks distinguished from current review?

Current findings: Original Korean/English text, subclaim/note and historical original-paper, bibliographic, effect-size and scoring-check statements are preserved. This separation work is not a new clinical review, calculation or verdict.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Content review of originals, detailed translation, corrections and question boundaries remains incomplete. Historical checks are not labeled independent clinical verification now.
Required materials and conditions: Original Korean/English text, subclaim wording and historical scope
Materials to obtain first: Content review of originals, detailed translation, corrections and question boundaries remains incomplete. Historical checks are not labeled independent clinical verification now.
Further research: Material needed: Content review of originals, detailed translation, corrections and question boundaries remains incomplete. Historical checks are not labeled independent clinical verification now. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Original Korean/English text, subclaim wording and historical scope must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original Korean/English text, subclaim wording and historical scope with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01

N20 · Are subclaim values distinguished from parent C54, axes and safety?

Current findings: Subclaim ?/note and absent score/status/axes are retained. Parent C54, Good safety, B/S/R1/I2/E+/B2/C0, four false flags and empty override reasons concern the acute context and do not fill long-term subclaim scores, safety or independence.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Content review of selected/parent original values remains incomplete. No new efficacy grades, scores, axes or regrading are created.
Required materials and conditions: Subclaim grade/note and absent score/status/axes
Materials to obtain first: Content review of selected/parent original values remains incomplete. No new efficacy grades, scores, axes or regrading are created.
Further research: Material needed: Content review of selected/parent original values remains incomplete. No new efficacy grades, scores, axes or regrading are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Subclaim grade/note and absent score/status/axes must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Subclaim grade/note and absent score/status/axes with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01

N21 · Are the evidence date and corrections distinguished from production dates?

Current findings: Original 2026-09-07, the empty corrections array and empty deliberation string are retained. They are not production/review dates or certification of no external corrections.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Later/correction originals, complete before-change text and event history are needed. Absent dates/correction values are not arbitrarily filled.
Required materials and conditions: Original evidence date and empty correction/deliberation records
Materials to obtain first: Later/correction originals, complete before-change text and event history are needed. Absent dates/correction values are not arbitrarily filled.
Further research: Material needed: Later/correction originals, complete before-change text and event history are needed. Absent dates/correction values are not arbitrarily filled. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Original evidence date and empty correction/deliberation records must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original evidence date and empty correction/deliberation records with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N22 · Are funding, product support, employee authors and analysis roles distinguished?

Current findings: The original funding record describes a university research team with no commercial manufacturer involvement identified in the report. This differs from support, affiliation and analysis-role details; product support, employee authors and analytic involvement are not automatically filled as absent.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Original funding/competing interests, product support, author affiliations and analysis/publication roles are needed. Parent I2 is not promoted to new independence certification.
Required materials and conditions: Four company-related dimensions and original independence statements
Materials to obtain first: Original funding/competing interests, product support, author affiliations and analysis/publication roles are needed. Parent I2 is not promoted to new independence certification.
Further research: Material needed: Original funding/competing interests, product support, author affiliations and analysis/publication roles are needed. Parent I2 is not promoted to new independence certification. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Four company-related dimensions and original independence statements must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Four company-related dimensions and original independence statements with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N23 · Are allocation, measurement, missingness and selective-reporting details available?

Current findings: Single-masked within-person crossover, other visual measures and possible participant recognition of foods are retained. Allocation/order, measurement/test learning, missingness and selective-reporting details are separately unverified.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Methods, protocols, SAPs, registry changes, original tables, effects of interest and denominators are needed. Design labels alone do not certify official RoB/GRADE or passed content review.
Required materials and conditions: Original design, hierarchy and denominators
Materials to obtain first: Methods, protocols, SAPs, registry changes, original tables, effects of interest and denominators are needed. Design labels alone do not certify official RoB/GRADE or passed content review.
Further research: Material needed: Methods, protocols, SAPs, registry changes, original tables, effects of interest and denominators are needed. Design labels alone do not certify official RoB/GRADE or passed content review. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Original design, hierarchy and denominators must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original design, hierarchy and denominators with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N24 · Have actual exposure, concurrent care and repetition been verified?

Current findings: Single exposure to particular dark/milk chocolate and testing about 1.75 hours later are preserved as research-identification information. Product amounts, active ingredients, concurrent meals/other ingestion and actual-exposure details are unverified.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Product/formulation quantities, actual exposure, concurrent care, intervention deviations and denominators are needed. No total amounts or ingestion/product/eye-health instructions are created.
Required materials and conditions: Original intervention identity, adherence and co-interventions
Materials to obtain first: Product/formulation quantities, actual exposure, concurrent care, intervention deviations and denominators are needed. No total amounts or ingestion/product/eye-health instructions are created.
Further research: Material needed: Product/formulation quantities, actual exposure, concurrent care, intervention deviations and denominators are needed. No total amounts or ingestion/product/eye-health instructions are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Original intervention identity, adherence and co-interventions must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original intervention identity, adherence and co-interventions with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N25 · Are harm-reporting scope and actual denominators distinguished?

Current findings: The original single food exposure was not a systematic safety trial; it records product/person boundaries for allergy, caffeine sensitivity, sugar and calories. Harm counts/rates, active collection and denominators are unverified.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Harm definitions, collection, actual exposure/denominators, discontinuation, dropout, severity and control originals are needed. Original Good safety is not transferred to safety in all populations/durations.
Required materials and conditions: Original safety statements, collection and exposure denominators
Materials to obtain first: Harm definitions, collection, actual exposure/denominators, discontinuation, dropout, severity and control originals are needed. Original Good safety is not transferred to safety in all populations/durations.
Further research: Material needed: Harm definitions, collection, actual exposure/denominators, discontinuation, dropout, severity and control originals are needed. Original Good safety is not transferred to safety in all populations/durations. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Original safety statements, collection and exposure denominators must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original safety statements, collection and exposure denominators with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01

N26 · What are the boundaries for long-term/rare harms and other populations?

Current findings: Single-exposure results in healthy adults do not certify safety of long-term/repeated ingestion or all products/disease populations. Original boundaries for allergy, caffeine and calories are retained.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Long-term exposure/follow-up, harm surveillance, risk groups, medicines, denominators, CIs and event data are needed. No new treatment, ingestion or care instructions are provided.
Required materials and conditions: Original duration, illnesses, medicines and long-term boundaries
Materials to obtain first: Long-term exposure/follow-up, harm surveillance, risk groups, medicines, denominators, CIs and event data are needed. No new treatment, ingestion or care instructions are provided.
Further research: Material needed: Long-term exposure/follow-up, harm surveillance, risk groups, medicines, denominators, CIs and event data are needed. No new treatment, ingestion or care instructions are provided. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Original duration, illnesses, medicines and long-term boundaries must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original duration, illnesses, medicines and long-term boundaries with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01

N27 · What material would trigger a sheet update?

Current findings: This table transfers stored material about lasting eyesight/eye health. Content-review results for original tables, measures, times, people, eyes, denominators, comparators, concurrent care, follow-up, support and harms can be linked to separate update events.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Complete before-change copies, original material, condition versions, separate application and content-review records are needed. Material additions, condition revisions and verdict changes are distinguished.
Required materials and conditions: Conditions, observations, original material and verdict-change events
Materials to obtain first: Complete before-change copies, original material, condition versions, separate application and content-review records are needed. Material additions, condition revisions and verdict changes are distinguished.
Further research: Material needed: Complete before-change copies, original material, condition versions, separate application and content-review records are needed. Material additions, condition revisions and verdict changes are distinguished. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Conditions, observations, original material and verdict-change events must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Conditions, observations, original material and verdict-change events with the selected lasting-eyesight/eye-health question, acute context, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources R01