Stand-Alone Single-Leg Standing × Reduced Cumulative Falls Over Six Months · Evidence and Gaps Sheet

Required evidence, verification status and materials actually read
Item	AVerification status	BReading scope	CReview item	DCurrent findings	EWhy unverified	FRequired materials and conditions	GFurther research
1	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N01 · Evidence conditionWhat are the selected falls question and original verdict?Required	The selection is 'reduced cumulative falls over 6 months', with original subclaim grade C. The original explanation concerning recurrent-faller exclusion and missing effect size and CI is retained. Parent C50 provides broader context. S01	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Separate the selected question, grade and explanation from the parent verdict	Material needed: The selection has no separate score, status or assessment axes. Absent fields are not filled with parent scores or axes. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
2	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N02 · Evidence conditionWhich high-risk adults were studied?Required	The stored account describes a trial following high-risk adults, mean age 81.6 years, for 6 months. S01	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	High-risk definition, age, baseline falls, recruitment and eligibility	Material needed: Exact high-risk eligibility, baseline falls, conditions, sex, living environment and exclusion criteria are unlinked in current material. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
3	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N03 · Evidence conditionWhat was the stand-alone single-leg program?Required	Eyes-open single-leg standing for 1 minute per leg, 3 times daily, with a support bar allowed for unstable participants, describes original research observation conditions. This sheet does not provide exercise instructions. S01	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Research intervention, support, participation and exposure	Material needed: Education, supervision, actual participation, adherence, the proportion using support and exposure data are unlinked in current material. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
4	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N04 · Evidence conditionWhat do the no-exercise and usual-care comparator descriptions mean?Required	The original research narrative describes a no-exercise control, while a separate classification field records usual care. S01	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Control activities, concurrent exercise, medication, environment and contact	Material needed: Actual control activities, concurrent exercise, medication, environmental changes and contact are unverified. The two descriptions are not newly certified as equivalent conditions. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
5	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N05 · Evidence conditionCan randomization and the unequal analysis groups be explained?Required	The 2006 report is preserved as a 6-month randomized controlled trial with 553 participants randomized. S01	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Allocation ratio, sequence, concealment and facility or group structure	Material needed: Allocation ratio, methods, concealment, facility or group structure and reasons for the imbalance are unlinked in current material. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
6	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N06 · Evidence conditionAre allocated, analyzed and withdrawn participants the final event denominator?Required	Original figures are retained: 553 randomized, 527 analyzed, 315 in exercise and 212 in control, with 26 withdrawals described in the narrative. S01	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Allocation, withdrawals, analysis and outcome-specific denominators	Material needed: Relationships between arm-specific allocation, withdrawals, analysis exclusions and the final event denominator are unverified. No new withdrawal rates or denominators are calculated. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
7	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N07 · Evidence conditionHow does recurrent-faller exclusion relate to the event results?Required	The original account of 118 versus 121 falls after excluding 1 recurrent faller from the exercise group is retained. S01	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Exclusion timing, rules, reasons and events and denominators before exclusion	Material needed: Prespecification of exclusion, results before exclusion, that participant's event count, final denominators and exclusion reasons are unverified. Pre-exclusion values are not inferred. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
8	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N08 · Evidence conditionHow do cumulative fall events differ from the number of people who fell?Required	The 118 versus 121 figures are cumulative fall events after exclusion. They are not numbers or proportions of fallers or individual risks. S01	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Recurrent events, fallers, individual risk and observation time	Material needed: Fallers, recurrent fallers, person-specific events and person-time are unverified. No new proportions, risks or incidence rates are calculated. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
9	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N09 · Evidence conditionHow were events compared across unequal analysis populations?Required	The preserved 2006 analysis populations are 315 in exercise and 212 in control. S01	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Arm-specific participants, follow-up time and recurrent-event analysis	Material needed: The event-comparison model, person-time and arm-specific recurrence distributions are unverified. Simple event differences are not newly converted into adjusted effects. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
10	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N10 · Evidence conditionHow were falls defined and collected?Required	The selected question and key trial concern cumulative falls over 6 months. S01	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Fall definition, collection frequency, reporters and event confirmation	Material needed: Event definitions, diaries, contacts, confirmation procedures, assessor blinding and underreporting are unlinked in current material. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
11	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N11 · Evidence conditionWere falls, fractures and exclusion analyses prespecified?Required	The original evidence summary lists cumulative falls and hip fractures as outcomes. The original registration wording, 'could not verify', is retained. S01	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Outcome hierarchy, registration, protocol, analysis plan and changes	Material needed: Prespecified primary and secondary outcomes, multiplicity, exclusions and analysis policies are unverified. Registration, protocols and statistical analysis plans were not read in this work. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
12	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N12 · Evidence conditionWhat is the reported between-group significance and the gap in effects, P values and CIs?Required	The narrative says the paper reported between-group significance while explicitly leaving the exact effect size, P value and 95% CI unverified. S01	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Original estimand, exact P value, 95% CI, test and denominator	Material needed: No new P values, effects or CIs are calculated, and significance or null results are not reassessed from cumulative event counts alone. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
13	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N13 · Evidence conditionAre differences between all allocated participants, completers and exclusion analyses verified?Required	The 527 analyzed participants, additional recurrent-faller exclusion and bibliographic flags concerning completers and event exclusion are retained. S01	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Analysis population, missingness, before-and-after exclusions and sensitivity analyses	Material needed: The effect of interest in all allocated participants, ITT, pre-exclusion sensitivity analyses and handling of missing events or time are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
14	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N14 · Evidence conditionWhat were actual adherence and exposure to support?Supplementary	The original account records that unstable participants were allowed to use a support bar. S01	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Exercise participation, support bars, concurrent activities and exposure-specific events	Material needed: Events and denominators by adherence, exercise exposure, support-bar use and concurrent activity are unverified. Preserved research conditions are not converted into individual exercise prescriptions. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
15	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N15 · Evidence conditionHow do the later trial's population and fallers differ from the key event trial?Required	The 2013 trial concerns fallers and fractures in balance-impaired adults aged at least 75. It analyzed 865 participants, 410 versus 455, and the citation describes single-leg standing for ≤15 seconds. S02	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Later-trial population, duration, outcomes and analysis denominators	Material needed: Later-trial analysis populations and faller findings are not combined with the 2006 trial's cumulative 6-month events. Exact follow-up duration and allocation and completion flows are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
16	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N16 · Evidence conditionDoes a female-subgroup signal confirm overall cumulative events?Required	The 2013 report preserves both a positive female-faller subgroup analysis and null fracture findings. S02	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Overall and female findings, prespecification, interaction and estimates	Material needed: Overall faller results, female estimates, CIs, P values, prespecification and interactions are unverified. The female signal is not converted into confirmation of reduced overall cumulative events. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
17	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N17 · Evidence conditionHow does an erratum citation differ from verified corrected content?Required	The preserved bibliography includes the 2014 erratum to the 2013 trial, PMID 30321915 and its DOI. The original bibliographic qualifier says the erratum details are unverified. S02 S03	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Original trial, erratum bibliography, corrected items and effects on results	Material needed: Corrected items, original result tables and effects on estimates and denominators were unread in this work. No new trial, participants or verified corrected values are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
18	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N18 · Evidence conditionCan a later report by the same investigators count as independent replication?Required	The original account and the 2013 support summary describe the same investigator group as the key trial. S01 S02	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Between-trial investigators, cohorts, support, outcomes and prespecification	Material needed: Cohort overlap, independence and confirmation of the same cumulative-event question are unverified. Repetition by the same investigators is not converted into confirmation with independent funding. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
19	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N19 · Evidence conditionCan a BMD trial provide direct evidence for fall events?Required	Sakai's 2010 trial randomized 94 postmenopausal women, 49 versus 45. Overall hip BMD at 6 months was null, with site-specific signals in a small subgroup aged at least 70. S04	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Separate BMD-trial population, denominators and overall and subgroup findings	Material needed: These BMD findings are not used as direct replication of reduced falls for the selected question. Separate fall data are unlinked in current material. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
20	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N20 · Evidence conditionDoes a falls signal establish hip-fracture prevention?Required	Hip fractures of 1 versus 1 in 2006 and null fracture findings in 2013 are preserved together. Fracture prevention is a separate subclaim. S01 S02	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Separate clinical outcomes of falls and fractures	Material needed: The fall-event signal is not extended to fracture prevention or stronger bones. No new fracture effects or CIs are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
21	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N21 · Evidence conditionDo stand-alone single-leg standing and other balance exercises share the same evidence?Required	The original account restricts the question to stand-alone single-leg standing and records that findings from broader balance and functional-exercise verdict 1557 and multicomponent programs were not transferred. S01	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Program composition and boundaries with the existing verdict and multicomponent programs	Material needed: Other verdicts are not newly read or added as independent replication for this sheet. Other-program findings are unlinked in current material. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
22	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N22 · Evidence conditionCan clinical importance and long-term persistence be verified?Required	The original narrative concerning a 6-month event signal, incomplete precision and insufficient confirmation is retained. S01	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Recurrent-event effects, CIs, sample planning and long-term follow-up	Material needed: Criteria for clinical importance, sample planning, later persistence and exposure-specific effects are unverified. No new effects, optimal exercise amounts or established prevention methods are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
23	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N23 · Evidence conditionDoes a government-support bibliographic label establish funding independence?Required	The 2006 summary records both indexing as non-U.S. government research support and unverified specific funding and COI. S01	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Specific funding, support, affiliations, employee authors, COI and roles	Material needed: The bibliographic support label is not converted into verification of funding independence, absent support, absent employee authors or absent COI. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
24	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N24 · Evidence conditionAre support and author relationships for the later trial and erratum verified?Required	The 2013 report retains unverified specific funding and COI and the same-investigator context. Only the erratum bibliography is preserved. S02 S03	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Separate funding, support, authors and COI for the trial and erratum	Material needed: Support and COI for the original trial and erratum are not filled in as if each verified the other. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
25	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N25 · Evidence conditionWhat is known about support and interests in the separate BMD trial?Required	The wording that specific funding and COI in Sakai's trial are unverified is retained. S04	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	BMD-trial funding, product support, employee authors, COI and roles	Material needed: The parent account's description of an independent BMD trial is not converted into verification of independent funding or support. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
26	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N26 · Evidence conditionAre falls counted for efficacy the same as exercise-related harms?Supplementary	Parent safety 'Caution', permission to use support bars and the original safety narrative are preserved. S01	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Intervention-related harms, collection, severity, arm-specific denominators and time	Material needed: Falls during exercise, other harms, severity, arm-specific events, denominators, discontinuation and active collection are unverified. Efficacy-event counts are not reassigned as intervention-related harm events. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
27	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N27 · Evidence conditionAre long-term harms and vulnerable high-risk populations verified?Supplementary	Support for high-risk or unstable participants and the parent caution wording provide preserved context. No new exercise or treatment methods are provided. S01 S02 S04	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Harms by activity, support and control conditions and alternative causes	Material needed: Harms by comparator, concurrent activities, conditions and long-term or vulnerable-population materials are unverified. No new safety certification is provided. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
28	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N28 · Evidence conditionHow are errata, reports and trial families distinguished?Required	S01 is the 2006 report, S02 the 2013 report, S03 the 2014 erratum and S04 Sakai's 2010 report. S03 is an erratum in the S02 trial family, not a new clinical trial. S01 S02 S03 S04	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Reports, bibliography, errata, trials and cohort relationships	Material needed: Unique trial, participant, event and independent-replication totals are not established or added together. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
29	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N29 · Evidence conditionHow are original empty fields, languages, dates and corrections retained?Required	Parent C50, null precision, Korean and English originals, 2026-09-07, the empty correction list and deliberation string, and subclaim C and its explanation are preserved. The literature erratum and the account's correction history are distinct. S01 S02 S03 S04	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Parent and subclaim grades, axes, empty fields and change history	Material needed: Null precision is not filled with a new code, and parent scores or historical cross-checks are not inherited as a subclaim verdict or current content review. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
30	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N30 · Evidence conditionWhat materials were actually read?Required	The complete preserved JSON was read for this sheet. Report-level paper and erratum citations, stored-summary reading and unread external materials are distinguished. S01 S02 S03 S04	Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.	Reading scope for stored summaries, papers, errata, registration, plans and support	Material needed: External papers, errata, registration, protocols, statistical analysis plans and support originals were unread and access was not attempted in this work. Historical verification or URLs are not labeled as current original-material reading or external-link testing. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.

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30 itemsWhat the statuses mean

Assessment scope

Stored-material review date: Not recorded
Original evidence cut-off: 2026-09-07
Scope actually checked: Existing review summaries and stored records of methodological application. Full papers, supplements, registrations, plans and original data were not read.
What the dates mean: This is the date the stored materials were checked, not the date of a new search of the clinical literature.
Population: The key trial concerned high-risk adults, mean age 81.6 years. Preserved figures are 553 randomized, 527 analyzed, 315 in exercise and 212 in control, with 26 withdrawals described in the narrative. An additional 1 recurrent faller was excluded from exercise. Exact eligibility, baseline risk, arm-specific flows and final event denominators are unverified.
Ingredient, formulation and route: The selection concerns a stand-alone single-leg standing program. Permission for unstable participants to use a support bar is retained as original research context. Findings from multicomponent balance-and-strength programs or broader balance and functional-exercise verdict 1557 are not transferred as direct evidence. Actual education, supervision, participation and concurrent activities are unverified. No new exercise or treatment methods are provided.
Dose: Eyes-open standing for 1 minute per leg, 3 times daily, describes research exposure conditions preserved in the original account. Actual participation, adherence, supervision, support-bar use and exposure-specific results are unverified. Preserved conditions are not converted into individual exercise prescriptions, optimal exercise amounts or safe practice methods.
Comparator: The research narrative records a no-exercise control, while a separate classification field records usual care. Both descriptions are retained without newly certifying equivalent conditions. Actual control activities, concurrent exercise, medication, environmental changes, contact and observation time are unlinked in current material.
Measured outcome: The selection is reduced cumulative falls over 6 months, retaining original subclaim grade C and absent separate score, status and axes. The 118 versus 121 figures after excluding 1 recurrent faller from exercise are event counts, not faller counts or individual risks. Original reported between-group significance and gaps in exact effects, P values and 95% CI are retained together. Fractures of 1 versus 1, later female-faller findings and the erratum, and null overall BMD are separate outcomes.
Duration: The key 2006 trial observed participants for 6 months. Exact follow-up duration, female results and erratum details for the 2013 later trial, and long-term persistence data, are unlinked in current material. Research exposure and event follow-up are distinguished; the short-term signal is not extended to later persistent effects or an established prevention method.
Questions outside this scope: Cumulative events after exclusion are not converted into faller counts, proportions, individual risks or incidence rates.; Unequal analysis populations, pre-exclusion events, final denominators and person-time are not used to calculate new effects, P values or CIs.; Later-trial female-faller findings are not combined as independent confirmation of overall cumulative events in the key trial.; An erratum citation is not converted into a new trial, participants or verified corrected results.; Null fracture and overall BMD findings and a small age subgroup are not combined into different efficacy conclusions for fall events.; The same reports, participants, events and trial families are not newly summed, and unique counts or independence are not certified.; Parent caution wording, permission to use support and efficacy falls do not establish intervention-related harms or long-term safety.; The stand-alone research program is not converted into other multicomponent programs, individual exercise prescriptions or treatment-change instructions.

Evidence and sources

The links below lead to the sources. A link alone does not mean the original source was read or its latest publication status verified.

S01 · Sakamoto K, et al. Effects of unipedal standing balance exercise on the prevention of falls and hip fracture among clinically defined high-risk elderly individuals: a randomized controlled trial. J Orthop Sci. 2006;11:467-472. PMID: 17013734. DOI: 10.1007/s00776-006-1057-2.

PubMed

Material type: Six-month randomized controlled trial
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external materials unread
Findings recorded in the stored summary: Falls 118 versus 121 after excluding 1 recurrent faller from exercise; fractures 1 versus 1
Record level: The key 6-month cumulative-event report retains 553 randomized, 527 analyzed, 315 versus 212, 26 withdrawals and 118 versus 121 events after an additional 1 recurrent-faller exclusion. Final event denominators, pre-exclusion results, exact effects and CIs are unverified.
Study overlap and independent replication: These report groups link preserved evidence entries and citations. The key cumulative-event report is distinguished from the same investigators' later faller report, with the erratum linked to the later trial family. The separate BMD trial is not direct replication of the selected fall-event question. Unique trial, participant, event and independent-replication totals are unverified and are not summed.

Public availability, access and reading status by material
Material	Public availability	Access status	Actually read	Notes
Stored existing review summary	Preserved copy of the complete parent-verdict stored summary	Stored summary	Summary read	Preserve original PMID 17013734, DOI 10.1007/s00776-006-1057-2 and unverified registration. Indexing as non-U.S. government support does not verify specific funding, support, COI, roles or independence. External originals and plans were unread in this work.
External paper	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 17013734, DOI 10.1007/s00776-006-1057-2 and unverified registration. Indexing as non-U.S. government support does not verify specific funding, support, COI, roles or independence. External originals and plans were unread in this work.
Registration material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 17013734, DOI 10.1007/s00776-006-1057-2 and unverified registration. Indexing as non-U.S. government support does not verify specific funding, support, COI, roles or independence. External originals and plans were unread in this work.
Protocol	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 17013734, DOI 10.1007/s00776-006-1057-2 and unverified registration. Indexing as non-U.S. government support does not verify specific funding, support, COI, roles or independence. External originals and plans were unread in this work.
Statistical analysis plan	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 17013734, DOI 10.1007/s00776-006-1057-2 and unverified registration. Indexing as non-U.S. government support does not verify specific funding, support, COI, roles or independence. External originals and plans were unread in this work.
Funding, product-support and COI material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 17013734, DOI 10.1007/s00776-006-1057-2 and unverified registration. Indexing as non-U.S. government support does not verify specific funding, support, COI, roles or independence. External originals and plans were unread in this work.

S02 · Sakamoto K, et al. Why not use your own body weight to prevent falls? A randomized, controlled trial of balance therapy to prevent falls and fractures for elderly people who can stand on one leg for <=15 s. J Orthop Sci. 2013;18:110-120. PMID: 23138409. DOI: 10.1007/s00776-012-0328-3.

PubMed

Material type: Randomized trial in balance-impaired adults aged at least 75
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external materials unread
Findings recorded in the stored summary: Positive female faller subgroup; fractures null
Record level: The 2013 later trial by the same investigators retains 865 analyzed balance-impaired adults aged at least 75, 410 versus 455, a positive female-faller subgroup and null fractures. These are not converted into direct independent replication of the key cumulative events or verified overall findings.
Study overlap and independent replication: These report groups link preserved evidence entries and citations. The key cumulative-event report is distinguished from the same investigators' later faller report, with the erratum linked to the later trial family. The separate BMD trial is not direct replication of the selected fall-event question. Unique trial, participant, event and independent-replication totals are unverified and are not summed.

Public availability, access and reading status by material
Material	Public availability	Access status	Actually read	Notes
Stored existing review summary	Preserved copy of the complete parent-verdict stored summary	Stored summary	Summary read	Preserve original PMID 23138409, DOI 10.1007/s00776-012-0328-3 and unverified registration. The female subgroup, same investigator group and existence of an erratum are separate limitations; specific funding and COI are unverified.
External paper	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 23138409, DOI 10.1007/s00776-012-0328-3 and unverified registration. The female subgroup, same investigator group and existence of an erratum are separate limitations; specific funding and COI are unverified.
Registration material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 23138409, DOI 10.1007/s00776-012-0328-3 and unverified registration. The female subgroup, same investigator group and existence of an erratum are separate limitations; specific funding and COI are unverified.
Protocol	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 23138409, DOI 10.1007/s00776-012-0328-3 and unverified registration. The female subgroup, same investigator group and existence of an erratum are separate limitations; specific funding and COI are unverified.
Statistical analysis plan	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 23138409, DOI 10.1007/s00776-012-0328-3 and unverified registration. The female subgroup, same investigator group and existence of an erratum are separate limitations; specific funding and COI are unverified.
Funding, product-support and COI material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 23138409, DOI 10.1007/s00776-012-0328-3 and unverified registration. The female subgroup, same investigator group and existence of an erratum are separate limitations; specific funding and COI are unverified.

S03 · Sakamoto K, et al. Erratum to: Why not use your own body weight to prevent falls? J Orthop Sci. 2014;19:373-374. PMID: 30321915. DOI: 10.1007/s00776-014-0531-5.

PubMed

Material type: Bibliographic erratum to the later trial; no separate original evidence entry
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external materials unread
Findings recorded in the stored summary: The preserved bibliography discloses an erratum to the 2013 trial.
Record level: Only the bibliography of the 2014 erratum to the 2013 trial is preserved. No separate original evidence entry exists; corrected items and effects on results and denominators are unread. It is linked to the later trial family and is not counted as a new trial, participants or verified corrected values.
Study overlap and independent replication: These report groups link preserved evidence entries and citations. The key cumulative-event report is distinguished from the same investigators' later faller report, with the erratum linked to the later trial family. The separate BMD trial is not direct replication of the selected fall-event question. Unique trial, participant, event and independent-replication totals are unverified and are not summed.

Public availability, access and reading status by material
Material	Public availability	Access status	Actually read	Notes
Stored existing review summary	Preserved copy of the complete parent-verdict stored summary	Stored summary	Summary read	Preserve original PMID 30321915 and DOI 10.1007/s00776-014-0531-5. Only the erratum bibliography exists, without a separate original evidence entry or registration wording. Correction details, effects on results and denominators, support and COI are unverified and are not newly filled in.
External erratum	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 30321915 and DOI 10.1007/s00776-014-0531-5. Only the erratum bibliography exists, without a separate original evidence entry or registration wording. Correction details, effects on results and denominators, support and COI are unverified and are not newly filled in.
Registration material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 30321915 and DOI 10.1007/s00776-014-0531-5. Only the erratum bibliography exists, without a separate original evidence entry or registration wording. Correction details, effects on results and denominators, support and COI are unverified and are not newly filled in.
Protocol	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 30321915 and DOI 10.1007/s00776-014-0531-5. Only the erratum bibliography exists, without a separate original evidence entry or registration wording. Correction details, effects on results and denominators, support and COI are unverified and are not newly filled in.
Statistical analysis plan	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 30321915 and DOI 10.1007/s00776-014-0531-5. Only the erratum bibliography exists, without a separate original evidence entry or registration wording. Correction details, effects on results and denominators, support and COI are unverified and are not newly filled in.
Funding, product-support and COI material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 30321915 and DOI 10.1007/s00776-014-0531-5. Only the erratum bibliography exists, without a separate original evidence entry or registration wording. Correction details, effects on results and denominators, support and COI are unverified and are not newly filled in.

S04 · Sakai A, et al. Unipedal standing exercise and hip bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Metab. 2010;28:42-48. PMID: 19521657. DOI: 10.1007/s00774-009-0100-8.

PubMed

Material type: Randomized controlled trial in postmenopausal women
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external materials unread
Findings recorded in the stored summary: Overall hip BMD null; site-specific signals in a small aged 70 or older subgroup
Record level: The 2010 trial examined 6-month hip BMD in postmenopausal women. It retains 94 randomized, 49 versus 45, null overall findings and site-specific signals in a small subgroup aged at least 70. These are not reassigned as direct effects or independent replication of the selected cumulative fall events.
Study overlap and independent replication: These report groups link preserved evidence entries and citations. The key cumulative-event report is distinguished from the same investigators' later faller report, with the erratum linked to the later trial family. The separate BMD trial is not direct replication of the selected fall-event question. Unique trial, participant, event and independent-replication totals are unverified and are not summed.

Public availability, access and reading status by material
Material	Public availability	Access status	Actually read	Notes
Stored existing review summary	Preserved copy of the complete parent-verdict stored summary	Stored summary	Summary read	Preserve original PMID 19521657, DOI 10.1007/s00774-009-0100-8 and unverified registration. Null overall BMD findings and the small age subgroup are distinguished. Specific funding, support and COI are unverified; the parent description of an independent trial is not converted into funding independence.
External paper	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 19521657, DOI 10.1007/s00774-009-0100-8 and unverified registration. Null overall BMD findings and the small age subgroup are distinguished. Specific funding, support and COI are unverified; the parent description of an independent trial is not converted into funding independence.
Registration material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 19521657, DOI 10.1007/s00774-009-0100-8 and unverified registration. Null overall BMD findings and the small age subgroup are distinguished. Specific funding, support and COI are unverified; the parent description of an independent trial is not converted into funding independence.
Protocol	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 19521657, DOI 10.1007/s00774-009-0100-8 and unverified registration. Null overall BMD findings and the small age subgroup are distinguished. Specific funding, support and COI are unverified; the parent description of an independent trial is not converted into funding independence.
Statistical analysis plan	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 19521657, DOI 10.1007/s00774-009-0100-8 and unverified registration. Null overall BMD findings and the small age subgroup are distinguished. Specific funding, support and COI are unverified; the parent description of an independent trial is not converted into funding independence.
Funding, product-support and COI material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Preserve original PMID 19521657, DOI 10.1007/s00774-009-0100-8 and unverified registration. Null overall BMD findings and the small age subgroup are distinguished. Specific funding, support and COI are unverified; the parent description of an independent trial is not converted into funding independence.

Report counts versus independent study counts

These report groups link preserved evidence entries and citations. The key cumulative-event report is distinguished from the same investigators' later faller report, with the erratum linked to the later trial family. The separate BMD trial is not direct replication of the selected fall-event question. Unique trial, participant, event and independent-replication totals are unverified and are not summed.

Review criteria

Version 1.0 · Criteria record date 2026-10-06. These are Chamgap's own application conditions, informed by the referenced methods. They do not constitute official assessment-tool certification or a new efficacy score.

N01 · What are the selected falls question and original verdict?

Required materials and conditions: Separate the selected question, grade and explanation from the parent verdict
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Separate the selected question, grade and explanation from the parent verdict must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Separate the selected question, grade and explanation from the parent verdict with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N02 · Which high-risk adults were studied?

Required materials and conditions: High-risk definition, age, baseline falls, recruitment and eligibility
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for High-risk definition, age, baseline falls, recruitment and eligibility must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects High-risk definition, age, baseline falls, recruitment and eligibility with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N03 · What was the stand-alone single-leg program?

Required materials and conditions: Research intervention, support, participation and exposure
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Research intervention, support, participation and exposure must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Research intervention, support, participation and exposure with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N04 · What do the no-exercise and usual-care comparator descriptions mean?

Required materials and conditions: Control activities, concurrent exercise, medication, environment and contact
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Control activities, concurrent exercise, medication, environment and contact must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Control activities, concurrent exercise, medication, environment and contact with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N05 · Can randomization and the unequal analysis groups be explained?

Required materials and conditions: Allocation ratio, sequence, concealment and facility or group structure
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Allocation ratio, sequence, concealment and facility or group structure must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Allocation ratio, sequence, concealment and facility or group structure with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N06 · Are allocated, analyzed and withdrawn participants the final event denominator?

Required materials and conditions: Allocation, withdrawals, analysis and outcome-specific denominators
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Allocation, withdrawals, analysis and outcome-specific denominators must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Allocation, withdrawals, analysis and outcome-specific denominators with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N07 · How does recurrent-faller exclusion relate to the event results?

Required materials and conditions: Exclusion timing, rules, reasons and events and denominators before exclusion
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Exclusion timing, rules, reasons and events and denominators before exclusion must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Exclusion timing, rules, reasons and events and denominators before exclusion with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N08 · How do cumulative fall events differ from the number of people who fell?

Required materials and conditions: Recurrent events, fallers, individual risk and observation time
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Recurrent events, fallers, individual risk and observation time must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Recurrent events, fallers, individual risk and observation time with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N09 · How were events compared across unequal analysis populations?

Required materials and conditions: Arm-specific participants, follow-up time and recurrent-event analysis
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Arm-specific participants, follow-up time and recurrent-event analysis must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Arm-specific participants, follow-up time and recurrent-event analysis with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N10 · How were falls defined and collected?

Required materials and conditions: Fall definition, collection frequency, reporters and event confirmation
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Fall definition, collection frequency, reporters and event confirmation must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Fall definition, collection frequency, reporters and event confirmation with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N11 · Were falls, fractures and exclusion analyses prespecified?

Required materials and conditions: Outcome hierarchy, registration, protocol, analysis plan and changes
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Outcome hierarchy, registration, protocol, analysis plan and changes must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Outcome hierarchy, registration, protocol, analysis plan and changes with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N12 · What is the reported between-group significance and the gap in effects, P values and CIs?

Required materials and conditions: Original estimand, exact P value, 95% CI, test and denominator
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Original estimand, exact P value, 95% CI, test and denominator must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original estimand, exact P value, 95% CI, test and denominator with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N13 · Are differences between all allocated participants, completers and exclusion analyses verified?

Required materials and conditions: Analysis population, missingness, before-and-after exclusions and sensitivity analyses
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Analysis population, missingness, before-and-after exclusions and sensitivity analyses must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Analysis population, missingness, before-and-after exclusions and sensitivity analyses with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N14 · What were actual adherence and exposure to support?

Required materials and conditions: Exercise participation, support bars, concurrent activities and exposure-specific events
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Exercise participation, support bars, concurrent activities and exposure-specific events must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Supplementary
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Exercise participation, support bars, concurrent activities and exposure-specific events with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N15 · How do the later trial's population and fallers differ from the key event trial?

Required materials and conditions: Later-trial population, duration, outcomes and analysis denominators
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Later-trial population, duration, outcomes and analysis denominators must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Later-trial population, duration, outcomes and analysis denominators with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N16 · Does a female-subgroup signal confirm overall cumulative events?

Required materials and conditions: Overall and female findings, prespecification, interaction and estimates
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Overall and female findings, prespecification, interaction and estimates must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Overall and female findings, prespecification, interaction and estimates with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N17 · How does an erratum citation differ from verified corrected content?

Required materials and conditions: Original trial, erratum bibliography, corrected items and effects on results
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Original trial, erratum bibliography, corrected items and effects on results must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original trial, erratum bibliography, corrected items and effects on results with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N18 · Can a later report by the same investigators count as independent replication?

Required materials and conditions: Between-trial investigators, cohorts, support, outcomes and prespecification
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Between-trial investigators, cohorts, support, outcomes and prespecification must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Between-trial investigators, cohorts, support, outcomes and prespecification with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N19 · Can a BMD trial provide direct evidence for fall events?

Required materials and conditions: Separate BMD-trial population, denominators and overall and subgroup findings
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Separate BMD-trial population, denominators and overall and subgroup findings must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Separate BMD-trial population, denominators and overall and subgroup findings with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N20 · Does a falls signal establish hip-fracture prevention?

Required materials and conditions: Separate clinical outcomes of falls and fractures
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Separate clinical outcomes of falls and fractures must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Separate clinical outcomes of falls and fractures with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N21 · Do stand-alone single-leg standing and other balance exercises share the same evidence?

Required materials and conditions: Program composition and boundaries with the existing verdict and multicomponent programs
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Program composition and boundaries with the existing verdict and multicomponent programs must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Program composition and boundaries with the existing verdict and multicomponent programs with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N22 · Can clinical importance and long-term persistence be verified?

Required materials and conditions: Recurrent-event effects, CIs, sample planning and long-term follow-up
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Recurrent-event effects, CIs, sample planning and long-term follow-up must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Recurrent-event effects, CIs, sample planning and long-term follow-up with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N23 · Does a government-support bibliographic label establish funding independence?

Required materials and conditions: Specific funding, support, affiliations, employee authors, COI and roles
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Specific funding, support, affiliations, employee authors, COI and roles must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Specific funding, support, affiliations, employee authors, COI and roles with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N24 · Are support and author relationships for the later trial and erratum verified?

Required materials and conditions: Separate funding, support, authors and COI for the trial and erratum
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Separate funding, support, authors and COI for the trial and erratum must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Separate funding, support, authors and COI for the trial and erratum with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N25 · What is known about support and interests in the separate BMD trial?

Required materials and conditions: BMD-trial funding, product support, employee authors, COI and roles
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for BMD-trial funding, product support, employee authors, COI and roles must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects BMD-trial funding, product support, employee authors, COI and roles with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N26 · Are falls counted for efficacy the same as exercise-related harms?

Required materials and conditions: Intervention-related harms, collection, severity, arm-specific denominators and time
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Intervention-related harms, collection, severity, arm-specific denominators and time must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Supplementary
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Intervention-related harms, collection, severity, arm-specific denominators and time with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N27 · Are long-term harms and vulnerable high-risk populations verified?

Required materials and conditions: Harms by activity, support and control conditions and alternative causes
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Harms by activity, support and control conditions and alternative causes must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Supplementary
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Harms by activity, support and control conditions and alternative causes with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N28 · How are errata, reports and trial families distinguished?

Required materials and conditions: Reports, bibliography, errata, trials and cohort relationships
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Reports, bibliography, errata, trials and cohort relationships must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Reports, bibliography, errata, trials and cohort relationships with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N29 · How are original empty fields, languages, dates and corrections retained?

Required materials and conditions: Parent and subclaim grades, axes, empty fields and change history
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Parent and subclaim grades, axes, empty fields and change history must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Parent and subclaim grades, axes, empty fields and change history with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

N30 · What materials were actually read?

Required materials and conditions: Reading scope for stored summaries, papers, errata, registration, plans and support
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Reading scope for stored summaries, papers, errata, registration, plans and support must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Reading scope for stored summaries, papers, errata, registration, plans and support with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Referenced methods and the sections actually reviewed

M03 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08

Official methodology · §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.3, MECIR C5/C7/C13

Referenced principle: Clearly record the question, eligibility conditions and reasons for changes, and distinguish variations in interventions.
Extent of review: Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.

M04 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5.1 (2025), chapter updated 2025-03

Official methodology · §4.5, §4.6.1–4.6.3, MECIR C42

Referenced principle: Distinguish studies from reports and link them; do not omit a study solely because results are unreported.
Extent of review: Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.

M08 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10

Official methodology · §8.1–8.2.3, Table 8.2.a

Referenced principle: Define the outcome and effect of interest, then examine randomization, deviations, missing data, measurement and selective reporting.
Extent of review: Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.

M15 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08

Official methodology · §15.2.4, §15.3.1–15.3.3

Referenced principle: Distinguish effect estimates, intervals, importance and applicability. Sample size alone does not determine precision.
Extent of review: Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.

M19 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10

Official methodology · §19.1.2, §19.2.1–19.2.4

Referenced principle: Harm questions may require different designs, populations and follow-up from efficacy questions. Case reports do not establish incidence rates.
Extent of review: Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.

What the statuses mean

Met: A state used when required evidence is confirmed after user review. This production does not declare that review complete.
Partly verified: Some information in the stored summary is linked into the table. External comparison/content review is not complete.
Unverified: The article leaves this unverified, or required material is absent from the current stored summary. This is distinct from zero, absence or safety.
Review incomplete: User review pending.
Not reported: Not reported within the stored material actually read; not extended to the entire primary paper.
Inaccessible: Means an actual access failure. Access not attempted here is not assigned this state.
Not applicable: Not used as a substitute for an evidence gap.
Conflicting data: Requires an observed disagreement under the same comparison criteria; not automatically judged in this production.
Insufficient evidence for the conditions: Marks a gap in additional material required by the selected conditions; not a new efficacy grade.

Change history

2026-10-19 · Public page/material version 1.0

Public-facing views and materials were prepared from the existing 30 items. No new clinical search, verification-status change or scoring was performed.

The stored-material review date (Not recorded) and original evidence cut-off (2026-09-07) were retained unchanged.

Researcher downloads

These materials provide the same evidence, scope and verification status as this page.

View all item details

N01 · What are the selected falls question and original verdict?

Current findings: The selection is 'reduced cumulative falls over 6 months', with original subclaim grade C. The original explanation concerning recurrent-faller exclusion and missing effect size and CI is retained. Parent C50 provides broader context.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: The selection has no separate score, status or assessment axes. Absent fields are not filled with parent scores or axes.
Required materials and conditions: Separate the selected question, grade and explanation from the parent verdict
Materials to obtain first: The selection has no separate score, status or assessment axes. Absent fields are not filled with parent scores or axes.
Further research: Material needed: The selection has no separate score, status or assessment axes. Absent fields are not filled with parent scores or axes. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Separate the selected question, grade and explanation from the parent verdict must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Separate the selected question, grade and explanation from the parent verdict with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N02 · Which high-risk adults were studied?

Current findings: The stored account describes a trial following high-risk adults, mean age 81.6 years, for 6 months.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Exact high-risk eligibility, baseline falls, conditions, sex, living environment and exclusion criteria are unlinked in current material.
Required materials and conditions: High-risk definition, age, baseline falls, recruitment and eligibility
Materials to obtain first: Exact high-risk eligibility, baseline falls, conditions, sex, living environment and exclusion criteria are unlinked in current material.
Further research: Material needed: Exact high-risk eligibility, baseline falls, conditions, sex, living environment and exclusion criteria are unlinked in current material. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for High-risk definition, age, baseline falls, recruitment and eligibility must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects High-risk definition, age, baseline falls, recruitment and eligibility with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N03 · What was the stand-alone single-leg program?

Current findings: Eyes-open single-leg standing for 1 minute per leg, 3 times daily, with a support bar allowed for unstable participants, describes original research observation conditions. This sheet does not provide exercise instructions.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Education, supervision, actual participation, adherence, the proportion using support and exposure data are unlinked in current material.
Required materials and conditions: Research intervention, support, participation and exposure
Materials to obtain first: Education, supervision, actual participation, adherence, the proportion using support and exposure data are unlinked in current material.
Further research: Material needed: Education, supervision, actual participation, adherence, the proportion using support and exposure data are unlinked in current material. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Research intervention, support, participation and exposure must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Research intervention, support, participation and exposure with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N04 · What do the no-exercise and usual-care comparator descriptions mean?

Current findings: The original research narrative describes a no-exercise control, while a separate classification field records usual care.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Actual control activities, concurrent exercise, medication, environmental changes and contact are unverified. The two descriptions are not newly certified as equivalent conditions.
Required materials and conditions: Control activities, concurrent exercise, medication, environment and contact
Materials to obtain first: Actual control activities, concurrent exercise, medication, environmental changes and contact are unverified. The two descriptions are not newly certified as equivalent conditions.
Further research: Material needed: Actual control activities, concurrent exercise, medication, environmental changes and contact are unverified. The two descriptions are not newly certified as equivalent conditions. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Control activities, concurrent exercise, medication, environment and contact must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Control activities, concurrent exercise, medication, environment and contact with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N05 · Can randomization and the unequal analysis groups be explained?

Current findings: The 2006 report is preserved as a 6-month randomized controlled trial with 553 participants randomized.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Allocation ratio, methods, concealment, facility or group structure and reasons for the imbalance are unlinked in current material.
Required materials and conditions: Allocation ratio, sequence, concealment and facility or group structure
Materials to obtain first: Allocation ratio, methods, concealment, facility or group structure and reasons for the imbalance are unlinked in current material.
Further research: Material needed: Allocation ratio, methods, concealment, facility or group structure and reasons for the imbalance are unlinked in current material. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Allocation ratio, sequence, concealment and facility or group structure must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Allocation ratio, sequence, concealment and facility or group structure with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N06 · Are allocated, analyzed and withdrawn participants the final event denominator?

Current findings: Original figures are retained: 553 randomized, 527 analyzed, 315 in exercise and 212 in control, with 26 withdrawals described in the narrative.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Relationships between arm-specific allocation, withdrawals, analysis exclusions and the final event denominator are unverified. No new withdrawal rates or denominators are calculated.
Required materials and conditions: Allocation, withdrawals, analysis and outcome-specific denominators
Materials to obtain first: Relationships between arm-specific allocation, withdrawals, analysis exclusions and the final event denominator are unverified. No new withdrawal rates or denominators are calculated.
Further research: Material needed: Relationships between arm-specific allocation, withdrawals, analysis exclusions and the final event denominator are unverified. No new withdrawal rates or denominators are calculated. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Allocation, withdrawals, analysis and outcome-specific denominators must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Allocation, withdrawals, analysis and outcome-specific denominators with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N07 · How does recurrent-faller exclusion relate to the event results?

Current findings: The original account of 118 versus 121 falls after excluding 1 recurrent faller from the exercise group is retained.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Prespecification of exclusion, results before exclusion, that participant's event count, final denominators and exclusion reasons are unverified. Pre-exclusion values are not inferred.
Required materials and conditions: Exclusion timing, rules, reasons and events and denominators before exclusion
Materials to obtain first: Prespecification of exclusion, results before exclusion, that participant's event count, final denominators and exclusion reasons are unverified. Pre-exclusion values are not inferred.
Further research: Material needed: Prespecification of exclusion, results before exclusion, that participant's event count, final denominators and exclusion reasons are unverified. Pre-exclusion values are not inferred. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Exclusion timing, rules, reasons and events and denominators before exclusion must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Exclusion timing, rules, reasons and events and denominators before exclusion with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N08 · How do cumulative fall events differ from the number of people who fell?

Current findings: The 118 versus 121 figures are cumulative fall events after exclusion. They are not numbers or proportions of fallers or individual risks.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Fallers, recurrent fallers, person-specific events and person-time are unverified. No new proportions, risks or incidence rates are calculated.
Required materials and conditions: Recurrent events, fallers, individual risk and observation time
Materials to obtain first: Fallers, recurrent fallers, person-specific events and person-time are unverified. No new proportions, risks or incidence rates are calculated.
Further research: Material needed: Fallers, recurrent fallers, person-specific events and person-time are unverified. No new proportions, risks or incidence rates are calculated. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Recurrent events, fallers, individual risk and observation time must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Recurrent events, fallers, individual risk and observation time with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N09 · How were events compared across unequal analysis populations?

Current findings: The preserved 2006 analysis populations are 315 in exercise and 212 in control.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: The event-comparison model, person-time and arm-specific recurrence distributions are unverified. Simple event differences are not newly converted into adjusted effects.
Required materials and conditions: Arm-specific participants, follow-up time and recurrent-event analysis
Materials to obtain first: The event-comparison model, person-time and arm-specific recurrence distributions are unverified. Simple event differences are not newly converted into adjusted effects.
Further research: Material needed: The event-comparison model, person-time and arm-specific recurrence distributions are unverified. Simple event differences are not newly converted into adjusted effects. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Arm-specific participants, follow-up time and recurrent-event analysis must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Arm-specific participants, follow-up time and recurrent-event analysis with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N10 · How were falls defined and collected?

Current findings: The selected question and key trial concern cumulative falls over 6 months.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Event definitions, diaries, contacts, confirmation procedures, assessor blinding and underreporting are unlinked in current material.
Required materials and conditions: Fall definition, collection frequency, reporters and event confirmation
Materials to obtain first: Event definitions, diaries, contacts, confirmation procedures, assessor blinding and underreporting are unlinked in current material.
Further research: Material needed: Event definitions, diaries, contacts, confirmation procedures, assessor blinding and underreporting are unlinked in current material. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Fall definition, collection frequency, reporters and event confirmation must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Fall definition, collection frequency, reporters and event confirmation with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N11 · Were falls, fractures and exclusion analyses prespecified?

Current findings: The original evidence summary lists cumulative falls and hip fractures as outcomes. The original registration wording, 'could not verify', is retained.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Prespecified primary and secondary outcomes, multiplicity, exclusions and analysis policies are unverified. Registration, protocols and statistical analysis plans were not read in this work.
Required materials and conditions: Outcome hierarchy, registration, protocol, analysis plan and changes
Materials to obtain first: Prespecified primary and secondary outcomes, multiplicity, exclusions and analysis policies are unverified. Registration, protocols and statistical analysis plans were not read in this work.
Further research: Material needed: Prespecified primary and secondary outcomes, multiplicity, exclusions and analysis policies are unverified. Registration, protocols and statistical analysis plans were not read in this work. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Outcome hierarchy, registration, protocol, analysis plan and changes must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Outcome hierarchy, registration, protocol, analysis plan and changes with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N12 · What is the reported between-group significance and the gap in effects, P values and CIs?

Current findings: The narrative says the paper reported between-group significance while explicitly leaving the exact effect size, P value and 95% CI unverified.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: No new P values, effects or CIs are calculated, and significance or null results are not reassessed from cumulative event counts alone.
Required materials and conditions: Original estimand, exact P value, 95% CI, test and denominator
Materials to obtain first: No new P values, effects or CIs are calculated, and significance or null results are not reassessed from cumulative event counts alone.
Further research: Material needed: No new P values, effects or CIs are calculated, and significance or null results are not reassessed from cumulative event counts alone. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Original estimand, exact P value, 95% CI, test and denominator must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original estimand, exact P value, 95% CI, test and denominator with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N13 · Are differences between all allocated participants, completers and exclusion analyses verified?

Current findings: The 527 analyzed participants, additional recurrent-faller exclusion and bibliographic flags concerning completers and event exclusion are retained.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: The effect of interest in all allocated participants, ITT, pre-exclusion sensitivity analyses and handling of missing events or time are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Analysis population, missingness, before-and-after exclusions and sensitivity analyses
Materials to obtain first: The effect of interest in all allocated participants, ITT, pre-exclusion sensitivity analyses and handling of missing events or time are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: The effect of interest in all allocated participants, ITT, pre-exclusion sensitivity analyses and handling of missing events or time are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Analysis population, missingness, before-and-after exclusions and sensitivity analyses must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Analysis population, missingness, before-and-after exclusions and sensitivity analyses with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N14 · What were actual adherence and exposure to support?

Current findings: The original account records that unstable participants were allowed to use a support bar.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Events and denominators by adherence, exercise exposure, support-bar use and concurrent activity are unverified. Preserved research conditions are not converted into individual exercise prescriptions.
Required materials and conditions: Exercise participation, support bars, concurrent activities and exposure-specific events
Materials to obtain first: Events and denominators by adherence, exercise exposure, support-bar use and concurrent activity are unverified. Preserved research conditions are not converted into individual exercise prescriptions.
Further research: Material needed: Events and denominators by adherence, exercise exposure, support-bar use and concurrent activity are unverified. Preserved research conditions are not converted into individual exercise prescriptions. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Exercise participation, support bars, concurrent activities and exposure-specific events must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Exercise participation, support bars, concurrent activities and exposure-specific events with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N15 · How do the later trial's population and fallers differ from the key event trial?

Current findings: The 2013 trial concerns fallers and fractures in balance-impaired adults aged at least 75. It analyzed 865 participants, 410 versus 455, and the citation describes single-leg standing for ≤15 seconds.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Later-trial analysis populations and faller findings are not combined with the 2006 trial's cumulative 6-month events. Exact follow-up duration and allocation and completion flows are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Later-trial population, duration, outcomes and analysis denominators
Materials to obtain first: Later-trial analysis populations and faller findings are not combined with the 2006 trial's cumulative 6-month events. Exact follow-up duration and allocation and completion flows are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Later-trial analysis populations and faller findings are not combined with the 2006 trial's cumulative 6-month events. Exact follow-up duration and allocation and completion flows are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Later-trial population, duration, outcomes and analysis denominators must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Later-trial population, duration, outcomes and analysis denominators with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S02

N16 · Does a female-subgroup signal confirm overall cumulative events?

Current findings: The 2013 report preserves both a positive female-faller subgroup analysis and null fracture findings.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Overall faller results, female estimates, CIs, P values, prespecification and interactions are unverified. The female signal is not converted into confirmation of reduced overall cumulative events.
Required materials and conditions: Overall and female findings, prespecification, interaction and estimates
Materials to obtain first: Overall faller results, female estimates, CIs, P values, prespecification and interactions are unverified. The female signal is not converted into confirmation of reduced overall cumulative events.
Further research: Material needed: Overall faller results, female estimates, CIs, P values, prespecification and interactions are unverified. The female signal is not converted into confirmation of reduced overall cumulative events. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Overall and female findings, prespecification, interaction and estimates must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Overall and female findings, prespecification, interaction and estimates with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S02

N17 · How does an erratum citation differ from verified corrected content?

Current findings: The preserved bibliography includes the 2014 erratum to the 2013 trial, PMID 30321915 and its DOI. The original bibliographic qualifier says the erratum details are unverified.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Corrected items, original result tables and effects on estimates and denominators were unread in this work. No new trial, participants or verified corrected values are created.
Required materials and conditions: Original trial, erratum bibliography, corrected items and effects on results
Materials to obtain first: Corrected items, original result tables and effects on estimates and denominators were unread in this work. No new trial, participants or verified corrected values are created.
Further research: Material needed: Corrected items, original result tables and effects on estimates and denominators were unread in this work. No new trial, participants or verified corrected values are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Original trial, erratum bibliography, corrected items and effects on results must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original trial, erratum bibliography, corrected items and effects on results with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S02 S03

N18 · Can a later report by the same investigators count as independent replication?

Current findings: The original account and the 2013 support summary describe the same investigator group as the key trial.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Cohort overlap, independence and confirmation of the same cumulative-event question are unverified. Repetition by the same investigators is not converted into confirmation with independent funding.
Required materials and conditions: Between-trial investigators, cohorts, support, outcomes and prespecification
Materials to obtain first: Cohort overlap, independence and confirmation of the same cumulative-event question are unverified. Repetition by the same investigators is not converted into confirmation with independent funding.
Further research: Material needed: Cohort overlap, independence and confirmation of the same cumulative-event question are unverified. Repetition by the same investigators is not converted into confirmation with independent funding. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Between-trial investigators, cohorts, support, outcomes and prespecification must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Between-trial investigators, cohorts, support, outcomes and prespecification with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01 S02

N19 · Can a BMD trial provide direct evidence for fall events?

Current findings: Sakai's 2010 trial randomized 94 postmenopausal women, 49 versus 45. Overall hip BMD at 6 months was null, with site-specific signals in a small subgroup aged at least 70.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: These BMD findings are not used as direct replication of reduced falls for the selected question. Separate fall data are unlinked in current material.
Required materials and conditions: Separate BMD-trial population, denominators and overall and subgroup findings
Materials to obtain first: These BMD findings are not used as direct replication of reduced falls for the selected question. Separate fall data are unlinked in current material.
Further research: Material needed: These BMD findings are not used as direct replication of reduced falls for the selected question. Separate fall data are unlinked in current material. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Separate BMD-trial population, denominators and overall and subgroup findings must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Separate BMD-trial population, denominators and overall and subgroup findings with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S04

N20 · Does a falls signal establish hip-fracture prevention?

Current findings: Hip fractures of 1 versus 1 in 2006 and null fracture findings in 2013 are preserved together. Fracture prevention is a separate subclaim.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: The fall-event signal is not extended to fracture prevention or stronger bones. No new fracture effects or CIs are created.
Required materials and conditions: Separate clinical outcomes of falls and fractures
Materials to obtain first: The fall-event signal is not extended to fracture prevention or stronger bones. No new fracture effects or CIs are created.
Further research: Material needed: The fall-event signal is not extended to fracture prevention or stronger bones. No new fracture effects or CIs are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Separate clinical outcomes of falls and fractures must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Separate clinical outcomes of falls and fractures with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01 S02

N21 · Do stand-alone single-leg standing and other balance exercises share the same evidence?

Current findings: The original account restricts the question to stand-alone single-leg standing and records that findings from broader balance and functional-exercise verdict 1557 and multicomponent programs were not transferred.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Other verdicts are not newly read or added as independent replication for this sheet. Other-program findings are unlinked in current material.
Required materials and conditions: Program composition and boundaries with the existing verdict and multicomponent programs
Materials to obtain first: Other verdicts are not newly read or added as independent replication for this sheet. Other-program findings are unlinked in current material.
Further research: Material needed: Other verdicts are not newly read or added as independent replication for this sheet. Other-program findings are unlinked in current material. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Program composition and boundaries with the existing verdict and multicomponent programs must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Program composition and boundaries with the existing verdict and multicomponent programs with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N22 · Can clinical importance and long-term persistence be verified?

Current findings: The original narrative concerning a 6-month event signal, incomplete precision and insufficient confirmation is retained.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Criteria for clinical importance, sample planning, later persistence and exposure-specific effects are unverified. No new effects, optimal exercise amounts or established prevention methods are created.
Required materials and conditions: Recurrent-event effects, CIs, sample planning and long-term follow-up
Materials to obtain first: Criteria for clinical importance, sample planning, later persistence and exposure-specific effects are unverified. No new effects, optimal exercise amounts or established prevention methods are created.
Further research: Material needed: Criteria for clinical importance, sample planning, later persistence and exposure-specific effects are unverified. No new effects, optimal exercise amounts or established prevention methods are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Recurrent-event effects, CIs, sample planning and long-term follow-up must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Recurrent-event effects, CIs, sample planning and long-term follow-up with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N23 · Does a government-support bibliographic label establish funding independence?

Current findings: The 2006 summary records both indexing as non-U.S. government research support and unverified specific funding and COI.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: The bibliographic support label is not converted into verification of funding independence, absent support, absent employee authors or absent COI.
Required materials and conditions: Specific funding, support, affiliations, employee authors, COI and roles
Materials to obtain first: The bibliographic support label is not converted into verification of funding independence, absent support, absent employee authors or absent COI.
Further research: Material needed: The bibliographic support label is not converted into verification of funding independence, absent support, absent employee authors or absent COI. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Specific funding, support, affiliations, employee authors, COI and roles must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Specific funding, support, affiliations, employee authors, COI and roles with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N24 · Are support and author relationships for the later trial and erratum verified?

Current findings: The 2013 report retains unverified specific funding and COI and the same-investigator context. Only the erratum bibliography is preserved.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Support and COI for the original trial and erratum are not filled in as if each verified the other.
Required materials and conditions: Separate funding, support, authors and COI for the trial and erratum
Materials to obtain first: Support and COI for the original trial and erratum are not filled in as if each verified the other.
Further research: Material needed: Support and COI for the original trial and erratum are not filled in as if each verified the other. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Separate funding, support, authors and COI for the trial and erratum must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Separate funding, support, authors and COI for the trial and erratum with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S02 S03

N25 · What is known about support and interests in the separate BMD trial?

Current findings: The wording that specific funding and COI in Sakai's trial are unverified is retained.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: The parent account's description of an independent BMD trial is not converted into verification of independent funding or support.
Required materials and conditions: BMD-trial funding, product support, employee authors, COI and roles
Materials to obtain first: The parent account's description of an independent BMD trial is not converted into verification of independent funding or support.
Further research: Material needed: The parent account's description of an independent BMD trial is not converted into verification of independent funding or support. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for BMD-trial funding, product support, employee authors, COI and roles must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects BMD-trial funding, product support, employee authors, COI and roles with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S04

N26 · Are falls counted for efficacy the same as exercise-related harms?

Current findings: Parent safety 'Caution', permission to use support bars and the original safety narrative are preserved.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Falls during exercise, other harms, severity, arm-specific events, denominators, discontinuation and active collection are unverified. Efficacy-event counts are not reassigned as intervention-related harm events.
Required materials and conditions: Intervention-related harms, collection, severity, arm-specific denominators and time
Materials to obtain first: Falls during exercise, other harms, severity, arm-specific events, denominators, discontinuation and active collection are unverified. Efficacy-event counts are not reassigned as intervention-related harm events.
Further research: Material needed: Falls during exercise, other harms, severity, arm-specific events, denominators, discontinuation and active collection are unverified. Efficacy-event counts are not reassigned as intervention-related harm events. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Intervention-related harms, collection, severity, arm-specific denominators and time must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Intervention-related harms, collection, severity, arm-specific denominators and time with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N27 · Are long-term harms and vulnerable high-risk populations verified?

Current findings: Support for high-risk or unstable participants and the parent caution wording provide preserved context. No new exercise or treatment methods are provided.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Harms by comparator, concurrent activities, conditions and long-term or vulnerable-population materials are unverified. No new safety certification is provided.
Required materials and conditions: Harms by activity, support and control conditions and alternative causes
Materials to obtain first: Harms by comparator, concurrent activities, conditions and long-term or vulnerable-population materials are unverified. No new safety certification is provided.
Further research: Material needed: Harms by comparator, concurrent activities, conditions and long-term or vulnerable-population materials are unverified. No new safety certification is provided. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Harms by activity, support and control conditions and alternative causes must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Harms by activity, support and control conditions and alternative causes with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01 S02 S04

N28 · How are errata, reports and trial families distinguished?

Current findings: S01 is the 2006 report, S02 the 2013 report, S03 the 2014 erratum and S04 Sakai's 2010 report. S03 is an erratum in the S02 trial family, not a new clinical trial.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Unique trial, participant, event and independent-replication totals are not established or added together.
Required materials and conditions: Reports, bibliography, errata, trials and cohort relationships
Materials to obtain first: Unique trial, participant, event and independent-replication totals are not established or added together.
Further research: Material needed: Unique trial, participant, event and independent-replication totals are not established or added together. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Reports, bibliography, errata, trials and cohort relationships must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Reports, bibliography, errata, trials and cohort relationships with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01 S02 S03 S04

N29 · How are original empty fields, languages, dates and corrections retained?

Current findings: Parent C50, null precision, Korean and English originals, 2026-09-07, the empty correction list and deliberation string, and subclaim C and its explanation are preserved. The literature erratum and the account's correction history are distinct.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Null precision is not filled with a new code, and parent scores or historical cross-checks are not inherited as a subclaim verdict or current content review.
Required materials and conditions: Parent and subclaim grades, axes, empty fields and change history
Materials to obtain first: Null precision is not filled with a new code, and parent scores or historical cross-checks are not inherited as a subclaim verdict or current content review.
Further research: Material needed: Null precision is not filled with a new code, and parent scores or historical cross-checks are not inherited as a subclaim verdict or current content review. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Parent and subclaim grades, axes, empty fields and change history must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Parent and subclaim grades, axes, empty fields and change history with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01 S02 S03 S04

N30 · What materials were actually read?

Current findings: The complete preserved JSON was read for this sheet. Report-level paper and erratum citations, stored-summary reading and unread external materials are distinguished.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external papers, errata, registration, protocols, analysis plans and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: Known information and remaining gaps were distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed external material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed current clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: External papers, errata, registration, protocols, statistical analysis plans and support originals were unread and access was not attempted in this work. Historical verification or URLs are not labeled as current original-material reading or external-link testing.
Required materials and conditions: Reading scope for stored summaries, papers, errata, registration, plans and support
Materials to obtain first: External papers, errata, registration, protocols, statistical analysis plans and support originals were unread and access was not attempted in this work. Historical verification or URLs are not labeled as current original-material reading or external-link testing.
Further research: Material needed: External papers, errata, registration, protocols, statistical analysis plans and support originals were unread and access was not attempted in this work. Historical verification or URLs are not labeled as current original-material reading or external-link testing. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External originals are unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Exclusion-analysis limitations and precision gaps remain, retaining original subclaim C. Gaps in currently preserved material are not extended to absence across all literature or new judgments of efficacy, safety or independence.
Conditions for verification: Corresponding original material and analysis scope for Reading scope for stored summaries, papers, errata, registration, plans and support must distinguish cumulative events from fallers, individual risk and other outcomes, as well as currently unverified information.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Reading scope for stored summaries, papers, errata, registration, plans and support with populations, exposure, comparators, allocation, exclusions, events, observation time, denominators, prespecification, precision, report relationships or harms for the selected cumulative-falls question.
Application exceptions: Retain original subclaim C and absent separate score, status and axes without inheriting parent C50 or axes. Event counts after exclusion are not reassigned as fallers, individual risk, fracture prevention or BMD improvement. Later female findings from the same investigators and the erratum provide different context; the erratum is not a new trial. No new effects, P values, CIs, corrected values, totals, independence/safety certification or exercise methods are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved application conditions concerning questions, populations, allocation, exclusions, denominators, events versus individual outcomes, precision, reports versus trials and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01 S02 S03 S04