Dark chocolate × small-letter contrast sensitivity about two hours later

Required evidence, verification status and materials actually read
Item	AVerification status	BReading scope	CReview item	DCurrent findings	EWhy unverified	FRequired materials and conditions	GFurther research
1	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N01 · Evidence conditionWhat are the selected acute contrast-sensitivity question and original verdict?Required	The selected question is “Small-letter contrast sensitivity about two hours after ingestion,” with original grade C and note “Positive difference of 0.15 logCS.” Subclaim score, status and axes are absent; parent C54 and lasting eyesight/eye-health questions are distinguished. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Selected wording, grade and note versus parent/long-term questions	Material needed: Absent subclaim score, status and axes are not filled from parent values. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
2	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N02 · Evidence conditionWhat are the actual population and baseline visual conditions?Required	S01 includes 30 adults without eye disease; the parent describes healthy young adults. This is not extended to restored eyesight in eye-disease patients or other ages. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Eligibility, age, eye disease, baseline vision and denominators	Material needed: Exact age, sex, refraction/correction, baseline contrast sensitivity, recruitment and detailed eligibility are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
3	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N03 · Evidence conditionHas the tested dark chocolate's identity been verified?Required	The original text records a single serving of high-cacao, high-flavanol dark chocolate. Particular dark and milk products are compared; cacao percentage alone does not guarantee the same flavanol exposure. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Product, ingredients, amount and single research exposure	Material needed: Product name, exact amount, composition/flavanol content and actual adherence are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
4	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N04 · Evidence conditionAre food comparisons distinguished from isolated-ingredient effects?Required	The direct comparison concerns two chocolate conditions. It is not converted into isolated flavanol effects, cacao-percentage effects or efficacy of general eye-health products. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Dark/milk differences, ingredient matching and direct comparison	Material needed: Matching of sugar, fat, caffeine, calories and other ingredients, and isolated-ingredient attribution, are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
5	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N05 · Evidence conditionWhat comparison does the milk-chocolate control represent?Required	S01's control is milk chocolate. It is not used as an effect against no ingestion, placebo or other foods. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Control product, exposure, sensory features and concurrent conditions	Material needed: Control amount, ingredients, taste, appearance, expectations, adherence and actual matching are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
6	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N06 · Evidence conditionDo actual measurement timing and “about two hours” describe the same window?Required	The original actual test was about 1.75 hours later; the selected wording says about 2 hours and the title within 2 hours. These are not made into new replications at different trials or follow-up times. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Ingestion/testing times, acute window and persistence	Material needed: Individual test intervals, allowed timing window and subsequent duration are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
7	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N07 · Evidence conditionHow was small-letter contrast sensitivity defined?Required	The selected result is small-letter contrast sensitivity in logCS. It is distinguished from large-letter contrast, visual acuity in logMAR and everyday visual function. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Test task, letter size, units and equipment	Material needed: Letter size, test distance, lighting, equipment, assessment procedure and baseline test definitions are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
8	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N08 · Evidence conditionWhat are the original small-letter values, difference, CI and P value?Required	Dark 1.45 versus milk 1.30 logCS and mean difference 0.15 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.22, P<.001) are preserved. No new calculation or transfer to other outcomes or lasting improvement is made. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Condition-specific values, estimate, denominator and original result	Material needed: Exact eye/person analysis unit, denominator, model and baseline/order adjustments are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
9	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N09 · Evidence conditionIs the nonsignificant large-letter result distinguished?Required	The large-letter difference of 0.05 logCS (P=.07) is described as null. The positive small-letter difference of 0.15 logCS is not converted into large-letter success or improvement in all contrast sensitivity. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Outcome-specific effects, units and hierarchy	Material needed: The exact large-letter CI, denominator, test conditions, model and prespecified hierarchy are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
10	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N10 · Evidence conditionIs the borderline visual-acuity result in logMAR distinguished?Required	The visual-acuity difference of 0.04 logMAR (P=.05) is described as borderline. It is not transferred to small-letter contrast units/effects or confirmed restoration of eyesight. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Acuity result, direction, units and hierarchy	Material needed: Exact acuity direction, condition-specific values, CI, denominator and test definitions are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
11	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N11 · Evidence conditionHave single masking and participant recognition of conditions been verified?Required	The original design is a randomized single-masked within-person crossover trial. The original text says participants could recognize chocolate types. This is not extended to masking of all participants, assessors and analysts. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Who was masked, maintenance, testing and analysis conditions	Material needed: Who was masked, maintenance, expectation differences and assessor/analyst knowledge of conditions are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
12	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N12 · Evidence conditionHave crossover-session order and within-person analysis been verified?Required	Thirty healthy adults consumed dark and milk chocolate in separate sessions in a within-person crossover trial. Sequence generation, washout and control of period effects are not all described as verified. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Sequence generation, concealment, session interval and within-person analysis	Material needed: Sequence generation/concealment, session intervals and order/period models are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
13	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N13 · Evidence conditionHave learning, period and carryover effects been verified?Required	Visual tests in two conditions are repeated within the same people. The design's control of individual differences is preserved without filling gaps with absence of learning, period or carryover effects. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Repeated testing, baseline, washout and period matching	Material needed: Practice/baseline testing, test order and handling of learning/carryover are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
14	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N14 · Evidence conditionAre people, eyes, conditions and repeated measurements distinguished?Required	The original participant count is 30 people with two single-exposure conditions. Eyes, conditions and repeated measurements are not added as new participants, independent trials or denominators. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Analysis units, clustering/correlation and denominators	Material needed: Tested eyes, use of both eyes, eye-level data, repeat counts and within-person/between-eye correlation models are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
15	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N15 · Evidence conditionHave completion, missingness and analysis populations been verified?Required	The original count of 30 adults without eye disease is preserved. Complete data for every session/outcome and ITT/PP analyses are not created from the stored summary alone. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Session/outcome-specific completion, exclusions and missing-data handling	Material needed: Session/outcome-specific completion, missingness, exclusions, analysis denominators and handling reasons are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
16	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N16 · Evidence conditionWhat is the scope of the mean difference and within-person estimate?Required	The parent records a mean difference of 0.15 logCS and a within-person crossover effect. No new standardized effects, response rates, CIs or individual benefits are calculated. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Reported effects, covariates, model and units	Material needed: Exact adjusted model, covariates, eye/person units and variance/correlation structure are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
17	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N17 · Evidence conditionAre registration identifiers distinguished from actual registry reading?Required	NCT03326934 in the evidence and citation lists is preserved. The number alone does not establish registry reading now, verification of a prerecruitment plan or prespecification of every outcome. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Original registration identifier, changes and actual reading dates	Material needed: Exact registration/recruitment timing, original registration, change history and protocol remain unread. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
18	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N18 · Evidence conditionHave prior hierarchy and multiple visual outcomes been verified?Required	The original text distinguishes the main small-letter signal from borderline/null other measures. The parent's grouped acuity/large-letter/small-letter endpoints are not used as proof of a prerecruitment first endpoint or multiplicity plan. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	First endpoint, SAP and testing/adjustment plan	Material needed: Prerecruitment hierarchy, test direction, multiplicity, SAP and changes are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
19	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N19 · Evidence conditionAre acute functional testing and clinical importance distinguished?Required	The parent records a clear acute small-letter psychophysical signal. The statement that the CI excluded 0 is not transferred to everyday visual benefit, restored eyesight or clinical eye-health efficacy. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Relevance threshold, everyday function and clinical endpoints	Material needed: Prespecified relevance thresholds, everyday function and patient clinical endpoints remain unlinked. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
20	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N20 · Evidence conditionHave persistence and repeated-ingestion results been verified?Required	The original text records one test about 1.75 hours later, with duration and repeated-ingestion effects not measured/tested. This is not extended to lasting eyesight or eye-health improvement. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Distinguishing the acute time point from repeated/long-term outcomes	Material needed: Later persistence, repeated exposure and long-term clinical function/safety remain unlinked. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
21	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N21 · Evidence conditionAre direct data available for other populations?Required	The direct population is healthy adults without eye disease. The same efficacy is not generalized to eye-disease patients, impaired vision, other ages or living conditions. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Direct data by age, eye disease and baseline function	Material needed: Contrast-sensitivity, clinical-function and safety data in other populations remain unlinked. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
22	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N22 · Evidence conditionHave concurrent meals, environment and testing conditions been verified?Required	These are acute test data from two chocolate conditions. The stored summary is not extended to identical other meals, drinks, medicines, visual correction or test environments. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Records of meals, medicines, lifestyle, lighting and visual correction	Material needed: Concurrent exposures before/after ingestion, test lighting/timing, correction conditions and adherence are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
23	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N23 · Evidence conditionWhat is the verification scope for funding, product support and commercial involvement?Required	The funding record states “University research team; no commercial manufacturer involvement identified in the report.” This limited statement is not converted into absence of product support, employee authors or all competing interests. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Separate originals for support, employee authors and competing interests	Material needed: Full original funding roles, product/free support, employee authors and competing-interest disclosures are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
24	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N24 · Evidence conditionWhat is the safety scope of a single food exposure?Supplementary	Parent safety is “Good,” but the original text says this was not a systematic safety trial of a single exposure. Wording about product/person differences in allergy, caffeine sensitivity, sugar and calories is not used as new incidence estimates or safety certification. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Adverse-event collection, exposure, denominators and discontinuation	Material needed: Event definitions, collection, denominators, discontinuation, vulnerable populations and long-term safety are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
25	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N25 · Evidence conditionHow are reports, crossover conditions and independent trials distinguished?Required	Thirty people, two conditions and multiple visual outcomes in the single Rabin 2018 report belong to the same trial. Eyes, conditions, repeated tests, the registration number and other visual measures are not counted as independent trials or participant totals. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Report, population, conditions and independent-trial relationships	Material needed: Separate replications using the same product/time/endpoint and actual independent-family relationships remain unlinked. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
26	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N26 · Evidence conditionAre subclaim/parent verdicts, original values and history distinguished?Required	Parent C54, B/S/R1/I2/E+/B2/C0, four false flags, empty override reasons and subclaim C/note are preserved. Original Korean/English text, 2026-09-07, empty corrections/deliberation and historical PubMed/PMCID/effect checks are not inherited as current clinical review or a subclaim score. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Parent C54, subclaim C, corrections and historical review	Material needed: Subclaim score, status and axes are absent; new corrections and details of historical review are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
27	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N27 · Evidence conditionAre stored summaries, external links and later updates distinguished?Required	The stored summary/bibliography were used for production and the original paper link retained. External abstracts, full text, registration, protocols, SAPs and competing-interest disclosures remain unread; no external access or source-link testing was performed. S01	The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.	Actual summary use, unread external material and additional sources	Material needed: External original acquisition, actual reading, source-link verification and review of existing content remain incomplete. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.

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27 itemsWhat the statuses mean

Assessment scope

Stored-material review date: Not recorded
Original evidence cut-off: 2026-09-07
Scope actually checked: Existing review summaries and stored records of methodological application. Full papers, supplements, registrations, plans and original data were not read.
What the dates mean: This is the date the stored materials were checked, not the date of a new search of the clinical literature.
Population: 30 adults without eye disease; the parent describes healthy young adults. Exact age, eligibility, baseline vision, session/outcome-specific completion and eye-level denominators are unverified. People, eyes, conditions and repeated measurements are not added as new participants.
Ingredient, formulation and route: A single serving of the tested high-cacao, high-flavanol dark chocolate is compared with milk chocolate. Product name, exact amount, matching of flavanols/other ingredients and actual exposure are unverified. Cacao percentage alone does not guarantee the same exposure.
Dose: Only the single-serving research exposure is preserved. Exact amount, product and adherence are unverified; no amount/ingredient/calorie conversions or ingestion, product, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Comparator: The active control is milk chocolate consumed by the same people in separate sessions. It is not converted into no-ingestion, placebo, other-food or isolated-flavanol effects; sequence, washout, period effects and masking details are unverified.
Measured outcome: Small-letter dark 1.45 versus milk 1.30 logCS and mean difference 0.15 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.22, P<.001) are preserved. Large-letter 0.05 logCS/P=.07 null and visual-acuity 0.04 logMAR/P=.05 borderline results are separate endpoints; exact analysis units, model, prespecified hierarchy and clinical importance are unverified.
Duration: Actual testing about 1.75 hours later, about 2 hours in the selected question and within 2 hours in the title are original descriptions of the same acute window. The unmeasured/untested scope for later persistence, repeated ingestion, lasting eyesight and eye health is preserved.
Questions outside this scope: Creating different trials or independent replications from about 1.75 hours, about 2 hours or within 2 hours; Transferring small-letter 1.45/1.30 logCS, difference 0.15/CI 0.08 to 0.22/P<.001 to large letters, visual acuity or long-term eye health; Mixing units, direction or effects of large-letter 0.05 logCS/P=.07 and visual-acuity 0.04 logMAR/P=.05, or calculating new CIs, standardized effects or individual benefits; Using 30 people, eyes, conditions, repeated tests, registration numbers or two sheets as unique-participant/independent-trial totals; Filling unverified tested-product/flavanol amounts from general cacao percentages, general products or isolated-ingredient efficacy; Inheriting parent C54, Good safety, axes or historical checks as a subclaim score, current clinical review or overall safety, or creating ingestion, product, eye-health or treatment instructions

Evidence and sources

The links below lead to the sources. A link alone does not mean the original source was read or its latest publication status verified.

S01 · Rabin JC et al. 2018

PubMed

Material type: Randomized single-masked within-person crossover trial
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external paper, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Findings recorded in the stored summary: Small-letter +0.15 logCS (95% CI 0.08 to 0.22), P<.001; large-letter P=.07; acuity P=.05
Record level: Stored-summary acute small-letter contrast result, distinguished from large-letter, acuity and persistence questions; prespecified hierarchy, model and clinical importance are unverified
Study overlap and independent replication: 30 people without eye disease and two single-exposure tested dark/milk conditions in the single Rabin 2018 report are the same randomized single-masked within-person crossover trial. About 1.75 hours, about 2 hours and within 2 hours are preserved as one acute testing window. Small-letter 0.15 logCS/CI 0.08 to 0.22/P<.001, large-letter 0.05 logCS/P=.07 and visual-acuity 0.04 logMAR/P=.05 are distinguished. People, eyes, conditions, repeated tests, the registration number and two subclaim sheets are not added as independent trials/participants or extended to long-term clinical efficacy. Confirmed unique-trial, participant and independent-replication totals remain unrecorded.

Public availability, access and reading status by material
Material	Public availability	Access status	Actually read	Notes
Stored summary	Preserved copy of the complete parent-verdict stored summary	Stored summary	Summary read	Original PubMed URL, PMCID, DOI and NCT03326934 identifiers are preserved. Numbers/bibliography alone do not certify reading, acquisition, prior plans or condition fulfillment now; full-text/registration URLs are not inferred.
External paper	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Original PubMed URL, PMCID, DOI and NCT03326934 identifiers are preserved. Numbers/bibliography alone do not certify reading, acquisition, prior plans or condition fulfillment now; full-text/registration URLs are not inferred.
Registration material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Original PubMed URL, PMCID, DOI and NCT03326934 identifiers are preserved. Numbers/bibliography alone do not certify reading, acquisition, prior plans or condition fulfillment now; full-text/registration URLs are not inferred.
Protocol	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Original PubMed URL, PMCID, DOI and NCT03326934 identifiers are preserved. Numbers/bibliography alone do not certify reading, acquisition, prior plans or condition fulfillment now; full-text/registration URLs are not inferred.
Statistical analysis plan	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Original PubMed URL, PMCID, DOI and NCT03326934 identifiers are preserved. Numbers/bibliography alone do not certify reading, acquisition, prior plans or condition fulfillment now; full-text/registration URLs are not inferred.
Funding, product-support and COI material	Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	Original PubMed URL, PMCID, DOI and NCT03326934 identifiers are preserved. Numbers/bibliography alone do not certify reading, acquisition, prior plans or condition fulfillment now; full-text/registration URLs are not inferred.

Report counts versus independent study counts

30 people without eye disease and two single-exposure tested dark/milk conditions in the single Rabin 2018 report are the same randomized single-masked within-person crossover trial. About 1.75 hours, about 2 hours and within 2 hours are preserved as one acute testing window. Small-letter 0.15 logCS/CI 0.08 to 0.22/P<.001, large-letter 0.05 logCS/P=.07 and visual-acuity 0.04 logMAR/P=.05 are distinguished. People, eyes, conditions, repeated tests, the registration number and two subclaim sheets are not added as independent trials/participants or extended to long-term clinical efficacy. Confirmed unique-trial, participant and independent-replication totals remain unrecorded.

Review criteria

Version 1.0 · Criteria record date 2026-10-06. These are Chamgap's own application conditions, informed by the referenced methods. They do not constitute official assessment-tool certification or a new efficacy score.

N01 · What are the selected acute contrast-sensitivity question and original verdict?

Required materials and conditions: Selected wording, grade and note versus parent/long-term questions
Conditions for verification: Material for Selected wording, grade and note versus parent/long-term questions must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Selected wording, grade and note versus parent/long-term questions with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N02 · What are the actual population and baseline visual conditions?

Required materials and conditions: Eligibility, age, eye disease, baseline vision and denominators
Conditions for verification: Material for Eligibility, age, eye disease, baseline vision and denominators must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Eligibility, age, eye disease, baseline vision and denominators with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N03 · Has the tested dark chocolate's identity been verified?

Required materials and conditions: Product, ingredients, amount and single research exposure
Conditions for verification: Material for Product, ingredients, amount and single research exposure must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Product, ingredients, amount and single research exposure with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N04 · Are food comparisons distinguished from isolated-ingredient effects?

Required materials and conditions: Dark/milk differences, ingredient matching and direct comparison
Conditions for verification: Material for Dark/milk differences, ingredient matching and direct comparison must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Dark/milk differences, ingredient matching and direct comparison with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N05 · What comparison does the milk-chocolate control represent?

Required materials and conditions: Control product, exposure, sensory features and concurrent conditions
Conditions for verification: Material for Control product, exposure, sensory features and concurrent conditions must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Control product, exposure, sensory features and concurrent conditions with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N06 · Do actual measurement timing and “about two hours” describe the same window?

Required materials and conditions: Ingestion/testing times, acute window and persistence
Conditions for verification: Material for Ingestion/testing times, acute window and persistence must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Ingestion/testing times, acute window and persistence with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N07 · How was small-letter contrast sensitivity defined?

Required materials and conditions: Test task, letter size, units and equipment
Conditions for verification: Material for Test task, letter size, units and equipment must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Test task, letter size, units and equipment with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N08 · What are the original small-letter values, difference, CI and P value?

Required materials and conditions: Condition-specific values, estimate, denominator and original result
Conditions for verification: Material for Condition-specific values, estimate, denominator and original result must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Condition-specific values, estimate, denominator and original result with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N09 · Is the nonsignificant large-letter result distinguished?

Required materials and conditions: Outcome-specific effects, units and hierarchy
Conditions for verification: Material for Outcome-specific effects, units and hierarchy must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Outcome-specific effects, units and hierarchy with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N10 · Is the borderline visual-acuity result in logMAR distinguished?

Required materials and conditions: Acuity result, direction, units and hierarchy
Conditions for verification: Material for Acuity result, direction, units and hierarchy must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Acuity result, direction, units and hierarchy with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N11 · Have single masking and participant recognition of conditions been verified?

Required materials and conditions: Who was masked, maintenance, testing and analysis conditions
Conditions for verification: Material for Who was masked, maintenance, testing and analysis conditions must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Who was masked, maintenance, testing and analysis conditions with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N12 · Have crossover-session order and within-person analysis been verified?

Required materials and conditions: Sequence generation, concealment, session interval and within-person analysis
Conditions for verification: Material for Sequence generation, concealment, session interval and within-person analysis must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Sequence generation, concealment, session interval and within-person analysis with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N13 · Have learning, period and carryover effects been verified?

Required materials and conditions: Repeated testing, baseline, washout and period matching
Conditions for verification: Material for Repeated testing, baseline, washout and period matching must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Repeated testing, baseline, washout and period matching with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N14 · Are people, eyes, conditions and repeated measurements distinguished?

Required materials and conditions: Analysis units, clustering/correlation and denominators
Conditions for verification: Material for Analysis units, clustering/correlation and denominators must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Analysis units, clustering/correlation and denominators with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N15 · Have completion, missingness and analysis populations been verified?

Required materials and conditions: Session/outcome-specific completion, exclusions and missing-data handling
Conditions for verification: Material for Session/outcome-specific completion, exclusions and missing-data handling must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Session/outcome-specific completion, exclusions and missing-data handling with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N16 · What is the scope of the mean difference and within-person estimate?

Required materials and conditions: Reported effects, covariates, model and units
Conditions for verification: Material for Reported effects, covariates, model and units must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Reported effects, covariates, model and units with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N17 · Are registration identifiers distinguished from actual registry reading?

Required materials and conditions: Original registration identifier, changes and actual reading dates
Conditions for verification: Material for Original registration identifier, changes and actual reading dates must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original registration identifier, changes and actual reading dates with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N18 · Have prior hierarchy and multiple visual outcomes been verified?

Required materials and conditions: First endpoint, SAP and testing/adjustment plan
Conditions for verification: Material for First endpoint, SAP and testing/adjustment plan must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects First endpoint, SAP and testing/adjustment plan with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N19 · Are acute functional testing and clinical importance distinguished?

Required materials and conditions: Relevance threshold, everyday function and clinical endpoints
Conditions for verification: Material for Relevance threshold, everyday function and clinical endpoints must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Relevance threshold, everyday function and clinical endpoints with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N20 · Have persistence and repeated-ingestion results been verified?

Required materials and conditions: Distinguishing the acute time point from repeated/long-term outcomes
Conditions for verification: Material for Distinguishing the acute time point from repeated/long-term outcomes must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Distinguishing the acute time point from repeated/long-term outcomes with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N21 · Are direct data available for other populations?

Required materials and conditions: Direct data by age, eye disease and baseline function
Conditions for verification: Material for Direct data by age, eye disease and baseline function must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Direct data by age, eye disease and baseline function with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N22 · Have concurrent meals, environment and testing conditions been verified?

Required materials and conditions: Records of meals, medicines, lifestyle, lighting and visual correction
Conditions for verification: Material for Records of meals, medicines, lifestyle, lighting and visual correction must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Records of meals, medicines, lifestyle, lighting and visual correction with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N23 · What is the verification scope for funding, product support and commercial involvement?

Required materials and conditions: Separate originals for support, employee authors and competing interests
Conditions for verification: Material for Separate originals for support, employee authors and competing interests must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Separate originals for support, employee authors and competing interests with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N24 · What is the safety scope of a single food exposure?

Required materials and conditions: Adverse-event collection, exposure, denominators and discontinuation
Conditions for verification: Material for Adverse-event collection, exposure, denominators and discontinuation must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Supplementary
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Adverse-event collection, exposure, denominators and discontinuation with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N25 · How are reports, crossover conditions and independent trials distinguished?

Required materials and conditions: Report, population, conditions and independent-trial relationships
Conditions for verification: Material for Report, population, conditions and independent-trial relationships must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Report, population, conditions and independent-trial relationships with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N26 · Are subclaim/parent verdicts, original values and history distinguished?

Required materials and conditions: Parent C54, subclaim C, corrections and historical review
Conditions for verification: Material for Parent C54, subclaim C, corrections and historical review must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Parent C54, subclaim C, corrections and historical review with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

N27 · Are stored summaries, external links and later updates distinguished?

Required materials and conditions: Actual summary use, unread external material and additional sources
Conditions for verification: Material for Actual summary use, unread external material and additional sources must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Actual summary use, unread external material and additional sources with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Referenced methods and the sections actually reviewed

M03 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08

Official methodology · §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.3, MECIR C5/C7/C13

Referenced principle: Clearly record the question, eligibility conditions and reasons for changes, and distinguish variations in interventions.
Extent of review: Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution

M04 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5.1 (2025), chapter updated 2025-03

Official methodology · §4.5, §4.6.1–4.6.3, MECIR C42

Referenced principle: Distinguish studies from reports and link them; do not omit a study solely because results are unreported.
Extent of review: Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution

M08 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10

Official methodology · §8.1–8.2.3, Table 8.2.a

Referenced principle: Define the outcome and effect of interest, then examine randomization, deviations, missing data, measurement and selective reporting.
Extent of review: Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution

M15 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08

Official methodology · §15.2.4, §15.3.1–15.3.3

Referenced principle: Distinguish effect estimates, intervals, importance and applicability. Sample size alone does not determine precision.
Extent of review: Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution

M19 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10

Official methodology · §19.1.2, §19.2.1–19.2.4

Referenced principle: Harm questions may require different designs, populations and follow-up from efficacy questions. Case reports do not establish incidence rates.
Extent of review: Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution

What the statuses mean

Met: Status for necessary evidence confirmed after existing content review. No completion is declared in the current presentation.
Partly verified: Some information in the stored summary is linked into the table. External comparison/content review is not complete.
Unverified: The article leaves this unverified, or required material is absent from the current stored summary. This is distinct from zero, absence or safety.
Review incomplete: Existing content review remains incomplete.
Not reported: Not reported within the stored material actually read; not extended to the entire primary paper.
Inaccessible: Means an actual access failure. Access not attempted here is not assigned this state.
Not applicable: Not used as a substitute for an evidence gap.
Conflicting data: Requires an observed disagreement under the same comparison criteria; not automatically judged in this production.
Insufficient evidence for the conditions: Marks a gap in additional material required by the selected conditions; not a new efficacy grade.

Change history

2026-10-16 · Public page/material version 1.0

Public pages and materials were prepared from the existing 27 items. No new clinical search, verification-status change or scoring was performed.

The stored-material review date (Not recorded) and original evidence cut-off (2026-09-07) were retained unchanged.

Researcher downloads

These materials provide the same evidence, scope and verification status as this page.

View all item details

N01 · What are the selected acute contrast-sensitivity question and original verdict?

Current findings: The selected question is “Small-letter contrast sensitivity about two hours after ingestion,” with original grade C and note “Positive difference of 0.15 logCS.” Subclaim score, status and axes are absent; parent C54 and lasting eyesight/eye-health questions are distinguished.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Absent subclaim score, status and axes are not filled from parent values.
Required materials and conditions: Selected wording, grade and note versus parent/long-term questions
Materials to obtain first: Absent subclaim score, status and axes are not filled from parent values.
Further research: Material needed: Absent subclaim score, status and axes are not filled from parent values. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Selected wording, grade and note versus parent/long-term questions must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Selected wording, grade and note versus parent/long-term questions with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N02 · What are the actual population and baseline visual conditions?

Current findings: S01 includes 30 adults without eye disease; the parent describes healthy young adults. This is not extended to restored eyesight in eye-disease patients or other ages.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Exact age, sex, refraction/correction, baseline contrast sensitivity, recruitment and detailed eligibility are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Eligibility, age, eye disease, baseline vision and denominators
Materials to obtain first: Exact age, sex, refraction/correction, baseline contrast sensitivity, recruitment and detailed eligibility are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Exact age, sex, refraction/correction, baseline contrast sensitivity, recruitment and detailed eligibility are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Eligibility, age, eye disease, baseline vision and denominators must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Eligibility, age, eye disease, baseline vision and denominators with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N03 · Has the tested dark chocolate's identity been verified?

Current findings: The original text records a single serving of high-cacao, high-flavanol dark chocolate. Particular dark and milk products are compared; cacao percentage alone does not guarantee the same flavanol exposure.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Product name, exact amount, composition/flavanol content and actual adherence are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Product, ingredients, amount and single research exposure
Materials to obtain first: Product name, exact amount, composition/flavanol content and actual adherence are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Product name, exact amount, composition/flavanol content and actual adherence are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Product, ingredients, amount and single research exposure must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Product, ingredients, amount and single research exposure with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N04 · Are food comparisons distinguished from isolated-ingredient effects?

Current findings: The direct comparison concerns two chocolate conditions. It is not converted into isolated flavanol effects, cacao-percentage effects or efficacy of general eye-health products.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Matching of sugar, fat, caffeine, calories and other ingredients, and isolated-ingredient attribution, are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Dark/milk differences, ingredient matching and direct comparison
Materials to obtain first: Matching of sugar, fat, caffeine, calories and other ingredients, and isolated-ingredient attribution, are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Matching of sugar, fat, caffeine, calories and other ingredients, and isolated-ingredient attribution, are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Dark/milk differences, ingredient matching and direct comparison must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Dark/milk differences, ingredient matching and direct comparison with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N05 · What comparison does the milk-chocolate control represent?

Current findings: S01's control is milk chocolate. It is not used as an effect against no ingestion, placebo or other foods.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Control amount, ingredients, taste, appearance, expectations, adherence and actual matching are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Control product, exposure, sensory features and concurrent conditions
Materials to obtain first: Control amount, ingredients, taste, appearance, expectations, adherence and actual matching are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Control amount, ingredients, taste, appearance, expectations, adherence and actual matching are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Control product, exposure, sensory features and concurrent conditions must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Control product, exposure, sensory features and concurrent conditions with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N06 · Do actual measurement timing and “about two hours” describe the same window?

Current findings: The original actual test was about 1.75 hours later; the selected wording says about 2 hours and the title within 2 hours. These are not made into new replications at different trials or follow-up times.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Individual test intervals, allowed timing window and subsequent duration are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Ingestion/testing times, acute window and persistence
Materials to obtain first: Individual test intervals, allowed timing window and subsequent duration are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Individual test intervals, allowed timing window and subsequent duration are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Ingestion/testing times, acute window and persistence must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Ingestion/testing times, acute window and persistence with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N07 · How was small-letter contrast sensitivity defined?

Current findings: The selected result is small-letter contrast sensitivity in logCS. It is distinguished from large-letter contrast, visual acuity in logMAR and everyday visual function.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Letter size, test distance, lighting, equipment, assessment procedure and baseline test definitions are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Test task, letter size, units and equipment
Materials to obtain first: Letter size, test distance, lighting, equipment, assessment procedure and baseline test definitions are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Letter size, test distance, lighting, equipment, assessment procedure and baseline test definitions are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Test task, letter size, units and equipment must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Test task, letter size, units and equipment with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N08 · What are the original small-letter values, difference, CI and P value?

Current findings: Dark 1.45 versus milk 1.30 logCS and mean difference 0.15 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.22, P<.001) are preserved. No new calculation or transfer to other outcomes or lasting improvement is made.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Exact eye/person analysis unit, denominator, model and baseline/order adjustments are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Condition-specific values, estimate, denominator and original result
Materials to obtain first: Exact eye/person analysis unit, denominator, model and baseline/order adjustments are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Exact eye/person analysis unit, denominator, model and baseline/order adjustments are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Condition-specific values, estimate, denominator and original result must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Condition-specific values, estimate, denominator and original result with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N09 · Is the nonsignificant large-letter result distinguished?

Current findings: The large-letter difference of 0.05 logCS (P=.07) is described as null. The positive small-letter difference of 0.15 logCS is not converted into large-letter success or improvement in all contrast sensitivity.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: The exact large-letter CI, denominator, test conditions, model and prespecified hierarchy are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Outcome-specific effects, units and hierarchy
Materials to obtain first: The exact large-letter CI, denominator, test conditions, model and prespecified hierarchy are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: The exact large-letter CI, denominator, test conditions, model and prespecified hierarchy are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Outcome-specific effects, units and hierarchy must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Outcome-specific effects, units and hierarchy with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N10 · Is the borderline visual-acuity result in logMAR distinguished?

Current findings: The visual-acuity difference of 0.04 logMAR (P=.05) is described as borderline. It is not transferred to small-letter contrast units/effects or confirmed restoration of eyesight.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Exact acuity direction, condition-specific values, CI, denominator and test definitions are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Acuity result, direction, units and hierarchy
Materials to obtain first: Exact acuity direction, condition-specific values, CI, denominator and test definitions are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Exact acuity direction, condition-specific values, CI, denominator and test definitions are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Acuity result, direction, units and hierarchy must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Acuity result, direction, units and hierarchy with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N11 · Have single masking and participant recognition of conditions been verified?

Current findings: The original design is a randomized single-masked within-person crossover trial. The original text says participants could recognize chocolate types. This is not extended to masking of all participants, assessors and analysts.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Who was masked, maintenance, expectation differences and assessor/analyst knowledge of conditions are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Who was masked, maintenance, testing and analysis conditions
Materials to obtain first: Who was masked, maintenance, expectation differences and assessor/analyst knowledge of conditions are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Who was masked, maintenance, expectation differences and assessor/analyst knowledge of conditions are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Who was masked, maintenance, testing and analysis conditions must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Who was masked, maintenance, testing and analysis conditions with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N12 · Have crossover-session order and within-person analysis been verified?

Current findings: Thirty healthy adults consumed dark and milk chocolate in separate sessions in a within-person crossover trial. Sequence generation, washout and control of period effects are not all described as verified.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Sequence generation/concealment, session intervals and order/period models are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Sequence generation, concealment, session interval and within-person analysis
Materials to obtain first: Sequence generation/concealment, session intervals and order/period models are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Sequence generation/concealment, session intervals and order/period models are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Sequence generation, concealment, session interval and within-person analysis must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Sequence generation, concealment, session interval and within-person analysis with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N13 · Have learning, period and carryover effects been verified?

Current findings: Visual tests in two conditions are repeated within the same people. The design's control of individual differences is preserved without filling gaps with absence of learning, period or carryover effects.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Practice/baseline testing, test order and handling of learning/carryover are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Repeated testing, baseline, washout and period matching
Materials to obtain first: Practice/baseline testing, test order and handling of learning/carryover are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Practice/baseline testing, test order and handling of learning/carryover are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Repeated testing, baseline, washout and period matching must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Repeated testing, baseline, washout and period matching with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N14 · Are people, eyes, conditions and repeated measurements distinguished?

Current findings: The original participant count is 30 people with two single-exposure conditions. Eyes, conditions and repeated measurements are not added as new participants, independent trials or denominators.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Tested eyes, use of both eyes, eye-level data, repeat counts and within-person/between-eye correlation models are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Analysis units, clustering/correlation and denominators
Materials to obtain first: Tested eyes, use of both eyes, eye-level data, repeat counts and within-person/between-eye correlation models are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Tested eyes, use of both eyes, eye-level data, repeat counts and within-person/between-eye correlation models are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Analysis units, clustering/correlation and denominators must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Analysis units, clustering/correlation and denominators with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N15 · Have completion, missingness and analysis populations been verified?

Current findings: The original count of 30 adults without eye disease is preserved. Complete data for every session/outcome and ITT/PP analyses are not created from the stored summary alone.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Session/outcome-specific completion, missingness, exclusions, analysis denominators and handling reasons are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Session/outcome-specific completion, exclusions and missing-data handling
Materials to obtain first: Session/outcome-specific completion, missingness, exclusions, analysis denominators and handling reasons are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Session/outcome-specific completion, missingness, exclusions, analysis denominators and handling reasons are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Session/outcome-specific completion, exclusions and missing-data handling must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Session/outcome-specific completion, exclusions and missing-data handling with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

Related sources S01

N16 · What is the scope of the mean difference and within-person estimate?

Current findings: The parent records a mean difference of 0.15 logCS and a within-person crossover effect. No new standardized effects, response rates, CIs or individual benefits are calculated.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Exact adjusted model, covariates, eye/person units and variance/correlation structure are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Reported effects, covariates, model and units
Materials to obtain first: Exact adjusted model, covariates, eye/person units and variance/correlation structure are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Exact adjusted model, covariates, eye/person units and variance/correlation structure are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Reported effects, covariates, model and units must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Reported effects, covariates, model and units with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N17 · Are registration identifiers distinguished from actual registry reading?

Current findings: NCT03326934 in the evidence and citation lists is preserved. The number alone does not establish registry reading now, verification of a prerecruitment plan or prespecification of every outcome.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Exact registration/recruitment timing, original registration, change history and protocol remain unread.
Required materials and conditions: Original registration identifier, changes and actual reading dates
Materials to obtain first: Exact registration/recruitment timing, original registration, change history and protocol remain unread.
Further research: Material needed: Exact registration/recruitment timing, original registration, change history and protocol remain unread. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Original registration identifier, changes and actual reading dates must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Original registration identifier, changes and actual reading dates with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N18 · Have prior hierarchy and multiple visual outcomes been verified?

Current findings: The original text distinguishes the main small-letter signal from borderline/null other measures. The parent's grouped acuity/large-letter/small-letter endpoints are not used as proof of a prerecruitment first endpoint or multiplicity plan.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Prerecruitment hierarchy, test direction, multiplicity, SAP and changes are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: First endpoint, SAP and testing/adjustment plan
Materials to obtain first: Prerecruitment hierarchy, test direction, multiplicity, SAP and changes are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Prerecruitment hierarchy, test direction, multiplicity, SAP and changes are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for First endpoint, SAP and testing/adjustment plan must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects First endpoint, SAP and testing/adjustment plan with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N19 · Are acute functional testing and clinical importance distinguished?

Current findings: The parent records a clear acute small-letter psychophysical signal. The statement that the CI excluded 0 is not transferred to everyday visual benefit, restored eyesight or clinical eye-health efficacy.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Prespecified relevance thresholds, everyday function and patient clinical endpoints remain unlinked.
Required materials and conditions: Relevance threshold, everyday function and clinical endpoints
Materials to obtain first: Prespecified relevance thresholds, everyday function and patient clinical endpoints remain unlinked.
Further research: Material needed: Prespecified relevance thresholds, everyday function and patient clinical endpoints remain unlinked. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Relevance threshold, everyday function and clinical endpoints must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Relevance threshold, everyday function and clinical endpoints with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N20 · Have persistence and repeated-ingestion results been verified?

Current findings: The original text records one test about 1.75 hours later, with duration and repeated-ingestion effects not measured/tested. This is not extended to lasting eyesight or eye-health improvement.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Later persistence, repeated exposure and long-term clinical function/safety remain unlinked.
Required materials and conditions: Distinguishing the acute time point from repeated/long-term outcomes
Materials to obtain first: Later persistence, repeated exposure and long-term clinical function/safety remain unlinked.
Further research: Material needed: Later persistence, repeated exposure and long-term clinical function/safety remain unlinked. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Distinguishing the acute time point from repeated/long-term outcomes must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Distinguishing the acute time point from repeated/long-term outcomes with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N21 · Are direct data available for other populations?

Current findings: The direct population is healthy adults without eye disease. The same efficacy is not generalized to eye-disease patients, impaired vision, other ages or living conditions.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Contrast-sensitivity, clinical-function and safety data in other populations remain unlinked.
Required materials and conditions: Direct data by age, eye disease and baseline function
Materials to obtain first: Contrast-sensitivity, clinical-function and safety data in other populations remain unlinked.
Further research: Material needed: Contrast-sensitivity, clinical-function and safety data in other populations remain unlinked. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Direct data by age, eye disease and baseline function must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Direct data by age, eye disease and baseline function with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N22 · Have concurrent meals, environment and testing conditions been verified?

Current findings: These are acute test data from two chocolate conditions. The stored summary is not extended to identical other meals, drinks, medicines, visual correction or test environments.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Concurrent exposures before/after ingestion, test lighting/timing, correction conditions and adherence are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Records of meals, medicines, lifestyle, lighting and visual correction
Materials to obtain first: Concurrent exposures before/after ingestion, test lighting/timing, correction conditions and adherence are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Concurrent exposures before/after ingestion, test lighting/timing, correction conditions and adherence are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Records of meals, medicines, lifestyle, lighting and visual correction must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Records of meals, medicines, lifestyle, lighting and visual correction with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N23 · What is the verification scope for funding, product support and commercial involvement?

Current findings: The funding record states “University research team; no commercial manufacturer involvement identified in the report.” This limited statement is not converted into absence of product support, employee authors or all competing interests.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Full original funding roles, product/free support, employee authors and competing-interest disclosures are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Separate originals for support, employee authors and competing interests
Materials to obtain first: Full original funding roles, product/free support, employee authors and competing-interest disclosures are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Full original funding roles, product/free support, employee authors and competing-interest disclosures are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Separate originals for support, employee authors and competing interests must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Separate originals for support, employee authors and competing interests with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N24 · What is the safety scope of a single food exposure?

Current findings: Parent safety is “Good,” but the original text says this was not a systematic safety trial of a single exposure. Wording about product/person differences in allergy, caffeine sensitivity, sugar and calories is not used as new incidence estimates or safety certification.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Event definitions, collection, denominators, discontinuation, vulnerable populations and long-term safety are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Adverse-event collection, exposure, denominators and discontinuation
Materials to obtain first: Event definitions, collection, denominators, discontinuation, vulnerable populations and long-term safety are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Event definitions, collection, denominators, discontinuation, vulnerable populations and long-term safety are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Adverse-event collection, exposure, denominators and discontinuation must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Adverse-event collection, exposure, denominators and discontinuation with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N25 · How are reports, crossover conditions and independent trials distinguished?

Current findings: Thirty people, two conditions and multiple visual outcomes in the single Rabin 2018 report belong to the same trial. Eyes, conditions, repeated tests, the registration number and other visual measures are not counted as independent trials or participant totals.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Separate replications using the same product/time/endpoint and actual independent-family relationships remain unlinked.
Required materials and conditions: Report, population, conditions and independent-trial relationships
Materials to obtain first: Separate replications using the same product/time/endpoint and actual independent-family relationships remain unlinked.
Further research: Material needed: Separate replications using the same product/time/endpoint and actual independent-family relationships remain unlinked. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Report, population, conditions and independent-trial relationships must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Report, population, conditions and independent-trial relationships with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N26 · Are subclaim/parent verdicts, original values and history distinguished?

Current findings: Parent C54, B/S/R1/I2/E+/B2/C0, four false flags, empty override reasons and subclaim C/note are preserved. Original Korean/English text, 2026-09-07, empty corrections/deliberation and historical PubMed/PMCID/effect checks are not inherited as current clinical review or a subclaim score.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: Subclaim score, status and axes are absent; new corrections and details of historical review are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Parent C54, subclaim C, corrections and historical review
Materials to obtain first: Subclaim score, status and axes are absent; new corrections and details of historical review are unverified.
Further research: Material needed: Subclaim score, status and axes are absent; new corrections and details of historical review are unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Parent C54, subclaim C, corrections and historical review must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Parent C54, subclaim C, corrections and historical review with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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N27 · Are stored summaries, external links and later updates distinguished?

Current findings: The stored summary/bibliography were used for production and the original paper link retained. External abstracts, full text, registration, protocols, SAPs and competing-interest disclosures remain unread; no external access or source-link testing was performed.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols, SAPs and support disclosures unread
Why unverified: The selected claim, parent material and reports are distinguished and transferred from the stored summary. Detailed original material is unverified and review of existing content remains incomplete. This does not establish completed clinical review or certification.
Reason for missing information: External original acquisition, actual reading, source-link verification and review of existing content remain incomplete.
Required materials and conditions: Actual summary use, unread external material and additional sources
Materials to obtain first: External original acquisition, actual reading, source-link verification and review of existing content remain incomplete.
Further research: Material needed: External original acquisition, actual reading, source-link verification and review of existing content remain incomplete. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
Remaining uncertainty: External original material is unread and review of existing content remains incomplete. Original grades, scores, axes, historical verification and independence statements are not treated as new verdicts or certification.
Conditions for verification: Material for Actual summary use, unread external material and additional sources must be linked to the selected subclaim, parent context, same report/crossover trial, test units, times, comparator and denominators, distinguishing unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This condition connects Actual summary use, unread external material and additional sources with the selected acute small-letter question, tested foods, milk-chocolate control, within-person crossover, people/eyes, conditions, times, denominators, other visual outcomes and harms.
Application exceptions: Preserve original numbers while distinguishing tested dark/milk food comparisons from isolated-ingredient effects, small-letter logCS, large-letter logCS and acuity logMAR, the same acute window of about 1.75 hours/about 2 hours/within 2 hours, people/eyes/conditions/repeated tests and long-term clinical efficacy. No new arithmetic, effects, CIs, hypothetical examples, grades, independence certification, amounts, products, eye-health or treatment instructions are created.
Referenced methods: Preserved C/E/H application conditions concerning questions, populations, interventions, comparators, reports versus studies, endpoints, denominators and harms were referenced.

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