Phase-locked closed-loop acoustic stimulation × Increased whole-night deep sleep

Required evidence, verification status and materials actually read
Item	AVerification status	BReading scope	CReview item	DCurrent findings	EWhy unverified	FRequired materials and conditions	GFurther research
1	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N01 · Evidence conditionSelected whole-night question and original gradeRequired	The selected existing record is “Increased whole-night deep sleep”, with grade D and a note that whole-night NREM SWA was null, P=.80. Subclaim score, status and axes are absent; parent C54 and memory grade C are not used to fill them. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Separate subclaim score, status and axes are absent from the original material. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Selected wording, note and grade versus local-window and memory questions	Update the record while distinguishing the whole night from stimulation windows and memory questions. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
2	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N02 · Evidence conditionDefinitions of SWA and deep-sleep stages and timeRequired	The original quantitative whole-night measure is NREM slow-wave activity in μV²/Hz. It is not recast as the same unit or finding as whole-night N3 minutes, deep-sleep proportions or total sleep time. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. N3 and stage definitions, time and proportions, total sleep denominators and correspondence with SWA are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Whole-night NREM power, N3 and stages, proportions and time	Propose subsequent material separating physiological power from stages and time. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
3	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N03 · Evidence conditionWhole-night NREM 121.7 versus 124.4 and PRequired	Whole-night NREM SWA of 121.7 versus 124.4 μV²/Hz, P=.80, is nonsignificant in the original statement. It is not extended into an exactly zero effect, equivalence or no change in every sleep stage. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Exact within-person effects and CIs, models, total NREM denominators and variance are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Original whole-night values, comparisons and exact estimands	Propose subsequent material distinguishing nonsignificance from estimation uncertainty. No new difference or CI is calculated. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
4	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N04 · Evidence conditionApproximately 8% during ON windows versus the whole nightRequired	The approximately 8% increase during stimulation ON windows, P=.002, is a physiological signal during short stimulation windows. It is not transferred into a whole-night NREM effect, N3 time or proportion, or increased whole-night deep sleep. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. ON/OFF window definitions, exposure lengths and repetitions, window and whole-night weighting, and exact effects and CIs are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Short windows, whole-night averages, denominators and units	Propose subsequent material disclosing separate specifications for local windows and the whole night. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
5	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N05 · Evidence conditionPhase-locked closed-loop study stimulationRequired	The original study used brief closed-loop pink-noise stimulation timed to real-time detection of the rising EEG phase during sleep. It is not recast as ordinary continuous overnight playback or exposure from apps or speakers. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Device and algorithm details, actual exposure, phase and window matching, discontinuation and implementation are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	EEG detection, brief pulses, intervention identity and actual exposure	Propose subsequent material distinguishing intervention identity from actual study exposure. No stimulation or acoustic-setting instructions are produced. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
6	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N06 · Evidence conditionActual sham control and awareness of conditionsRequired	This was a randomized STIM-versus-sham crossover sleep-laboratory trial. The sham-intervention name is not extended into confirmation of blinding of everyone or identical contact in stage, time or arousal assessments. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Sham composition, actual exposure, contact and expectations, awareness of conditions and assessment blinding are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Sham exposure, sensory and contact conditions, and assessment specifications	Propose subsequent material distinguishing control and assessment conditions. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
7	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N07 · Evidence conditionPopulation, age and baseline sleepRequired	The direct population consisted of 13 healthy adults aged 60–84. Findings are not extended into whole-night effects in people with insomnia or sleep disorders, or every age group and baseline sleep status. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Recruitment, sex, baseline sleep and cognition, eligibility and condition-specific denominators are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Eligibility of 13 participants, health status, sleep characteristics and denominators	Propose subsequent material distinguishing direct population-specific evidence. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
8	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N08 · Evidence conditionOne night per condition and crossover durationRequired	13 participants experienced one active and one sham night each. Two conditions or nights and slow-wave windows are not added as new participants, independent trials or long-term exposure counts. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Adaptation nights, intervals and washout, period, order and carryover effects are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	People, conditions, nights, adaptation and washout	Propose subsequent material distinguishing people from conditions and nights. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
9	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N09 · Evidence conditionRandomized balance, concealment and analysisRequired	The original text records randomized-order within-person comparison. Sequence generation, allocation concealment, period and carryover effects are not confirmed to have been fully controlled. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Exact sequence and concealment procedures, period models and within-person analysis models are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Condition order, allocation processes and models	Propose subsequent material disclosing the crossover structure. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
10	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N10 · Evidence conditionEEG power calculation and measurement conditionsRequired	The original whole-night measure is NREM SWA in μV²/Hz. Measurement conditions, frequencies and signal processing, electrodes and quality, and scoring definitions are not treated as all verified by the original summary. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Signal processing, window and stage definitions, quality exclusions, blinding, denominators and correlations are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Signals and windows, analysis units, quality and blinding	Propose subsequent material distinguishing physiological-power calculation from denominators. No EEG or device-setting methods are provided. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
11	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N11 · Evidence conditionNREM denominators and whole-night aggregationRequired	Null whole-night NREM SWA and positive stimulation-window findings are different aggregations. Findings are not filled in as confirmation of every whole-night stage or the same NREM duration. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Valid NREM times and windows by condition, stage composition, weighting and averaging, and missingness are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Valid NREM windows, stages, time and weighting	Propose subsequent material disclosing whole-night and valid-NREM aggregation. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
12	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N12 · Evidence conditionGaps in deep-sleep time and other sleep outcomesRequired	Original quantitative values are not converted into original values or effects for N3 time, total sleep time, sleep efficiency or subjective sleep quality. Whole-night SWA P=.80 does not establish null findings for each other endpoint. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Exact stage and time values, efficiency and quality, arousals and fragmentation, denominators, CIs and P values, and hierarchy are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Stages and proportions, total sleep, sleep efficiency and quality	Propose subsequent material reporting sleep stages and time separately from physiological power. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
13	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N13 · Evidence conditionEffects, CIs, relevance and equivalenceRequired	Nonsignificant P=.80 is retained and is not converted into proof of an exactly zero effect or equivalence. The approximately 8% ON-window signal is not used as a whole-night effect size or CI. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Exact whole-night SWA effects and CIs, relevance criteria and equivalence specifications are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Whole-night estimands, uncertainty and adjudication specifications	Propose subsequent material distinguishing nonsignificance from uncertainty. No new effect or CI is produced. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
14	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N14 · Evidence conditionMemory improvement is another endpointRequired	Overnight recall improvement of 9.2 versus 3.1 words, P=.02, is a memory finding. It is not used as a substitute outcome showing that whole-night SWA or deep-sleep stages or time increased. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Direct correspondence and relevance between memory and sleep stages or time are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Paired-word change, sleep physiology and directness	Propose subsequent material reporting functional and physiological endpoints separately. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
15	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N15 · Evidence conditionMemory–SWA association is not a whole-night effectRequired	The original text describes an association between memory and slow-wave changes. It is not converted into causal proof of increased whole-night slow waves or deep sleep, or individual treatment effects. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Association windows and denominators, coefficients and CIs, prespecification and mediation specifications are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Windows included in association analyses, models, causation and mediation	Propose subsequent material distinguishing association from whole-night effects. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
16	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N16 · Evidence conditionPerson, night, stimulus and window denominatorsRequired	13 participants with one night per condition is the original denominator description. Stimulation pulses, EEG windows, repeated tests and related sheets are not added as new independent people or trial denominators. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Person-specific stimulation and window counts, valid nights, clustering and correlation, and endpoint-specific denominators are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Within-person repetition, aggregation, clustering and correlation	Propose subsequent material distinguishing units in repeated data. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
17	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N17 · Evidence conditionValid nights, withdrawals, missingness and ITTRequired	13 participants in the original material is not used as confirmation of complete EEG, stage and time analyses, completion by everyone, or ITT and PP populations. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Valid nights and windows, missing conditions and endpoints, withdrawals, exclusions and handling, and analysis populations are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Analyses and exclusions by condition, signal and stage	Propose subsequent material distinguishing participants from actual analysis data. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
18	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N18 · Evidence conditionConcurrent exposures and sleep conditions during each nightRequired	The original statement describes a crossover sleep-laboratory experiment. It is not automatically interpreted as absence of differences in baseline sleep, medication and lifestyle, night-specific contact or stimulation, and arousals. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Concurrent care, lifestyle and medication, baseline and night-specific sleep, and exposure by group or condition are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Baseline sleep, lifestyle and medication, actual exposure and arousals	Propose subsequent material linking concurrent exposures to sleep analyses. No sleep or treatment instructions are provided. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
19	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N19 · Evidence conditionRegistration and prespecified whole-night and local hierarchyRequired	The first evidence record has no registration-identifier entry, and the citation has no registration number. The parent's grouping of whole-night and stimulation-window SWA and memory is not used to establish the first prespecified endpoint or verification of every analysis specification. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Existence of registration, protocol, SAP, whole-night, local-window and stage hierarchy, and amendments are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Endpoint classification, plans and registration, and amendments	Propose subsequent material distinguishing prespecified specifications from actual aggregation scope. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
20	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N20 · Evidence conditionMultiple windows, endpoints and nonsignificant findingsRequired	Whole-night P=.80, ON-window P=.002 and memory P=.02 concern different endpoints. Whole-night nonsignificance is not omitted, and a positive ON finding is not used to create whole-night or all-stage success. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Prespecified window selection, testing models, multiplicity, complete endpoints and SAP are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Testing contrasts, selection, multiplicity and complete outcomes	Propose subsequent material disclosing nonsignificant and local findings together. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
21	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N21 · Evidence conditionSame report and mentions of subsequent multiple nightsRequired	The two sheets share one 2017 report and a crossover trial with 13 participants. Subsequent multiple-night exploration mentioned in the original Korean text has no linked specific reference and is not created as separate confirmation. Nights, windows and references are not counted as totals of independent trials or participants. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Subsequent identities and findings, replication with the same whole-night endpoint specifications, and actual independence of study families are not linked. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Core and subsequent references, conditions and sheet relationships	Propose separate studies with the same specifications. Counts are not added together and independence is not certified. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
22	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N22 · Evidence conditionOne night versus long-term use and generalization to devices and populationsRequired	This was a one-night study per condition; ordinary continuous sound, speakers and apps were not tested. Effects are not extended to other populations and devices, repeated or long-term sleep, cognition or treatment of disorders. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Other ages, disorders and devices, repeated or long-term whole-night sleep, and clinical outcomes are not linked. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Direct material on repetition and persistence, other devices and indications	Propose separate direct research for different questions. No device, acoustic, cognitive-training or treatment-replacement instructions are provided. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
23	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N23 · Evidence conditionFunding, patents and product involvementRequired	Public NIA, NSF and NINDS support and disclosure of related technology patent applications are recorded. Public funding or a university reference is not used as verification of complete product involvement, patents or COI, or certification of independent efficacy. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Support roles, devices and free support, developers and employee authors, and complete patent and COI information are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Public support, development and patents, and COI roles	Propose subsequent material distinguishing roles and support. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
24	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N24 · Harm-information gaps supplementing the efficacy tableUnknown safety and fragmentation and arousal gapsSupplementary	The parent's unknown safety status and original statement that a 13-person, one-night study cannot assess uncommon adverse effects or sleep fragmentation with repeated use are retained. Null whole-night SWA and an ON-window signal are not converted into absence of harms or sleep safety. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Adverse-event, arousal and fragmentation definitions, collection, condition-specific denominators, and repeated-exposure, long-term and vulnerable-population harms are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Events and fragmentation, exposure, denominators, discontinuation and repeated-exposure harms	Propose subsequent material collecting efficacy and safety separately. No implementation or treatment instructions are provided. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
25	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N25 · Evidence conditionParent and subclaim values, Korean and English texts, dates and historyRequired	Parent C54, B/S/R1/I2/E+/B2/C0, four false indicators, blank override reasons, and the subclaim D grade and note are retained. Korean and English texts, 2026-09-07, empty correction and deliberation records, and historical full-text verification are not inherited as subclaim scores or new content review. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Subclaim score, status and axes, new corrections and external details of historical review are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Parent C54, subclaim D, axes, corrections and review	Distinguish verdict history from production and update events. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
26	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N26 · Evidence conditionActual summary reading, external links and updatesRequired	The stored summary and reference were used for production, and links are retained. Abstract, full text, registration, protocol, SAP, patents and COI material were unread, access was not attempted, and link-function testing was not performed. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Acquisition of original material, external reading, link verification and review of existing content are pending. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Stored-summary use, unread material and additional material	If material is provided, update the content while recording its original form and actual access scope. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.

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26 itemsWhat the statuses mean

Assessment scope

Stored-material review date: Not recorded
Original evidence cut-off: 2026-09-07
Scope actually checked: Existing review summaries and stored records of methodological application. Full papers, supplements, registrations, plans and original data were not read.
What the dates mean: This is the date the stored materials were checked, not the date of a new search of the clinical literature.
Population: 13 healthy adults aged 60–84 in a within-person crossover sleep-laboratory trial, with one night each under active STIM and sham conditions. Detailed eligibility, baseline cognition and sleep, memory and EEG analysis denominators, withdrawals and missingness are unverified.
Ingredient, formulation and route: The study identity of brief closed-loop pink-noise pulses timed to the rising phase of EEG slow waves is retained. It is not converted into efficacy or setting instructions for ordinary continuous overnight playback, speakers or apps.
Dose: One night per condition. Local ON-window aggregation is distinguished from whole-night or total NREM aggregation. Exact windows, counts, exposure and weighting methods are unverified; no new conversions or settings are produced.
Comparator: Within-person STIM-versus-sham crossover. Actual sham conditions, contact and expectations, blinding, period models, and concurrent sleep, medication and lifestyle conditions are unverified.
Measured outcome: Nonsignificant whole-night NREM SWA of 121.7 versus 124.4 μV²/Hz, P=.80, and subclaim grade D are retained. An approximately 8% ON-window increase, P=.002, and recall change of 9.2 versus 3.1 words, P=.02, concern other scopes and endpoints. SWA power is not converted into N3 minutes, proportions or total sleep time. Exact whole-night effects, CIs and stage-specific times are unverified.
Duration: One night per condition. Whole-night sleep effects under long-term or repeated exposure, or in other populations, devices and indications, are not linked. Subsequent multiple-night studies mentioned in the original Korean text have no linked specific reference and are not created as new reports.
Questions outside this scope: Converting overnight recall improvement of 9.2 versus 3.1 words into final absolute next-day scores, new between-group differences or CIs, or individual response rates; Combining whole-night NREM SWA of 121.7 versus 124.4 μV²/Hz and the approximately 8% ON-window signal as the same scope or unit; Converting SWA power into N3 minutes, deep-sleep proportions or total sleep time; Certifying P=.80 as an exactly zero effect, equivalence, or null findings for every sleep stage or other endpoint; Extending the memory–SWA association into proof of causation or mediation, or therapeutic effects on durable cognition or everyday function; Adding the same 13 participants, active and sham conditions, nights, words, stimuli, EEG windows, references or related sheets as independent trials or participants; Creating a new report or independent replication from a subsequent multiple-night study mentioned without a linked specific reference; Transferring research EEG phase-locked closed-loop stimulation findings to ordinary continuous sound, consumer apps or speakers, or other populations; Inheriting parent values, axes and historical full-text cross-checks as subclaim scores or new content review or external reading; New calculations, hypothetical numbers, effects, CIs, grades or independence certification, device, acoustic or stimulation settings, or instructions for sleep or cognitive training or replacement of treatment

Evidence and sources

The links below lead to the sources. A link alone does not mean the original source was read or its latest publication status verified.

S01 · Papalambros NA et al. 2017

PubMed

Material type: Randomized STIM-versus-sham crossover sleep-laboratory trial
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Findings recorded in the stored summary: Whole-night SWA P=.80; ON-window SWA approximately +8%, P=.002; recall improvement +9.2 versus +3.1 words, P=.02
Record level: Outcome wording in the stored summary
Study overlap and independent replication: S01, Papalambros2017, is a randomized within-person STIM-versus-sham crossover sleep-laboratory report involving 13 healthy adults aged 60–84, with one night per condition. The two sheets share the same reference, trial and participants. Overnight paired-word recall improvement of 9.2 versus 3.1 words, P=.02, whole-night NREM SWA of 121.7 versus 124.4 μV²/Hz, P=.80, and an approximately 8% ON-window increase, P=.002, are separate endpoints or aggregations. Recall change is not converted into final absolute scores, and a local SWA signal is not converted into whole-night N3 time or proportion. Subsequent multiple-night studies mentioned in the original Korean text have no linked specific reference, denominator or result and are not created as new reports. Conditions, nights, words, EEG windows and related sheets are not added as new independent trials or participants. Report counts are not totals of unique clinical trials, participants or independent replications.

Public availability, access and reading status by material
Material	Public availability	Access status	Actually read	Notes
Stored summary	Stored file	Stored summary	Summary read	Only stored-summary and bibliographic content was used for production. External material verification/review is not complete.
External paper	Public availability unverified; only bibliography links preserved	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	No external access or click testing was performed in the original preparation. URLs or registration identifiers alone do not upgrade acquisition/reading status.
Registration material	Public availability unverified; only bibliography links preserved	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	No external access or click testing was performed in the original preparation. URLs or registration identifiers alone do not upgrade acquisition/reading status.
Protocol	Public availability unverified; only bibliography links preserved	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	No external access or click testing was performed in the original preparation. URLs or registration identifiers alone do not upgrade acquisition/reading status.
Statistical analysis plan	Public availability unverified; only bibliography links preserved	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	No external access or click testing was performed in the original preparation. URLs or registration identifiers alone do not upgrade acquisition/reading status.
Funding, product-support and COI material	Public availability unverified; only bibliography links preserved	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	No external access or click testing was performed in the original preparation. URLs or registration identifiers alone do not upgrade acquisition/reading status.

Report counts versus independent study counts

S01, Papalambros2017, is a randomized within-person STIM-versus-sham crossover sleep-laboratory report involving 13 healthy adults aged 60–84, with one night per condition. The two sheets share the same reference, trial and participants. Overnight paired-word recall improvement of 9.2 versus 3.1 words, P=.02, whole-night NREM SWA of 121.7 versus 124.4 μV²/Hz, P=.80, and an approximately 8% ON-window increase, P=.002, are separate endpoints or aggregations. Recall change is not converted into final absolute scores, and a local SWA signal is not converted into whole-night N3 time or proportion. Subsequent multiple-night studies mentioned in the original Korean text have no linked specific reference, denominator or result and are not created as new reports. Conditions, nights, words, EEG windows and related sheets are not added as new independent trials or participants. Report counts are not totals of unique clinical trials, participants or independent replications.

Review criteria

Version 1.0 · Criteria record date 2026-10-06. These are Chamgap's own application conditions, informed by the referenced methods. They do not constitute official assessment-tool certification or a new efficacy score.

N01 · Selected whole-night question and original grade

Required materials and conditions: Selected wording, note and grade versus local-window and memory questions
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for selected wording, note and grade versus local-window and memory questions must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes selected wording, note and grade versus local-window and memory questions to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.4 question-clarification principles; detailed separation rules are internally designed; M04 §4.5, §4.6.3; limits of this material conversion follow the review scope and internal design

N02 · Definitions of SWA and deep-sleep stages and time

Required materials and conditions: Whole-night NREM power, N3 and stages, proportions and time
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for whole-night NREM power, N3 and stages, proportions and time must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes whole-night NREM power, N3 and stages, proportions and time to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4 and M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; Question-specific outcome adaptation is Chamgap design; M08 Table 8.2.a and M03 §3.2.4; Chamgap application; M03 §3.2.4; Chamgap interpretation boundary

N03 · Whole-night NREM 121.7 versus 124.4 and P

Required materials and conditions: Original whole-night values, comparisons and exact estimands
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for original whole-night values, comparisons and exact estimands must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes original whole-night values, comparisons and exact estimands to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3 and M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are internally designed. M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application. M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; internal application. M04 §4.6.3 and M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; separation of statuses is internally designed.

N04 · Approximately 8% during ON windows versus the whole night

Required materials and conditions: Short windows, whole-night averages, denominators and units
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for short windows, whole-night averages, denominators and units must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes short windows, whole-night averages, denominators and units to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are Chamgap design; M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3, M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are Chamgap design; M04 §4.6.3, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; separation of statuses is Chamgap design

N05 · Phase-locked closed-loop study stimulation

Required materials and conditions: EEG detection, brief pulses, intervention identity and actual exposure
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for EEG detection, brief pulses, intervention identity and actual exposure must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes EEG detection, brief pulses, intervention identity and actual exposure to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.2–3.2.3; Reverse-direction labels and assessment adaptation are Chamgap design; M03 §3.2.3 and M08 §8.2.2–8.2.3; Chamgap application

N06 · Actual sham control and awareness of conditions

Required materials and conditions: Sham exposure, sensory and contact conditions, and assessment specifications
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for sham exposure, sensory and contact conditions, and assessment specifications must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes sham exposure, sensory and contact conditions, and assessment specifications to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.2–3.2.3; reverse-direction indicators and test adaptations are internally designed. M08 §8.1–8.2.3; internal application. M08 Table 8.2.a and M03 §3.2.4; internal application.

N07 · Population, age and baseline sleep

Required materials and conditions: Eligibility of 13 participants, health status, sleep characteristics and denominators
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for eligibility of 13 participants, health status, sleep characteristics and denominators must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes eligibility of 13 participants, health status, sleep characteristics and denominators to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.1; detailed population conditions are internally designed. M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3 and M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are internally designed.

N08 · One night per condition and crossover duration

Required materials and conditions: People, conditions, nights, adaptation and washout
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for people, conditions, nights, adaptation and washout must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes people, conditions, nights, adaptation and washout to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 distinguishes studies and reports; cohort and outcome linkage is an internal application. M03 §3.2.4 and M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are internally designed. M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application. M03 §3.2.1–3.2.4; detailed dose, duration and effect-modification distinctions are internally designed.

N09 · Randomized balance, concealment and analysis

Required materials and conditions: Condition order, allocation processes and models
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for condition order, allocation processes and models must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes condition order, allocation processes and models to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M08 §8.1–8.2.3; internal application. M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application.

N10 · EEG power calculation and measurement conditions

Required materials and conditions: Signals and windows, analysis units, quality and blinding
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for signals and windows, analysis units, quality and blinding must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes signals and windows, analysis units, quality and blinding to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a and M03 §3.2.4; internal application. M03 §3.2.4 and M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are internally designed. M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application.

N11 · NREM denominators and whole-night aggregation

Required materials and conditions: Valid NREM windows, stages, time and weighting
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for valid NREM windows, stages, time and weighting must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes valid NREM windows, stages, time and weighting to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are Chamgap design; M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3, M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are Chamgap design; M08 §8.2.2, M15 §15.3.1; Chamgap adaptation

N12 · Gaps in deep-sleep time and other sleep outcomes

Required materials and conditions: Stages and proportions, total sleep, sleep efficiency and quality
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for stages and proportions, total sleep, sleep efficiency and quality must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes stages and proportions, total sleep, sleep efficiency and quality to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4 and M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are internally designed. M04 §4.6.3 and M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; separation of statuses is internally designed. M08 Table 8.2.a and M04 §4.6.3; internal application.

N13 · Effects, CIs, relevance and equivalence

Required materials and conditions: Whole-night estimands, uncertainty and adjudication specifications
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for whole-night estimands, uncertainty and adjudication specifications must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes whole-night estimands, uncertainty and adjudication specifications to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3 and M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are internally designed. M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; internal application. M04 §4.6.3 and M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; separation of statuses is internally designed.

N14 · Memory improvement is another endpoint

Required materials and conditions: Paired-word change, sleep physiology and directness
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for paired-word change, sleep physiology and directness must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes paired-word change, sleep physiology and directness to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are Chamgap designs; M04 §4.6.3, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; status separation is a Chamgap design; M03 §3.2.4; Chamgap's own extrapolation boundary

N15 · Memory–SWA association is not a whole-night effect

Required materials and conditions: Windows included in association analyses, models, causation and mediation
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for windows included in association analyses, models, causation and mediation must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes windows included in association analyses, models, causation and mediation to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application. M08 Table 8.2.a and M04 §4.6.3; internal application. M03 §3.2.4; internally defined limits on extension.

N16 · Person, night, stimulus and window denominators

Required materials and conditions: Within-person repetition, aggregation, clustering and correlation
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for within-person repetition, aggregation, clustering and correlation must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes within-person repetition, aggregation, clustering and correlation to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3 and M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are internally designed. M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 distinguishes studies and reports; cohort and outcome linkage is an internal application. M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application.

N17 · Valid nights, withdrawals, missingness and ITT

Required materials and conditions: Analyses and exclusions by condition, signal and stage
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for analyses and exclusions by condition, signal and stage must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes analyses and exclusions by condition, signal and stage to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3 and M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; Design-specific adaptation is Chamgap design; M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; Chamgap application

N18 · Concurrent exposures and sleep conditions during each night

Required materials and conditions: Baseline sleep, lifestyle and medication, actual exposure and arousals
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for baseline sleep, lifestyle and medication, actual exposure and arousals must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes baseline sleep, lifestyle and medication, actual exposure and arousals to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.3, M08 §8.2.2–8.2.3; our own application; M08 §8.2.2, M15 §15.3.1; our own application

N19 · Registration and prespecified whole-night and local hierarchy

Required materials and conditions: Endpoint classification, plans and registration, and amendments
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for endpoint classification, plans and registration, and amendments must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes endpoint classification, plans and registration, and amendments to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: Data collection/selection principles in M04 §4.5–4.6; Access/reading separation and hyperlink rules are Chamgap design; M08 Table 8.2.a and M04 §4.6.3; Chamgap application

N20 · Multiple windows, endpoints and nonsignificant findings

Required materials and conditions: Testing contrasts, selection, multiplicity and complete outcomes
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for testing contrasts, selection, multiplicity and complete outcomes must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes testing contrasts, selection, multiplicity and complete outcomes to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M04 §4.6.3 and M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; separation of statuses is internally designed. M08 Table 8.2.a and M04 §4.6.3; internal application. M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application.

N21 · Same report and mentions of subsequent multiple nights

Required materials and conditions: Core and subsequent references, conditions and sheet relationships
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for core and subsequent references, conditions and sheet relationships must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes core and subsequent references, conditions and sheet relationships to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: Study/report distinction in M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2; Cohort/outcome linkage is Chamgap application; M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 and M15 §15.3.1; Chamgap application

N22 · One night versus long-term use and generalization to devices and populations

Required materials and conditions: Direct material on repetition and persistence, other devices and indications
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for direct material on repetition and persistence, other devices and indications must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes direct material on repetition and persistence, other devices and indications to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.1; detailed population conditions are custom design; M03 §3.2.2–3.2.3; reverse-direction labeling and test adaptation are custom design; M03 §3.2.1–3.2.4; dose/duration/effect-modification details are custom design; M03 §3.2.4; custom extension boundary

N23 · Funding, patents and product involvement

Required materials and conditions: Public support, development and patents, and COI roles
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for public support, development and patents, and COI roles must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes public support, development and patents, and COI roles to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: Chamgap's own conditions for independence and attribution. The official methodological sections used in this example do not validate every detail of these items.

N24 · Unknown safety and fragmentation and arousal gaps

Required materials and conditions: Events and fragmentation, exposure, denominators, discontinuation and repeated-exposure harms
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for events and fragmentation, exposure, denominators, discontinuation and repeated-exposure harms must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Supplementary
Application exceptions: This supplements safety evidence gaps for the selected subclaim. Memory findings, stimulation-window or whole-night sleep physiology, or a parent caution are not used to adjudicate safety, create harm rates or produce new use instructions.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes events and fragmentation, exposure, denominators, discontinuation and repeated-exposure harms to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; internal application. M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; detailed distinctions are internally designed. M19 §19.2 covers design-specific harm questions; detailed temporal relationships are internally designed. M19 §19.2.2–19.2.4 and M03 §3.2.3; internal application. M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; internal application. M19 §19.2.2–19.2.4 considers design; detailed confounding records are internally designed. M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4 and M04 §4.6.3; internal application. M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; internal application. Interpretation boundaries are internally defined, informed by M19 principles; no official causality tool is executed.

N25 · Parent and subclaim values, Korean and English texts, dates and history

Required materials and conditions: Parent C54, subclaim D, axes, corrections and review
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for parent C54, subclaim D, axes, corrections and review must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes parent C54, subclaim D, axes, corrections and review to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M04 §4.5, §4.6.3; limits of this material conversion follow the review scope and internal design; M03 §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.4 question-clarification principles; detailed separation rules are internally designed

N26 · Actual summary reading, external links and updates

Required materials and conditions: Stored-summary use, unread material and additional material
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for stored-summary use, unread material and additional material must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes stored-summary use, unread material and additional material to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M04 §4.5–4.6 covers material collection and selection; distinctions between access and reading and hyperlink specifications are internally designed. M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 distinguishes studies and reports; cohort and outcome linkage is an internal application. M04 §4.5 and §4.6.3; current evidence-conversion limits reflect review scope and internal design.

Referenced methods and the sections actually reviewed

M03 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08

Official methodology · §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.3, MECIR C5/C7/C13

Referenced principle: Clearly record the question, eligibility conditions and reasons for changes, and distinguish variations in interventions.
Extent of review: Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution

M04 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5.1 (2025), chapter updated 2025-03

Official methodology · §4.5, §4.6.1–4.6.3, MECIR C42

Referenced principle: Distinguish studies from reports and link them; do not omit a study solely because results are unreported.
Extent of review: Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution

M08 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10

Official methodology · §8.1–8.2.3, Table 8.2.a

Referenced principle: Define the outcome and effect of interest, then examine randomization, deviations, missing data, measurement and selective reporting.
Extent of review: Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution

M15 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08

Official methodology · §15.2.4, §15.3.1–15.3.3

Referenced principle: Distinguish effect estimates, intervals, importance and applicability. Sample size alone does not determine precision.
Extent of review: Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution

M19 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10

Official methodology · §19.1.2, §19.2.1–19.2.4

Referenced principle: Harm questions may require different designs, populations and follow-up from efficacy questions. Case reports do not establish incidence rates.
Extent of review: Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution

What the statuses mean

Met: Status for necessary evidence confirmed after existing content review. No completion is declared in the current presentation.
Partly verified: Some information in the stored summary is linked into the table. External comparison/content review is not complete.
Unverified: The article leaves this unverified, or required material is absent from the current stored summary. This is distinct from zero, absence or safety.
Review incomplete: Existing content review remains incomplete.
Not reported: Not reported within the stored material actually read; not extended to the entire primary paper.
Inaccessible: Means an actual access failure. Access not attempted here is not assigned this state.
Not applicable: Not used as a substitute for an evidence gap.
Conflicting data: Requires an observed disagreement under the same comparison criteria; not automatically judged in this production.
Insufficient evidence for the conditions: Marks a gap in additional material required by the selected conditions; not a new efficacy grade.

Change history

2026-10-15 · Public page/material version 1.0

The reader view and materials were prepared from the existing 26 items. No new clinical search, verification-status changes or scoring were performed.

The stored-material review date (Not recorded) and original evidence cut-off (2026-09-07) were retained unchanged.

Researcher downloads

These materials provide the same evidence, scope and verification status as this page.

View all item details

N01 · Selected whole-night question and original grade

Current findings: The selected existing record is “Increased whole-night deep sleep”, with grade D and a note that whole-night NREM SWA was null, P=.80. Subclaim score, status and axes are absent; parent C54 and memory grade C are not used to fill them.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Separate subclaim score, status and axes are absent from the original material. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Separate subclaim score, status and axes are absent from the original material.
Required materials and conditions: Selected wording, note and grade versus local-window and memory questions
Materials to obtain first: Selected original version and comments
Further research: Update the record while distinguishing the whole night from stimulation windows and memory questions. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for selected wording, note and grade versus local-window and memory questions must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes selected wording, note and grade versus local-window and memory questions to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.4 question-clarification principles; detailed separation rules are internally designed; M04 §4.5, §4.6.3; limits of this material conversion follow the review scope and internal design

Related sources S01

N02 · Definitions of SWA and deep-sleep stages and time

Current findings: The original quantitative whole-night measure is NREM slow-wave activity in μV²/Hz. It is not recast as the same unit or finding as whole-night N3 minutes, deep-sleep proportions or total sleep time.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. N3 and stage definitions, time and proportions, total sleep denominators and correspondence with SWA are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: N3 and stage definitions, time and proportions, total sleep denominators and correspondence with SWA are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Whole-night NREM power, N3 and stages, proportions and time
Materials to obtain first: S01 original whole-night SWA, sleep-stage and time tables, and measurement definitions
Further research: Propose subsequent material separating physiological power from stages and time. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for whole-night NREM power, N3 and stages, proportions and time must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes whole-night NREM power, N3 and stages, proportions and time to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4 and M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; Question-specific outcome adaptation is Chamgap design; M08 Table 8.2.a and M03 §3.2.4; Chamgap application; M03 §3.2.4; Chamgap interpretation boundary

Related sources S01

N03 · Whole-night NREM 121.7 versus 124.4 and P

Current findings: Whole-night NREM SWA of 121.7 versus 124.4 μV²/Hz, P=.80, is nonsignificant in the original statement. It is not extended into an exactly zero effect, equivalence or no change in every sleep stage.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Exact within-person effects and CIs, models, total NREM denominators and variance are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Exact within-person effects and CIs, models, total NREM denominators and variance are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Original whole-night values, comparisons and exact estimands
Materials to obtain first: S01 original total NREM tables, models, denominators and CIs
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing nonsignificance from estimation uncertainty. No new difference or CI is calculated. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for original whole-night values, comparisons and exact estimands must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes original whole-night values, comparisons and exact estimands to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3 and M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are internally designed. M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application. M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; internal application. M04 §4.6.3 and M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; separation of statuses is internally designed.

Related sources S01

N04 · Approximately 8% during ON windows versus the whole night

Current findings: The approximately 8% increase during stimulation ON windows, P=.002, is a physiological signal during short stimulation windows. It is not transferred into a whole-night NREM effect, N3 time or proportion, or increased whole-night deep sleep.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. ON/OFF window definitions, exposure lengths and repetitions, window and whole-night weighting, and exact effects and CIs are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: ON/OFF window definitions, exposure lengths and repetitions, window and whole-night weighting, and exact effects and CIs are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Short windows, whole-night averages, denominators and units
Materials to obtain first: S01 window and whole-night material, definitions, denominators and models
Further research: Propose subsequent material disclosing separate specifications for local windows and the whole night. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for short windows, whole-night averages, denominators and units must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes short windows, whole-night averages, denominators and units to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are Chamgap design; M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3, M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are Chamgap design; M04 §4.6.3, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; separation of statuses is Chamgap design

Related sources S01

N05 · Phase-locked closed-loop study stimulation

Current findings: The original study used brief closed-loop pink-noise stimulation timed to real-time detection of the rising EEG phase during sleep. It is not recast as ordinary continuous overnight playback or exposure from apps or speakers.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Device and algorithm details, actual exposure, phase and window matching, discontinuation and implementation are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Device and algorithm details, actual exposure, phase and window matching, discontinuation and implementation are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: EEG detection, brief pulses, intervention identity and actual exposure
Materials to obtain first: S01 research-device and algorithm specifications and actual exposure material
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing intervention identity from actual study exposure. No stimulation or acoustic-setting instructions are produced. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for EEG detection, brief pulses, intervention identity and actual exposure must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes EEG detection, brief pulses, intervention identity and actual exposure to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.2–3.2.3; Reverse-direction labels and assessment adaptation are Chamgap design; M03 §3.2.3 and M08 §8.2.2–8.2.3; Chamgap application

Related sources S01

N06 · Actual sham control and awareness of conditions

Current findings: This was a randomized STIM-versus-sham crossover sleep-laboratory trial. The sham-intervention name is not extended into confirmation of blinding of everyone or identical contact in stage, time or arousal assessments.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Sham composition, actual exposure, contact and expectations, awareness of conditions and assessment blinding are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Sham composition, actual exposure, contact and expectations, awareness of conditions and assessment blinding are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Sham exposure, sensory and contact conditions, and assessment specifications
Materials to obtain first: S01 sham, contact, blinding and condition-specific assessment records
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing control and assessment conditions. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for sham exposure, sensory and contact conditions, and assessment specifications must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes sham exposure, sensory and contact conditions, and assessment specifications to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.2–3.2.3; reverse-direction indicators and test adaptations are internally designed. M08 §8.1–8.2.3; internal application. M08 Table 8.2.a and M03 §3.2.4; internal application.

Related sources S01

N07 · Population, age and baseline sleep

Current findings: The direct population consisted of 13 healthy adults aged 60–84. Findings are not extended into whole-night effects in people with insomnia or sleep disorders, or every age group and baseline sleep status.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Recruitment, sex, baseline sleep and cognition, eligibility and condition-specific denominators are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Recruitment, sex, baseline sleep and cognition, eligibility and condition-specific denominators are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Eligibility of 13 participants, health status, sleep characteristics and denominators
Materials to obtain first: S01 eligibility, baseline sleep, characteristics and flow diagram
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing direct population-specific evidence. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for eligibility of 13 participants, health status, sleep characteristics and denominators must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes eligibility of 13 participants, health status, sleep characteristics and denominators to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.1; detailed population conditions are internally designed. M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3 and M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are internally designed.

Related sources S01

N08 · One night per condition and crossover duration

Current findings: 13 participants experienced one active and one sham night each. Two conditions or nights and slow-wave windows are not added as new participants, independent trials or long-term exposure counts.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Adaptation nights, intervals and washout, period, order and carryover effects are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Adaptation nights, intervals and washout, period, order and carryover effects are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: People, conditions, nights, adaptation and washout
Materials to obtain first: S01 night schedule, order and crossover analyses
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing people from conditions and nights. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for people, conditions, nights, adaptation and washout must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes people, conditions, nights, adaptation and washout to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 distinguishes studies and reports; cohort and outcome linkage is an internal application. M03 §3.2.4 and M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are internally designed. M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application. M03 §3.2.1–3.2.4; detailed dose, duration and effect-modification distinctions are internally designed.

Related sources S01

N09 · Randomized balance, concealment and analysis

Current findings: The original text records randomized-order within-person comparison. Sequence generation, allocation concealment, period and carryover effects are not confirmed to have been fully controlled.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Exact sequence and concealment procedures, period models and within-person analysis models are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Exact sequence and concealment procedures, period models and within-person analysis models are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Condition order, allocation processes and models
Materials to obtain first: S01 allocation methods, crossover SAP and original tables
Further research: Propose subsequent material disclosing the crossover structure. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for condition order, allocation processes and models must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes condition order, allocation processes and models to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M08 §8.1–8.2.3; internal application. M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application.

Related sources S01

N10 · EEG power calculation and measurement conditions

Current findings: The original whole-night measure is NREM SWA in μV²/Hz. Measurement conditions, frequencies and signal processing, electrodes and quality, and scoring definitions are not treated as all verified by the original summary.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Signal processing, window and stage definitions, quality exclusions, blinding, denominators and correlations are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Signal processing, window and stage definitions, quality exclusions, blinding, denominators and correlations are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Signals and windows, analysis units, quality and blinding
Materials to obtain first: S01 EEG measurement and analysis, quality and blinding material
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing physiological-power calculation from denominators. No EEG or device-setting methods are provided. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for signals and windows, analysis units, quality and blinding must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes signals and windows, analysis units, quality and blinding to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a and M03 §3.2.4; internal application. M03 §3.2.4 and M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are internally designed. M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application.

Related sources S01

N11 · NREM denominators and whole-night aggregation

Current findings: Null whole-night NREM SWA and positive stimulation-window findings are different aggregations. Findings are not filled in as confirmation of every whole-night stage or the same NREM duration.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Valid NREM times and windows by condition, stage composition, weighting and averaging, and missingness are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Valid NREM times and windows by condition, stage composition, weighting and averaging, and missingness are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Valid NREM windows, stages, time and weighting
Materials to obtain first: S01 sleep-stage and window material, valid denominators and aggregation methods
Further research: Propose subsequent material disclosing whole-night and valid-NREM aggregation. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for valid NREM windows, stages, time and weighting must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes valid NREM windows, stages, time and weighting to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are Chamgap design; M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3, M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are Chamgap design; M08 §8.2.2, M15 §15.3.1; Chamgap adaptation

Related sources S01

N12 · Gaps in deep-sleep time and other sleep outcomes

Current findings: Original quantitative values are not converted into original values or effects for N3 time, total sleep time, sleep efficiency or subjective sleep quality. Whole-night SWA P=.80 does not establish null findings for each other endpoint.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Exact stage and time values, efficiency and quality, arousals and fragmentation, denominators, CIs and P values, and hierarchy are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Exact stage and time values, efficiency and quality, arousals and fragmentation, denominators, CIs and P values, and hierarchy are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Stages and proportions, total sleep, sleep efficiency and quality
Materials to obtain first: S01 complete sleep outcomes, definitions, denominators and analysis tables
Further research: Propose subsequent material reporting sleep stages and time separately from physiological power. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for stages and proportions, total sleep, sleep efficiency and quality must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes stages and proportions, total sleep, sleep efficiency and quality to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4 and M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are internally designed. M04 §4.6.3 and M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; separation of statuses is internally designed. M08 Table 8.2.a and M04 §4.6.3; internal application.

Related sources S01

N13 · Effects, CIs, relevance and equivalence

Current findings: Nonsignificant P=.80 is retained and is not converted into proof of an exactly zero effect or equivalence. The approximately 8% ON-window signal is not used as a whole-night effect size or CI.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Exact whole-night SWA effects and CIs, relevance criteria and equivalence specifications are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Exact whole-night SWA effects and CIs, relevance criteria and equivalence specifications are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Whole-night estimands, uncertainty and adjudication specifications
Materials to obtain first: S01 whole-night effects, CIs and prespecified interpretation material
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing nonsignificance from uncertainty. No new effect or CI is produced. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for whole-night estimands, uncertainty and adjudication specifications must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes whole-night estimands, uncertainty and adjudication specifications to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3 and M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are internally designed. M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; internal application. M04 §4.6.3 and M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; separation of statuses is internally designed.

Related sources S01

N14 · Memory improvement is another endpoint

Current findings: Overnight recall improvement of 9.2 versus 3.1 words, P=.02, is a memory finding. It is not used as a substitute outcome showing that whole-night SWA or deep-sleep stages or time increased.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Direct correspondence and relevance between memory and sleep stages or time are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Direct correspondence and relevance between memory and sleep stages or time are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Paired-word change, sleep physiology and directness
Materials to obtain first: S01 original endpoint-specific memory and sleep tables and denominators
Further research: Propose subsequent material reporting functional and physiological endpoints separately. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for paired-word change, sleep physiology and directness must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes paired-word change, sleep physiology and directness to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are Chamgap designs; M04 §4.6.3, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; status separation is a Chamgap design; M03 §3.2.4; Chamgap's own extrapolation boundary

Related sources S01

N15 · Memory–SWA association is not a whole-night effect

Current findings: The original text describes an association between memory and slow-wave changes. It is not converted into causal proof of increased whole-night slow waves or deep sleep, or individual treatment effects.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Association windows and denominators, coefficients and CIs, prespecification and mediation specifications are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Association windows and denominators, coefficients and CIs, prespecification and mediation specifications are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Windows included in association analyses, models, causation and mediation
Materials to obtain first: S01 association analyses, window definitions and plans
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing association from whole-night effects. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for windows included in association analyses, models, causation and mediation must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes windows included in association analyses, models, causation and mediation to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application. M08 Table 8.2.a and M04 §4.6.3; internal application. M03 §3.2.4; internally defined limits on extension.

Related sources S01

N16 · Person, night, stimulus and window denominators

Current findings: 13 participants with one night per condition is the original denominator description. Stimulation pulses, EEG windows, repeated tests and related sheets are not added as new independent people or trial denominators.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Person-specific stimulation and window counts, valid nights, clustering and correlation, and endpoint-specific denominators are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Person-specific stimulation and window counts, valid nights, clustering and correlation, and endpoint-specific denominators are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Within-person repetition, aggregation, clustering and correlation
Materials to obtain first: S01 denominators and models by person, condition and window
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing units in repeated data. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for within-person repetition, aggregation, clustering and correlation must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes within-person repetition, aggregation, clustering and correlation to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3 and M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are internally designed. M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 distinguishes studies and reports; cohort and outcome linkage is an internal application. M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application.

Related sources S01

N17 · Valid nights, withdrawals, missingness and ITT

Current findings: 13 participants in the original material is not used as confirmation of complete EEG, stage and time analyses, completion by everyone, or ITT and PP populations.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Valid nights and windows, missing conditions and endpoints, withdrawals, exclusions and handling, and analysis populations are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Valid nights and windows, missing conditions and endpoints, withdrawals, exclusions and handling, and analysis populations are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Analyses and exclusions by condition, signal and stage
Materials to obtain first: S01 flow diagram, missing signals and endpoints, and analysis populations
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing participants from actual analysis data. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for analyses and exclusions by condition, signal and stage must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes analyses and exclusions by condition, signal and stage to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3 and M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; Design-specific adaptation is Chamgap design; M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; Chamgap application

Related sources S01

N18 · Concurrent exposures and sleep conditions during each night

Current findings: The original statement describes a crossover sleep-laboratory experiment. It is not automatically interpreted as absence of differences in baseline sleep, medication and lifestyle, night-specific contact or stimulation, and arousals.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Concurrent care, lifestyle and medication, baseline and night-specific sleep, and exposure by group or condition are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Concurrent care, lifestyle and medication, baseline and night-specific sleep, and exposure by group or condition are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Baseline sleep, lifestyle and medication, actual exposure and arousals
Materials to obtain first: S01 sleep, lifestyle, concurrent care and actual stimulation and arousal records
Further research: Propose subsequent material linking concurrent exposures to sleep analyses. No sleep or treatment instructions are provided. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for baseline sleep, lifestyle and medication, actual exposure and arousals must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes baseline sleep, lifestyle and medication, actual exposure and arousals to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.3, M08 §8.2.2–8.2.3; our own application; M08 §8.2.2, M15 §15.3.1; our own application

Related sources S01

N19 · Registration and prespecified whole-night and local hierarchy

Current findings: The first evidence record has no registration-identifier entry, and the citation has no registration number. The parent's grouping of whole-night and stimulation-window SWA and memory is not used to establish the first prespecified endpoint or verification of every analysis specification.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Existence of registration, protocol, SAP, whole-night, local-window and stage hierarchy, and amendments are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Existence of registration, protocol, SAP, whole-night, local-window and stage hierarchy, and amendments are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Endpoint classification, plans and registration, and amendments
Materials to obtain first: S01 registration, protocol, SAP and original version
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing prespecified specifications from actual aggregation scope. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for endpoint classification, plans and registration, and amendments must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes endpoint classification, plans and registration, and amendments to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: Data collection/selection principles in M04 §4.5–4.6; Access/reading separation and hyperlink rules are Chamgap design; M08 Table 8.2.a and M04 §4.6.3; Chamgap application

Related sources S01

N20 · Multiple windows, endpoints and nonsignificant findings

Current findings: Whole-night P=.80, ON-window P=.002 and memory P=.02 concern different endpoints. Whole-night nonsignificance is not omitted, and a positive ON finding is not used to create whole-night or all-stage success.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Prespecified window selection, testing models, multiplicity, complete endpoints and SAP are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Prespecified window selection, testing models, multiplicity, complete endpoints and SAP are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Testing contrasts, selection, multiplicity and complete outcomes
Materials to obtain first: S01 whole-night, window and memory analyses and prespecified plans
Further research: Propose subsequent material disclosing nonsignificant and local findings together. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for testing contrasts, selection, multiplicity and complete outcomes must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes testing contrasts, selection, multiplicity and complete outcomes to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M04 §4.6.3 and M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; separation of statuses is internally designed. M08 Table 8.2.a and M04 §4.6.3; internal application. M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application.

Related sources S01

N21 · Same report and mentions of subsequent multiple nights

Current findings: The two sheets share one 2017 report and a crossover trial with 13 participants. Subsequent multiple-night exploration mentioned in the original Korean text has no linked specific reference and is not created as separate confirmation. Nights, windows and references are not counted as totals of independent trials or participants.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Subsequent identities and findings, replication with the same whole-night endpoint specifications, and actual independence of study families are not linked. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Subsequent identities and findings, replication with the same whole-night endpoint specifications, and actual independence of study families are not linked.
Required materials and conditions: Core and subsequent references, conditions and sheet relationships
Materials to obtain first: Exact subsequent references, trial relationships and separate direct material
Further research: Propose separate studies with the same specifications. Counts are not added together and independence is not certified. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for core and subsequent references, conditions and sheet relationships must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes core and subsequent references, conditions and sheet relationships to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: Study/report distinction in M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2; Cohort/outcome linkage is Chamgap application; M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 and M15 §15.3.1; Chamgap application

Related sources S01

N22 · One night versus long-term use and generalization to devices and populations

Current findings: This was a one-night study per condition; ordinary continuous sound, speakers and apps were not tested. Effects are not extended to other populations and devices, repeated or long-term sleep, cognition or treatment of disorders.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Other ages, disorders and devices, repeated or long-term whole-night sleep, and clinical outcomes are not linked. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Other ages, disorders and devices, repeated or long-term whole-night sleep, and clinical outcomes are not linked.
Required materials and conditions: Direct material on repetition and persistence, other devices and indications
Materials to obtain first: Direct effects and safety material for different specifications
Further research: Propose separate direct research for different questions. No device, acoustic, cognitive-training or treatment-replacement instructions are provided. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for direct material on repetition and persistence, other devices and indications must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes direct material on repetition and persistence, other devices and indications to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.1; detailed population conditions are custom design; M03 §3.2.2–3.2.3; reverse-direction labeling and test adaptation are custom design; M03 §3.2.1–3.2.4; dose/duration/effect-modification details are custom design; M03 §3.2.4; custom extension boundary

Related sources S01

N23 · Funding, patents and product involvement

Current findings: Public NIA, NSF and NINDS support and disclosure of related technology patent applications are recorded. Public funding or a university reference is not used as verification of complete product involvement, patents or COI, or certification of independent efficacy.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Support roles, devices and free support, developers and employee authors, and complete patent and COI information are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Support roles, devices and free support, developers and employee authors, and complete patent and COI information are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Public support, development and patents, and COI roles
Materials to obtain first: S01 original support, development and products, contributions and affiliations, patents and COI
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing roles and support. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for public support, development and patents, and COI roles must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes public support, development and patents, and COI roles to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: Chamgap's own conditions for independence and attribution. The official methodological sections used in this example do not validate every detail of these items.

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N24 · Unknown safety and fragmentation and arousal gaps

Current findings: The parent's unknown safety status and original statement that a 13-person, one-night study cannot assess uncommon adverse effects or sleep fragmentation with repeated use are retained. Null whole-night SWA and an ON-window signal are not converted into absence of harms or sleep safety.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Adverse-event, arousal and fragmentation definitions, collection, condition-specific denominators, and repeated-exposure, long-term and vulnerable-population harms are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Adverse-event, arousal and fragmentation definitions, collection, condition-specific denominators, and repeated-exposure, long-term and vulnerable-population harms are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Events and fragmentation, exposure, denominators, discontinuation and repeated-exposure harms
Materials to obtain first: S01 adverse events and arousals, exposure, denominators and separate repeated-exposure safety material
Further research: Propose subsequent material collecting efficacy and safety separately. No implementation or treatment instructions are provided. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for events and fragmentation, exposure, denominators, discontinuation and repeated-exposure harms must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes events and fragmentation, exposure, denominators, discontinuation and repeated-exposure harms to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: This supplements safety evidence gaps for the selected subclaim. Memory findings, stimulation-window or whole-night sleep physiology, or a parent caution are not used to adjudicate safety, create harm rates or produce new use instructions.
Referenced methods: M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; internal application. M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; detailed distinctions are internally designed. M19 §19.2 covers design-specific harm questions; detailed temporal relationships are internally designed. M19 §19.2.2–19.2.4 and M03 §3.2.3; internal application. M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; internal application. M19 §19.2.2–19.2.4 considers design; detailed confounding records are internally designed. M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4 and M04 §4.6.3; internal application. M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; internal application. Interpretation boundaries are internally defined, informed by M19 principles; no official causality tool is executed.

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N25 · Parent and subclaim values, Korean and English texts, dates and history

Current findings: Parent C54, B/S/R1/I2/E+/B2/C0, four false indicators, blank override reasons, and the subclaim D grade and note are retained. Korean and English texts, 2026-09-07, empty correction and deliberation records, and historical full-text verification are not inherited as subclaim scores or new content review.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Subclaim score, status and axes, new corrections and external details of historical review are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Subclaim score, status and axes, new corrections and external details of historical review are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Parent C54, subclaim D, axes, corrections and review
Materials to obtain first: Original version, material used at the time, corrections and comments
Further research: Distinguish verdict history from production and update events. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for parent C54, subclaim D, axes, corrections and review must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes parent C54, subclaim D, axes, corrections and review to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M04 §4.5, §4.6.3; limits of this material conversion follow the review scope and internal design; M03 §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.4 question-clarification principles; detailed separation rules are internally designed

Related sources S01

N26 · Actual summary reading, external links and updates

Current findings: The stored summary and reference were used for production, and links are retained. Abstract, full text, registration, protocol, SAP, patents and COI material were unread, access was not attempted, and link-function testing was not performed.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Acquisition of original material, external reading, link verification and review of existing content are pending. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Acquisition of original material, external reading, link verification and review of existing content are pending.
Required materials and conditions: Stored-summary use, unread material and additional material
Materials to obtain first: Report-specific original material, registration, plans, patent and support material, and comments
Further research: If material is provided, update the content while recording its original form and actual access scope. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for stored-summary use, unread material and additional material must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes stored-summary use, unread material and additional material to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M04 §4.5–4.6 covers material collection and selection; distinctions between access and reading and hyperlink specifications are internally designed. M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 distinguishes studies and reports; cohort and outcome linkage is an internal application. M04 §4.5 and §4.6.3; current evidence-conversion limits reflect review scope and internal design.

Related sources S01