Phase-locked closed-loop acoustic stimulation × Improved next-day paired-word memory

Required evidence, verification status and materials actually read
Item	AVerification status	BReading scope	CReview item	DCurrent findings	EWhy unverified	FRequired materials and conditions	GFurther research
1	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N01 · Evidence conditionSelected memory question and original gradeRequired	The selected existing record is “Improved next-day paired-word memory”, with grade C and a note of a positive result in one small crossover trial. Subclaim score, status and axes are absent; parent C54 is not used to fill the subclaim score. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Separate subclaim score, status and axes are absent from the original material. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Selected wording, note and grade versus the parent verdict	Record update events while distinguishing paired-word memory from the parent sleep-physiology question. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
2	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N02 · Evidence conditionPopulation, eligibility and denominatorsRequired	S01 involved 13 healthy adults aged 60–84, with one night per condition. A title referring to older adults is not extended into effects in every age group or in people with sleep or cognitive disorders. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Detailed eligibility, recruitment, sex, baseline cognition and sleep, and condition-specific analysis denominators are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Healthy adults aged 60–84, baseline sleep and cognition, and analysis counts	Propose subsequent material distinguishing the population from memory-analysis denominators. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
3	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N03 · Evidence conditionIdentity of phase-locked closed-loop stimulationRequired	The original intervention was brief closed-loop pink-noise stimulation timed in real time to the rising phase of EEG slow waves during sleep. It is not recast as the same effect from ordinary continuous sound, speakers or apps. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Device and algorithm details, actual exposure, phase matching and implementation are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	EEG detection, brief pulses and actual exposure records	Propose subsequent material distinguishing intervention identity from study exposure. No device, acoustic or stimulation-setting instructions are produced. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
4	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N04 · Evidence conditionActual STIM-versus-sham comparisonRequired	S01 was a randomized STIM-versus-sham crossover sleep-laboratory trial. The design name is not extended into confirmation of actual sham composition, sensory and contact matching, or participant awareness. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Sham composition, actual exposure by condition, expectations and awareness of conditions, and contact differences are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Active and sham conditions, exposure, contact and awareness	Propose subsequent material distinguishing actual control conditions. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
5	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N05 · Evidence conditionOne night per condition and crossover orderRequired	The crossover structure involved 13 participants experiencing one active and one sham night each. The two conditions or nights are not added as separate participant groups or long-term repeated exposure. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Adaptation nights, intervals between conditions, washout, period, order and carryover effects are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Conditions, nights, washout, period and carryover effects	Propose subsequent material distinguishing people from measurement nights and conditions. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
6	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N06 · Evidence conditionRandomized order and concealment processesRequired	The original text records randomized order. The strengths of within-person comparison are retained, while sequence generation, concealment and control of period effects are not all verified. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Sequence generation and concealment, responsible personnel, processes before and after recruitment, and exact analysis models are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Sequence generation, concealment, recruitment and condition order	Propose subsequent material disclosing crossover allocation and within-person analyses. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
7	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N07 · Evidence conditionBlinding and memory-assessment conditionsRequired	The control was sham, but the original summary lacks details of memory-assessor and analyst blinding. A sham condition alone does not confirm complete blinding or exclusion of expectation effects. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Participant, assessor and analyst awareness, maintenance of blinding, and assessment contact are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Blinding and expectations of participants, assessors and analysts	Propose subsequent material distinguishing memory-assessment conditions. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
8	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N08 · Evidence conditionPaired-word task and overnight-improvement definitionRequired	The endpoint was overnight paired-word recall and next-day memory consolidation. Improvement values are distinguished from absolute next-day raw recall scores and other memory tasks. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Number of word pairs, baseline learning and immediate recall, next-day testing time, change calculation and testing methods are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Learning and testing times, recall, change and units	Propose subsequent material separating change from raw scores. No cognitive-training methods are provided. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
9	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N09 · Evidence conditionOriginal recall improvement of 9.2 versus 3.1 and PRequired	Overnight recall improvement of 9.2 versus 3.1 words, P=.02, is the original statement. It is not recalculated into absolute next-day scores, a new difference or standardized effect, CIs or individual response rates. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Exact within-person estimands, baseline and period adjustment, denominators, CIs and individual distributions are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Condition-specific improvement, between-group or within-person estimates, and denominators	Propose subsequent material linking original values to comparative estimands. No new arithmetic is performed. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
10	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N10 · Evidence conditionMemory effect size, uncertainty and importanceRequired	The parent record describes the standardized memory-change effect as at least moderate. This historical interpretation is not converted into a new standardized number, clinical importance or improvement for every individual. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Exact standardized estimates and CIs, relevance criteria and correspondence to everyday function are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Original standardized estimates, CIs and relevance criteria	Propose subsequent material distinguishing laboratory effects from importance and uncertainty. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
11	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N11 · Evidence conditionNonsignificant whole-night NREM SWARequired	Whole-night NREM slow-wave activity of 121.7 versus 124.4 μV²/Hz, P=.80, is the original statement of no difference. The memory signal is not transferred into increased whole-night slow-wave activity or deep-sleep time. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Whole-night SWA measurement and denominators, exact effects and CIs, and correspondence to deep-sleep stages and time are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Separate memory findings from whole-night sleep physiology	Propose subsequent material reporting memory and sleep-physiology endpoints separately. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
12	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N12 · Evidence conditionLocal physiological signal during ON windowsRequired	An approximately 8% increase in slow-wave activity during stimulation ON windows, P=.002, is a short-window finding. It is not used as an increase in whole-night SWA, N3 time or proportion, or other sleep stages. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Window definitions, ON/OFF matching, denominators and repetitions, and exact effects and CIs are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Distinguish windows, units and comparisons from the whole night	Propose subsequent material separating local windows from the whole night. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
13	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N13 · Evidence conditionMemory–SWA association versus causationRequired	The original text states that memory changes were associated with slow-wave-activity changes. Correlation or association is not used as proof of causation or mediation showing that physiological changes fully explain the memory effect. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Exact coefficients, CIs and P values, prespecification, denominators, covariates and mediation specifications are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Association analyses, prespecification, denominators and models	Propose subsequent material separating association from causal attribution. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
14	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N14 · Evidence conditionOther memory and everyday-cognition outcomesRequired	Next-day paired-word testing is a functional test. The original text states that durable cognition and everyday memory improvement were not tested. The finding is not extended to other memory tasks, dementia treatment or everyday function. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Other tasks, everyday function, durable cognition and disease outcomes are not linked. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Task-specific endpoints, everyday function and persistence	Propose subsequent research distinguishing test tasks from clinical and everyday function. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
15	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N15 · Evidence conditionTask learning, word lists and baseline differencesRequired	The structure involves condition-specific learning and recall in the same people. The crossover design alone does not establish that list difficulty, practice, baseline differences, or period and carryover effects were eliminated. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. List and difficulty matching, practice, baseline recall and period adjustment are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Repeated tasks, lists, difficulty and period matching	Propose subsequent material distinguishing learning from condition effects. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
16	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N16 · Evidence condition13 participants versus night, task and stimulation analysis unitsRequired	13 participants with one night per condition are retained as originally recorded. Nights, words, stimulus counts and EEG windows are not added as new participants or independent-trial analysis denominators. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Valid denominators by memory and EEG outcome, repetition counts, within-person correlation and exclusion criteria are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Denominators by person, condition, memory task and window	Propose subsequent material distinguishing units in repeated data. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
17	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N17 · Evidence conditionWithdrawals, valid nights, missingness and analysis populationsRequired	13 participants in the original summary is a participant description. Valid data from everyone for each night, memory test or EEG measure, completion and ITT or PP populations are not automatically filled in. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Valid nights by condition, missing tests, withdrawals and exclusions, analysis populations and missing-data handling are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Completion, missing conditions and endpoints, ITT and PP	Propose subsequent material distinguishing completion from actual analysis data. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
18	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N18 · Evidence conditionPrespecified memory hierarchy, registration and SAPRequired	The first evidence record has no registration-identifier entry, and the citation has no registration number. The parent's grouping of memory and SWA endpoints is not used to establish the first endpoint before recruitment or complete preregistration verification. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Existence of registration, prespecified memory and SWA hierarchy, protocol, SAP and amendments are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Endpoint classification, registration, protocol and amendments	Propose subsequent material distinguishing prespecified specifications from reported functional and physiological endpoints. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
19	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N19 · Evidence conditionMultiple endpoints, windows and testing modelsRequired	Memory P=.02, ON-window P=.002 and whole-night SWA P=.80 concern different endpoints and scopes. Some significant findings are not used to establish success on every endpoint or proof of multiplicity control. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Exact tests, baseline and period models, multiplicity, and window and endpoint selection plans are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Memory, whole-night and window-specific contrasts, multiplicity and plans	Propose subsequent material disclosing every endpoint and prespecified contrast. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
20	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N20 · Evidence conditionSleep, lifestyle and concurrent exposuresRequired	This was a one-night sleep-laboratory comparison per condition. The original summary is not extended into confirmation that baseline sleep, lifestyle, medication and actual stimulation exposure were identical or fully controlled. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Medication and lifestyle, sleep status, actual exposure by night, and arousal and contact differences are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Sleep status, medication, lifestyle, actual stimulation and contact	Propose subsequent material linking concurrent exposures to functional and physiological analyses. No sleep or stimulation-setting instructions are provided. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
21	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N21 · Evidence conditionOne night versus mentions of subsequent multiple nightsRequired	The original Korean counterpoint mentions exploration in subsequent multiple-night studies, but the citation list contains one core 2017 report. Exact subsequent reports, denominators and findings are not linked and are not created as new reports or independent confirmation. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Subsequent report identities, populations, nights and stimulation, memory specifications and quantitative effects are not linked. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Direct report, exposure duration and unlinked subsequent references	Propose material linking subsequent durations to direct findings. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
22	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N22 · Evidence conditionSame trial, related sheets and independent replicationRequired	The two sheets share the same Papalambros2017 crossover trial with 13 participants. Memory and SWA, conditions and nights, patents and references, or related sheets are not added as new independent trials or participant replications. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Separate replication with matching populations, stimulation and memory specifications, and relationships among independent study families are not linked. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Reference, 13 participants, conditions, windows and sheet relationships	Propose separate studies with the same specifications. Independence is not certified and counts are not added together. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
23	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N23 · Evidence conditionOrdinary sound, consumer devices and other populationsRequired	The original text states that ordinary continuous overnight pink noise and consumer speakers or apps were not tested. Findings are not transferred into memory efficacy for other devices, continuous sound, populations or disorders. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Direct effects and safety for other devices, settings, populations and clinical indications are not linked. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Direct material by device, intervention and eligibility	Propose separate direct research for different questions. No device, acoustic, training or treatment-replacement methods are provided. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
24	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N24 · Evidence conditionPublic support, patents and interestsRequired	Funding records list public NIA, NSF and NINDS support and disclosure of related technology patent applications. Public funding is not used to fill in complete verification of patents, products or author interests, or certification of independent efficacy. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Support roles, products and free support, developers and employee authors, patent scope and complete COI information are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Funding, development and products, patents and COI roles	Propose subsequent material distinguishing support from patents and developer roles. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
25	Unverified	Full text not readStored summary read	N25 · Harm-information gaps supplementing the efficacy tableOne-night safety and sleep-fragmentation gapsSupplementary	The parent's safety status is unknown. The original record states that a 13-person, one-night study cannot assess uncommon adverse effects or sleep fragmentation with repeated use. A positive memory finding or sham comparison is not used as proof of safety. S01	The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Event and arousal definitions, collection, condition-specific denominators, discontinuation, and uncommon, repeated-exposure and long-term harms are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Event collection, arousals and fragmentation, denominators, repeated and long-term exposure	Propose subsequent material collecting safety and effects separately. No device, sleep or treatment implementation instructions are produced. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
26	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N26 · Evidence conditionOriginal axes, bilingual text, dates, corrections and historyRequired	Parent C54, B/S/R1/I2/E+/B2/C0, four false indicators, blank override reasons, and the subclaim C grade and note are retained. Korean and English texts, 2026-09-07, empty correction and deliberation records, and historical full-text cross-checks are not inherited as subclaim scores or new content review. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Subclaim score, status and axes, details of historical verification, new corrections and external comparisons are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Preserve parent C54, subclaim C and original verdict and review records	Record historical verdicts separately from production and update events. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
27	Partly verified	Full text not readStored summary read	N27 · Evidence conditionActual summary reading, links and updatesRequired	The stored summary and reference were used for production, and links are retained. Abstract, full text, registration, protocol, SAP, patents and COI material were unread, access was not attempted, and link-function testing was not performed. S01	Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Acquisition of original material, external reading, link verification and review of existing content are pending. Review of existing content is incomplete.	Stored-summary use, unread external material and additional material	If material is provided, update the content while recording its original form and actual access scope. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.

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27 itemsWhat the statuses mean

Assessment scope

Stored-material review date: Not recorded
Original evidence cut-off: 2026-09-07
Scope actually checked: Existing review summaries and stored records of methodological application. Full papers, supplements, registrations, plans and original data were not read.
What the dates mean: This is the date the stored materials were checked, not the date of a new search of the clinical literature.
Population: 13 healthy adults aged 60–84 in a within-person crossover sleep-laboratory trial, with one night each under active STIM and sham conditions. Detailed eligibility, baseline cognition and sleep, memory and EEG analysis denominators, withdrawals and missingness are unverified.
Ingredient, formulation and route: Brief closed-loop pink-noise pulses timed by real-time detection of the rising phase of EEG slow waves during sleep. Ordinary continuous sound and consumer apps or speakers were not tested. No device, acoustic or stimulation settings or instructions for sleep or cognitive training are produced.
Dose: Only original study exposure of one night per condition is retained. Actual pulse counts, phases and windows, and exposure settings are unverified; no new conversion or implementation settings are produced.
Comparator: Randomized within-person STIM-versus-sham crossover. Actual sham composition, contact, awareness of conditions, blinding, order, washout and period models are unverified.
Measured outcome: Overnight paired-word recall improvement of 9.2 versus 3.1 words, P=.02, is a change measure, not the final absolute next-day raw score or a newly calculated difference or CI. Whole-night NREM SWA of 121.7 versus 124.4 μV²/Hz, P=.80, and an approximately 8% increase during ON windows, P=.002, are physiological findings with different scopes. Association between memory and SWA changes is not confirmation of causation or mediation.
Duration: One night each under active and sham conditions, with next-day paired-word testing. Specific reports and clinical outcomes for durable cognition, everyday memory, repeated exposure or subsequent multiple nights are not linked.
Questions outside this scope: Converting overnight recall improvement of 9.2 versus 3.1 words into final absolute next-day scores, new between-group differences or CIs, or individual response rates; Combining whole-night NREM SWA of 121.7 versus 124.4 μV²/Hz and the approximately 8% ON-window signal as the same scope or unit; Converting SWA power into N3 minutes, deep-sleep proportions or total sleep time; Certifying P=.80 as an exactly zero effect, equivalence, or null findings for every sleep stage or other endpoint; Extending the memory–SWA association into proof of causation or mediation, or therapeutic effects on durable cognition or everyday function; Adding the same 13 participants, active and sham conditions, nights, words, stimuli, EEG windows, references or related sheets as independent trials or participants; Creating a new report or independent replication from a subsequent multiple-night study mentioned without a linked specific reference; Transferring research EEG phase-locked closed-loop stimulation findings to ordinary continuous sound, consumer apps or speakers, or other populations; Inheriting parent values, axes and historical full-text cross-checks as subclaim scores or new content review or external reading; New calculations, hypothetical numbers, effects, CIs, grades or independence certification, device, acoustic or stimulation settings, or instructions for sleep or cognitive training or replacement of treatment

Evidence and sources

The links below lead to the sources. A link alone does not mean the original source was read or its latest publication status verified.

S01 · Papalambros NA et al. 2017

PubMed

Material type: Randomized STIM-versus-sham crossover sleep-laboratory trial
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Findings recorded in the stored summary: Whole-night SWA P=.80; ON-window SWA approximately +8%, P=.002; recall improvement +9.2 versus +3.1 words, P=.02
Record level: Outcome wording in the stored summary
Study overlap and independent replication: S01, Papalambros2017, is a randomized within-person STIM-versus-sham crossover sleep-laboratory report involving 13 healthy adults aged 60–84, with one night per condition. The two sheets share the same reference, trial and participants. Overnight paired-word recall improvement of 9.2 versus 3.1 words, P=.02, whole-night NREM SWA of 121.7 versus 124.4 μV²/Hz, P=.80, and an approximately 8% ON-window increase, P=.002, are separate endpoints or aggregations. Recall change is not converted into final absolute scores, and a local SWA signal is not converted into whole-night N3 time or proportion. Subsequent multiple-night studies mentioned in the original Korean text have no linked specific reference, denominator or result and are not created as new reports. Conditions, nights, words, EEG windows and related sheets are not added as new independent trials or participants. Report counts are not totals of unique clinical trials, participants or independent replications.

Public availability, access and reading status by material
Material	Public availability	Access status	Actually read	Notes
Stored summary	Stored file	Stored summary	Summary read	Only stored-summary and bibliographic content was used for production. External material verification/review is not complete.
External paper	Public availability unverified; only bibliography links preserved	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	No external access or click testing was performed in the original preparation. URLs or registration identifiers alone do not upgrade acquisition/reading status.
Registration material	Public availability unverified; only bibliography links preserved	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	No external access or click testing was performed in the original preparation. URLs or registration identifiers alone do not upgrade acquisition/reading status.
Protocol	Public availability unverified; only bibliography links preserved	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	No external access or click testing was performed in the original preparation. URLs or registration identifiers alone do not upgrade acquisition/reading status.
Statistical analysis plan	Public availability unverified; only bibliography links preserved	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	No external access or click testing was performed in the original preparation. URLs or registration identifiers alone do not upgrade acquisition/reading status.
Funding, product-support and COI material	Public availability unverified; only bibliography links preserved	Unread; access not attempted	Not read	No external access or click testing was performed in the original preparation. URLs or registration identifiers alone do not upgrade acquisition/reading status.

Report counts versus independent study counts

S01, Papalambros2017, is a randomized within-person STIM-versus-sham crossover sleep-laboratory report involving 13 healthy adults aged 60–84, with one night per condition. The two sheets share the same reference, trial and participants. Overnight paired-word recall improvement of 9.2 versus 3.1 words, P=.02, whole-night NREM SWA of 121.7 versus 124.4 μV²/Hz, P=.80, and an approximately 8% ON-window increase, P=.002, are separate endpoints or aggregations. Recall change is not converted into final absolute scores, and a local SWA signal is not converted into whole-night N3 time or proportion. Subsequent multiple-night studies mentioned in the original Korean text have no linked specific reference, denominator or result and are not created as new reports. Conditions, nights, words, EEG windows and related sheets are not added as new independent trials or participants. Report counts are not totals of unique clinical trials, participants or independent replications.

Review criteria

Version 1.0 · Criteria record date 2026-10-06. These are Chamgap's own application conditions, informed by the referenced methods. They do not constitute official assessment-tool certification or a new efficacy score.

N01 · Selected memory question and original grade

Required materials and conditions: Selected wording, note and grade versus the parent verdict
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for selected wording, note and grade versus the parent verdict must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes selected wording, note and grade versus the parent verdict to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.4 question-clarification principles; detailed separation rules are internally designed; M04 §4.5, §4.6.3; limits of this material conversion follow the review scope and internal design

N02 · Population, eligibility and denominators

Required materials and conditions: Healthy adults aged 60–84, baseline sleep and cognition, and analysis counts
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for healthy adults aged 60–84, baseline sleep and cognition, and analysis counts must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes healthy adults aged 60–84, baseline sleep and cognition, and analysis counts to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.1; detailed population conditions are internally designed. M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3 and M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are internally designed.

N03 · Identity of phase-locked closed-loop stimulation

Required materials and conditions: EEG detection, brief pulses and actual exposure records
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for EEG detection, brief pulses and actual exposure records must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes EEG detection, brief pulses and actual exposure records to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.2–3.2.3; Reverse-direction labels and assessment adaptation are Chamgap design; M03 §3.2.3 and M08 §8.2.2–8.2.3; Chamgap application

N04 · Actual STIM-versus-sham comparison

Required materials and conditions: Active and sham conditions, exposure, contact and awareness
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for active and sham conditions, exposure, contact and awareness must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes active and sham conditions, exposure, contact and awareness to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.2–3.2.3; reverse-direction indicators and test adaptations are internally designed. M08 §8.1–8.2.3; internal application. M08 Table 8.2.a and M03 §3.2.4; internal application.

N05 · One night per condition and crossover order

Required materials and conditions: Conditions, nights, washout, period and carryover effects
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for conditions, nights, washout, period and carryover effects must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes conditions, nights, washout, period and carryover effects to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 distinguishes studies and reports; cohort and outcome linkage is an internal application. M03 §3.2.4 and M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are internally designed. M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application. M03 §3.2.1–3.2.4; detailed dose, duration and effect-modification distinctions are internally designed.

N06 · Randomized order and concealment processes

Required materials and conditions: Sequence generation, concealment, recruitment and condition order
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for sequence generation, concealment, recruitment and condition order must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes sequence generation, concealment, recruitment and condition order to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M08 §8.1–8.2.3; internal application. M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application.

N07 · Blinding and memory-assessment conditions

Required materials and conditions: Blinding and expectations of participants, assessors and analysts
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for blinding and expectations of participants, assessors and analysts must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes blinding and expectations of participants, assessors and analysts to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a and M03 §3.2.4; Chamgap adaptation; M08 §§8.1–8.2.3; Chamgap adaptation

N08 · Paired-word task and overnight-improvement definition

Required materials and conditions: Learning and testing times, recall, change and units
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for learning and testing times, recall, change and units must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes learning and testing times, recall, change and units to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are our own design; M08 Table 8.2.a, M03 §3.2.4; our own application

N09 · Original recall improvement of 9.2 versus 3.1 and P

Required materials and conditions: Condition-specific improvement, between-group or within-person estimates, and denominators
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for condition-specific improvement, between-group or within-person estimates, and denominators must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes condition-specific improvement, between-group or within-person estimates, and denominators to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3 and M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; Design-specific adaptation is Chamgap design; M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; Chamgap application; M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; Chamgap application

N10 · Memory effect size, uncertainty and importance

Required materials and conditions: Original standardized estimates, CIs and relevance criteria
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for original standardized estimates, CIs and relevance criteria must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes original standardized estimates, CIs and relevance criteria to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; internal application. M03 §3.2.4; internally defined limits on extension. M04 §4.5 and §4.6.3; current evidence-conversion limits reflect review scope and internal design.

N11 · Nonsignificant whole-night NREM SWA

Required materials and conditions: Separate memory findings from whole-night sleep physiology
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for separate memory findings from whole-night sleep physiology must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes separate memory findings from whole-night sleep physiology to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are Chamgap designs; M04 §4.6.3, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; status separation is a Chamgap design; M03 §3.2.4; Chamgap's own extrapolation boundary

N12 · Local physiological signal during ON windows

Required materials and conditions: Distinguish windows, units and comparisons from the whole night
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for distinguish windows, units and comparisons from the whole night must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes distinguish windows, units and comparisons from the whole night to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are Chamgap design; M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3, M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are Chamgap design; M04 §4.6.3, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; separation of statuses is Chamgap design

N13 · Memory–SWA association versus causation

Required materials and conditions: Association analyses, prespecification, denominators and models
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for association analyses, prespecification, denominators and models must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes association analyses, prespecification, denominators and models to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application. M08 Table 8.2.a and M04 §4.6.3; internal application. M03 §3.2.4; internally defined limits on extension.

N14 · Other memory and everyday-cognition outcomes

Required materials and conditions: Task-specific endpoints, everyday function and persistence
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for task-specific endpoints, everyday function and persistence must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes task-specific endpoints, everyday function and persistence to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: Question-clarification principles in M03 §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.4; detailed separation rules are internally designed; M03 §3.2.1–3.2.4; dose, duration and effect-modification details are internally designed; M03 §3.2.4; internally defined extension boundary

N15 · Task learning, word lists and baseline differences

Required materials and conditions: Repeated tasks, lists, difficulty and period matching
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for repeated tasks, lists, difficulty and period matching must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes repeated tasks, lists, difficulty and period matching to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a and M03 §3.2.4; internal application. M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application.

N16 · 13 participants versus night, task and stimulation analysis units

Required materials and conditions: Denominators by person, condition, memory task and window
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for denominators by person, condition, memory task and window must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes denominators by person, condition, memory task and window to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3, M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptation is custom design; M08 §8.2.2, M15 §15.3.1; custom application; M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 distinction between studies and reports; cohort/outcome linkage is a custom application

N17 · Withdrawals, valid nights, missingness and analysis populations

Required materials and conditions: Completion, missing conditions and endpoints, ITT and PP
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for completion, missing conditions and endpoints, ITT and PP must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes completion, missing conditions and endpoints, ITT and PP to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3 and M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; Design-specific adaptation is Chamgap design; M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; Chamgap application

N18 · Prespecified memory hierarchy, registration and SAP

Required materials and conditions: Endpoint classification, registration, protocol and amendments
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for endpoint classification, registration, protocol and amendments must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes endpoint classification, registration, protocol and amendments to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: Data collection/selection principles in M04 §4.5–4.6; Access/reading separation and hyperlink rules are Chamgap design; M08 Table 8.2.a and M04 §4.6.3; Chamgap application

N19 · Multiple endpoints, windows and testing models

Required materials and conditions: Memory, whole-night and window-specific contrasts, multiplicity and plans
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for memory, whole-night and window-specific contrasts, multiplicity and plans must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes memory, whole-night and window-specific contrasts, multiplicity and plans to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M08 §8.2.2, M15 §15.3.1; Internal application; M08 Table 8.2.a, M04 §4.6.3; Internal application; M04 §4.6.3, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; Status separation is internally designed

N20 · Sleep, lifestyle and concurrent exposures

Required materials and conditions: Sleep status, medication, lifestyle, actual stimulation and contact
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for sleep status, medication, lifestyle, actual stimulation and contact must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes sleep status, medication, lifestyle, actual stimulation and contact to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.3, M08 §8.2.2–8.2.3; our own application; M08 §8.2.2, M15 §15.3.1; our own application

N21 · One night versus mentions of subsequent multiple nights

Required materials and conditions: Direct report, exposure duration and unlinked subsequent references
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for direct report, exposure duration and unlinked subsequent references must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes direct report, exposure duration and unlinked subsequent references to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 distinguishes studies and reports; cohort and outcome linkage is an internal application. M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application. M03 §3.2.1–3.2.4; detailed dose, duration and effect-modification distinctions are internally designed.

N22 · Same trial, related sheets and independent replication

Required materials and conditions: Reference, 13 participants, conditions, windows and sheet relationships
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for reference, 13 participants, conditions, windows and sheet relationships must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes reference, 13 participants, conditions, windows and sheet relationships to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: Study/report distinction in M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2; Cohort/outcome linkage is Chamgap application; M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 and M15 §15.3.1; Chamgap application

N23 · Ordinary sound, consumer devices and other populations

Required materials and conditions: Direct material by device, intervention and eligibility
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for direct material by device, intervention and eligibility must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes direct material by device, intervention and eligibility to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.1; detailed population conditions are our own design; M03 §3.2.2–3.2.3; reverse-direction labels and test adaptations are our own design; M03 §3.2.1–3.2.4; dose, duration and effect-modification details are our own design

N24 · Public support, patents and interests

Required materials and conditions: Funding, development and products, patents and COI roles
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for funding, development and products, patents and COI roles must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes funding, development and products, patents and COI roles to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: Chamgap's own conditions for independence and attribution. The official methodological sections used in this example do not validate every detail of these items.

N25 · One-night safety and sleep-fragmentation gaps

Required materials and conditions: Event collection, arousals and fragmentation, denominators, repeated and long-term exposure
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for event collection, arousals and fragmentation, denominators, repeated and long-term exposure must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Supplementary
Application exceptions: This supplements safety evidence gaps for the selected subclaim. Memory findings, stimulation-window or whole-night sleep physiology, or a parent caution are not used to adjudicate safety, create harm rates or produce new use instructions.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes event collection, arousals and fragmentation, denominators, repeated and long-term exposure to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; internal application. M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; detailed distinctions are internally designed. M19 §19.2 covers design-specific harm questions; detailed temporal relationships are internally designed. M19 §19.2.2–19.2.4 and M03 §3.2.3; internal application. M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; internal application. M19 §19.2.2–19.2.4 considers design; detailed confounding records are internally designed. M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4 and M04 §4.6.3; internal application. M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; internal application. Interpretation boundaries are internally defined, informed by M19 principles; no official causality tool is executed.

N26 · Original axes, bilingual text, dates, corrections and history

Required materials and conditions: Preserve parent C54, subclaim C and original verdict and review records
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for preserve parent C54, subclaim C and original verdict and review records must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes preserve parent C54, subclaim C and original verdict and review records to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M04 §4.5, §4.6.3; limits of this material conversion follow the review scope and internal design; M03 §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.4 question-clarification principles; detailed separation rules are internally designed

N27 · Actual summary reading, links and updates

Required materials and conditions: Stored-summary use, unread external material and additional material
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for stored-summary use, unread external material and additional material must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Requirement and applicability: Required
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes stored-summary use, unread external material and additional material to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Referenced methods: M04 §4.5–4.6 covers material collection and selection; distinctions between access and reading and hyperlink specifications are internally designed. M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 distinguishes studies and reports; cohort and outcome linkage is an internal application. M04 §4.5 and §4.6.3; current evidence-conversion limits reflect review scope and internal design.

Referenced methods and the sections actually reviewed

M03 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08

Official methodology · §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.3, MECIR C5/C7/C13

Referenced principle: Clearly record the question, eligibility conditions and reasons for changes, and distinguish variations in interventions.
Extent of review: Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution

M04 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5.1 (2025), chapter updated 2025-03

Official methodology · §4.5, §4.6.1–4.6.3, MECIR C42

Referenced principle: Distinguish studies from reports and link them; do not omit a study solely because results are unreported.
Extent of review: Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution

M08 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10

Official methodology · §8.1–8.2.3, Table 8.2.a

Referenced principle: Define the outcome and effect of interest, then examine randomization, deviations, missing data, measurement and selective reporting.
Extent of review: Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution

M15 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08

Official methodology · §15.2.4, §15.3.1–15.3.3

Referenced principle: Distinguish effect estimates, intervals, importance and applicability. Sample size alone does not determine precision.
Extent of review: Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution

M19 · Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10

Official methodology · §19.1.2, §19.2.1–19.2.4

Referenced principle: Harm questions may require different designs, populations and follow-up from efficacy questions. Case reports do not establish incidence rates.
Extent of review: Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution

What the statuses mean

Met: Status for necessary evidence confirmed after existing content review. No completion is declared in the current presentation.
Partly verified: Some information in the stored summary is linked into the table. External comparison/content review is not complete.
Unverified: The article leaves this unverified, or required material is absent from the current stored summary. This is distinct from zero, absence or safety.
Review incomplete: Existing content review remains incomplete.
Not reported: Not reported within the stored material actually read; not extended to the entire primary paper.
Inaccessible: Means an actual access failure. Access not attempted here is not assigned this state.
Not applicable: Not used as a substitute for an evidence gap.
Conflicting data: Requires an observed disagreement under the same comparison criteria; not automatically judged in this production.
Insufficient evidence for the conditions: Marks a gap in additional material required by the selected conditions; not a new efficacy grade.

Change history

2026-10-15 · Public page/material version 1.0

Public pages and materials were prepared from the existing 27 items. No new clinical search, verification-status change or scoring was performed.

The stored-material review date (Not recorded) and original evidence cut-off (2026-09-07) were retained unchanged.

Researcher downloads

These materials provide the same evidence, scope and verification status as this page.

View all item details

N01 · Selected memory question and original grade

Current findings: The selected existing record is “Improved next-day paired-word memory”, with grade C and a note of a positive result in one small crossover trial. Subclaim score, status and axes are absent; parent C54 is not used to fill the subclaim score.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Separate subclaim score, status and axes are absent from the original material. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Separate subclaim score, status and axes are absent from the original material.
Required materials and conditions: Selected wording, note and grade versus the parent verdict
Materials to obtain first: Selected original version and editorial comments
Further research: Record update events while distinguishing paired-word memory from the parent sleep-physiology question. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for selected wording, note and grade versus the parent verdict must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes selected wording, note and grade versus the parent verdict to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.4 question-clarification principles; detailed separation rules are internally designed; M04 §4.5, §4.6.3; limits of this material conversion follow the review scope and internal design

Related sources S01

N02 · Population, eligibility and denominators

Current findings: S01 involved 13 healthy adults aged 60–84, with one night per condition. A title referring to older adults is not extended into effects in every age group or in people with sleep or cognitive disorders.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Detailed eligibility, recruitment, sex, baseline cognition and sleep, and condition-specific analysis denominators are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Detailed eligibility, recruitment, sex, baseline cognition and sleep, and condition-specific analysis denominators are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Healthy adults aged 60–84, baseline sleep and cognition, and analysis counts
Materials to obtain first: S01 eligibility, baseline characteristics, recruitment and flow diagram
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing the population from memory-analysis denominators. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for healthy adults aged 60–84, baseline sleep and cognition, and analysis counts must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes healthy adults aged 60–84, baseline sleep and cognition, and analysis counts to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.1; detailed population conditions are internally designed. M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3 and M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are internally designed.

Related sources S01

N03 · Identity of phase-locked closed-loop stimulation

Current findings: The original intervention was brief closed-loop pink-noise stimulation timed in real time to the rising phase of EEG slow waves during sleep. It is not recast as the same effect from ordinary continuous sound, speakers or apps.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Device and algorithm details, actual exposure, phase matching and implementation are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Device and algorithm details, actual exposure, phase matching and implementation are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: EEG detection, brief pulses and actual exposure records
Materials to obtain first: S01 research-device and algorithm specifications and actual exposure records
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing intervention identity from study exposure. No device, acoustic or stimulation-setting instructions are produced. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for EEG detection, brief pulses and actual exposure records must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes EEG detection, brief pulses and actual exposure records to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.2–3.2.3; Reverse-direction labels and assessment adaptation are Chamgap design; M03 §3.2.3 and M08 §8.2.2–8.2.3; Chamgap application

Related sources S01

N04 · Actual STIM-versus-sham comparison

Current findings: S01 was a randomized STIM-versus-sham crossover sleep-laboratory trial. The design name is not extended into confirmation of actual sham composition, sensory and contact matching, or participant awareness.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Sham composition, actual exposure by condition, expectations and awareness of conditions, and contact differences are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Sham composition, actual exposure by condition, expectations and awareness of conditions, and contact differences are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Active and sham conditions, exposure, contact and awareness
Materials to obtain first: S01 sham, contact, exposure and expectation records
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing actual control conditions. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for active and sham conditions, exposure, contact and awareness must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes active and sham conditions, exposure, contact and awareness to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.2–3.2.3; reverse-direction indicators and test adaptations are internally designed. M08 §8.1–8.2.3; internal application. M08 Table 8.2.a and M03 §3.2.4; internal application.

Related sources S01

N05 · One night per condition and crossover order

Current findings: The crossover structure involved 13 participants experiencing one active and one sham night each. The two conditions or nights are not added as separate participant groups or long-term repeated exposure.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Adaptation nights, intervals between conditions, washout, period, order and carryover effects are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Adaptation nights, intervals between conditions, washout, period, order and carryover effects are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Conditions, nights, washout, period and carryover effects
Materials to obtain first: S01 night schedule, order, washout and crossover analyses
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing people from measurement nights and conditions. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for conditions, nights, washout, period and carryover effects must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes conditions, nights, washout, period and carryover effects to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 distinguishes studies and reports; cohort and outcome linkage is an internal application. M03 §3.2.4 and M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are internally designed. M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application. M03 §3.2.1–3.2.4; detailed dose, duration and effect-modification distinctions are internally designed.

Related sources S01

N06 · Randomized order and concealment processes

Current findings: The original text records randomized order. The strengths of within-person comparison are retained, while sequence generation, concealment and control of period effects are not all verified.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Sequence generation and concealment, responsible personnel, processes before and after recruitment, and exact analysis models are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Sequence generation and concealment, responsible personnel, processes before and after recruitment, and exact analysis models are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Sequence generation, concealment, recruitment and condition order
Materials to obtain first: S01 sequence allocation, methods and SAP
Further research: Propose subsequent material disclosing crossover allocation and within-person analyses. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for sequence generation, concealment, recruitment and condition order must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes sequence generation, concealment, recruitment and condition order to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M08 §8.1–8.2.3; internal application. M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application.

Related sources S01

N07 · Blinding and memory-assessment conditions

Current findings: The control was sham, but the original summary lacks details of memory-assessor and analyst blinding. A sham condition alone does not confirm complete blinding or exclusion of expectation effects.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Participant, assessor and analyst awareness, maintenance of blinding, and assessment contact are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Participant, assessor and analyst awareness, maintenance of blinding, and assessment contact are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Blinding and expectations of participants, assessors and analysts
Materials to obtain first: S01 blinding, assessment, analysis and expectation procedures
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing memory-assessment conditions. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for blinding and expectations of participants, assessors and analysts must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes blinding and expectations of participants, assessors and analysts to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a and M03 §3.2.4; Chamgap adaptation; M08 §§8.1–8.2.3; Chamgap adaptation

Related sources S01

N08 · Paired-word task and overnight-improvement definition

Current findings: The endpoint was overnight paired-word recall and next-day memory consolidation. Improvement values are distinguished from absolute next-day raw recall scores and other memory tasks.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Number of word pairs, baseline learning and immediate recall, next-day testing time, change calculation and testing methods are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Number of word pairs, baseline learning and immediate recall, next-day testing time, change calculation and testing methods are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Learning and testing times, recall, change and units
Materials to obtain first: S01 task, learning and recall schedule, and original tables
Further research: Propose subsequent material separating change from raw scores. No cognitive-training methods are provided. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for learning and testing times, recall, change and units must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes learning and testing times, recall, change and units to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are our own design; M08 Table 8.2.a, M03 §3.2.4; our own application

Related sources S01

N09 · Original recall improvement of 9.2 versus 3.1 and P

Current findings: Overnight recall improvement of 9.2 versus 3.1 words, P=.02, is the original statement. It is not recalculated into absolute next-day scores, a new difference or standardized effect, CIs or individual response rates.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Exact within-person estimands, baseline and period adjustment, denominators, CIs and individual distributions are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Exact within-person estimands, baseline and period adjustment, denominators, CIs and individual distributions are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Condition-specific improvement, between-group or within-person estimates, and denominators
Materials to obtain first: S01 original memory tables, denominators and crossover estimation models
Further research: Propose subsequent material linking original values to comparative estimands. No new arithmetic is performed. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for condition-specific improvement, between-group or within-person estimates, and denominators must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes condition-specific improvement, between-group or within-person estimates, and denominators to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3 and M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; Design-specific adaptation is Chamgap design; M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; Chamgap application; M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; Chamgap application

Related sources S01

N10 · Memory effect size, uncertainty and importance

Current findings: The parent record describes the standardized memory-change effect as at least moderate. This historical interpretation is not converted into a new standardized number, clinical importance or improvement for every individual.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Exact standardized estimates and CIs, relevance criteria and correspondence to everyday function are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Exact standardized estimates and CIs, relevance criteria and correspondence to everyday function are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Original standardized estimates, CIs and relevance criteria
Materials to obtain first: S01 original effect tables, interpretation criteria and original version
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing laboratory effects from importance and uncertainty. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for original standardized estimates, CIs and relevance criteria must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes original standardized estimates, CIs and relevance criteria to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; internal application. M03 §3.2.4; internally defined limits on extension. M04 §4.5 and §4.6.3; current evidence-conversion limits reflect review scope and internal design.

Related sources S01

N11 · Nonsignificant whole-night NREM SWA

Current findings: Whole-night NREM slow-wave activity of 121.7 versus 124.4 μV²/Hz, P=.80, is the original statement of no difference. The memory signal is not transferred into increased whole-night slow-wave activity or deep-sleep time.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Whole-night SWA measurement and denominators, exact effects and CIs, and correspondence to deep-sleep stages and time are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Whole-night SWA measurement and denominators, exact effects and CIs, and correspondence to deep-sleep stages and time are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Separate memory findings from whole-night sleep physiology
Materials to obtain first: S01 original whole-night NREM, stage and time tables, and denominators
Further research: Propose subsequent material reporting memory and sleep-physiology endpoints separately. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for separate memory findings from whole-night sleep physiology must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes separate memory findings from whole-night sleep physiology to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are Chamgap designs; M04 §4.6.3, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; status separation is a Chamgap design; M03 §3.2.4; Chamgap's own extrapolation boundary

Related sources S01

N12 · Local physiological signal during ON windows

Current findings: An approximately 8% increase in slow-wave activity during stimulation ON windows, P=.002, is a short-window finding. It is not used as an increase in whole-night SWA, N3 time or proportion, or other sleep stages.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Window definitions, ON/OFF matching, denominators and repetitions, and exact effects and CIs are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Window definitions, ON/OFF matching, denominators and repetitions, and exact effects and CIs are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Distinguish windows, units and comparisons from the whole night
Materials to obtain first: S01 stimulation-window and whole-night tables, window definitions and denominators
Further research: Propose subsequent material separating local windows from the whole night. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for distinguish windows, units and comparisons from the whole night must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes distinguish windows, units and comparisons from the whole night to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are Chamgap design; M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3, M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are Chamgap design; M04 §4.6.3, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; separation of statuses is Chamgap design

Related sources S01

N13 · Memory–SWA association versus causation

Current findings: The original text states that memory changes were associated with slow-wave-activity changes. Correlation or association is not used as proof of causation or mediation showing that physiological changes fully explain the memory effect.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Exact coefficients, CIs and P values, prespecification, denominators, covariates and mediation specifications are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Exact coefficients, CIs and P values, prespecification, denominators, covariates and mediation specifications are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Association analyses, prespecification, denominators and models
Materials to obtain first: S01 original association and mediation analyses, plans and denominators
Further research: Propose subsequent material separating association from causal attribution. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for association analyses, prespecification, denominators and models must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes association analyses, prespecification, denominators and models to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application. M08 Table 8.2.a and M04 §4.6.3; internal application. M03 §3.2.4; internally defined limits on extension.

Related sources S01

N14 · Other memory and everyday-cognition outcomes

Current findings: Next-day paired-word testing is a functional test. The original text states that durable cognition and everyday memory improvement were not tested. The finding is not extended to other memory tasks, dementia treatment or everyday function.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Other tasks, everyday function, durable cognition and disease outcomes are not linked. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Other tasks, everyday function, durable cognition and disease outcomes are not linked.
Required materials and conditions: Task-specific endpoints, everyday function and persistence
Materials to obtain first: Direct material on other functional and clinical endpoints
Further research: Propose subsequent research distinguishing test tasks from clinical and everyday function. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for task-specific endpoints, everyday function and persistence must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes task-specific endpoints, everyday function and persistence to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: Question-clarification principles in M03 §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.4; detailed separation rules are internally designed; M03 §3.2.1–3.2.4; dose, duration and effect-modification details are internally designed; M03 §3.2.4; internally defined extension boundary

Related sources S01

N15 · Task learning, word lists and baseline differences

Current findings: The structure involves condition-specific learning and recall in the same people. The crossover design alone does not establish that list difficulty, practice, baseline differences, or period and carryover effects were eliminated.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. List and difficulty matching, practice, baseline recall and period adjustment are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: List and difficulty matching, practice, baseline recall and period adjustment are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Repeated tasks, lists, difficulty and period matching
Materials to obtain first: S01 task lists, baseline and repeated tests, and crossover analyses
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing learning from condition effects. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for repeated tasks, lists, difficulty and period matching must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes repeated tasks, lists, difficulty and period matching to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a and M03 §3.2.4; internal application. M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application.

Related sources S01

N16 · 13 participants versus night, task and stimulation analysis units

Current findings: 13 participants with one night per condition are retained as originally recorded. Nights, words, stimulus counts and EEG windows are not added as new participants or independent-trial analysis denominators.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Valid denominators by memory and EEG outcome, repetition counts, within-person correlation and exclusion criteria are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Valid denominators by memory and EEG outcome, repetition counts, within-person correlation and exclusion criteria are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Denominators by person, condition, memory task and window
Materials to obtain first: S01 analysis units, denominators and models by person, condition and window
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing units in repeated data. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for denominators by person, condition, memory task and window must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes denominators by person, condition, memory task and window to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3, M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptation is custom design; M08 §8.2.2, M15 §15.3.1; custom application; M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 distinction between studies and reports; cohort/outcome linkage is a custom application

Related sources S01

N17 · Withdrawals, valid nights, missingness and analysis populations

Current findings: 13 participants in the original summary is a participant description. Valid data from everyone for each night, memory test or EEG measure, completion and ITT or PP populations are not automatically filled in.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Valid nights by condition, missing tests, withdrawals and exclusions, analysis populations and missing-data handling are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Valid nights by condition, missing tests, withdrawals and exclusions, analysis populations and missing-data handling are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Completion, missing conditions and endpoints, ITT and PP
Materials to obtain first: S01 flow diagram, valid-night and endpoint denominators, and missingness reasons
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing completion from actual analysis data. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for completion, missing conditions and endpoints, ITT and PP must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes completion, missing conditions and endpoints, ITT and PP to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3 and M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; Design-specific adaptation is Chamgap design; M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; Chamgap application

Related sources S01

N18 · Prespecified memory hierarchy, registration and SAP

Current findings: The first evidence record has no registration-identifier entry, and the citation has no registration number. The parent's grouping of memory and SWA endpoints is not used to establish the first endpoint before recruitment or complete preregistration verification.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Existence of registration, prespecified memory and SWA hierarchy, protocol, SAP and amendments are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Existence of registration, prespecified memory and SWA hierarchy, protocol, SAP and amendments are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Endpoint classification, registration, protocol and amendments
Materials to obtain first: S01 registration, protocol, SAP and original version
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing prespecified specifications from reported functional and physiological endpoints. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for endpoint classification, registration, protocol and amendments must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes endpoint classification, registration, protocol and amendments to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: Data collection/selection principles in M04 §4.5–4.6; Access/reading separation and hyperlink rules are Chamgap design; M08 Table 8.2.a and M04 §4.6.3; Chamgap application

Related sources S01

N19 · Multiple endpoints, windows and testing models

Current findings: Memory P=.02, ON-window P=.002 and whole-night SWA P=.80 concern different endpoints and scopes. Some significant findings are not used to establish success on every endpoint or proof of multiplicity control.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Exact tests, baseline and period models, multiplicity, and window and endpoint selection plans are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Exact tests, baseline and period models, multiplicity, and window and endpoint selection plans are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Memory, whole-night and window-specific contrasts, multiplicity and plans
Materials to obtain first: S01 SAP and whole-night, window and memory analysis tables
Further research: Propose subsequent material disclosing every endpoint and prespecified contrast. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for memory, whole-night and window-specific contrasts, multiplicity and plans must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes memory, whole-night and window-specific contrasts, multiplicity and plans to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M08 §8.2.2, M15 §15.3.1; Internal application; M08 Table 8.2.a, M04 §4.6.3; Internal application; M04 §4.6.3, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; Status separation is internally designed

Related sources S01

N20 · Sleep, lifestyle and concurrent exposures

Current findings: This was a one-night sleep-laboratory comparison per condition. The original summary is not extended into confirmation that baseline sleep, lifestyle, medication and actual stimulation exposure were identical or fully controlled.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Medication and lifestyle, sleep status, actual exposure by night, and arousal and contact differences are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Medication and lifestyle, sleep status, actual exposure by night, and arousal and contact differences are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Sleep status, medication, lifestyle, actual stimulation and contact
Materials to obtain first: S01 sleep, lifestyle, concurrent care and actual stimulation records
Further research: Propose subsequent material linking concurrent exposures to functional and physiological analyses. No sleep or stimulation-setting instructions are provided. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for sleep status, medication, lifestyle, actual stimulation and contact must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes sleep status, medication, lifestyle, actual stimulation and contact to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.3, M08 §8.2.2–8.2.3; our own application; M08 §8.2.2, M15 §15.3.1; our own application

Related sources S01

N21 · One night versus mentions of subsequent multiple nights

Current findings: The original Korean counterpoint mentions exploration in subsequent multiple-night studies, but the citation list contains one core 2017 report. Exact subsequent reports, denominators and findings are not linked and are not created as new reports or independent confirmation.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Subsequent report identities, populations, nights and stimulation, memory specifications and quantitative effects are not linked. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Subsequent report identities, populations, nights and stimulation, memory specifications and quantitative effects are not linked.
Required materials and conditions: Direct report, exposure duration and unlinked subsequent references
Materials to obtain first: Exact references, original findings and trial relationships for subsequent mentions
Further research: Propose material linking subsequent durations to direct findings. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for direct report, exposure duration and unlinked subsequent references must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes direct report, exposure duration and unlinked subsequent references to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 distinguishes studies and reports; cohort and outcome linkage is an internal application. M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 and M15 §15.3.1; internal application. M03 §3.2.1–3.2.4; detailed dose, duration and effect-modification distinctions are internally designed.

Related sources S01

N22 · Same trial, related sheets and independent replication

Current findings: The two sheets share the same Papalambros2017 crossover trial with 13 participants. Memory and SWA, conditions and nights, patents and references, or related sheets are not added as new independent trials or participant replications.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Separate replication with matching populations, stimulation and memory specifications, and relationships among independent study families are not linked. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Separate replication with matching populations, stimulation and memory specifications, and relationships among independent study families are not linked.
Required materials and conditions: Reference, 13 participants, conditions, windows and sheet relationships
Materials to obtain first: Report, condition and sheet relationships and separate direct trials
Further research: Propose separate studies with the same specifications. Independence is not certified and counts are not added together. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for reference, 13 participants, conditions, windows and sheet relationships must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes reference, 13 participants, conditions, windows and sheet relationships to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: Study/report distinction in M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2; Cohort/outcome linkage is Chamgap application; M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 and M15 §15.3.1; Chamgap application

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N23 · Ordinary sound, consumer devices and other populations

Current findings: The original text states that ordinary continuous overnight pink noise and consumer speakers or apps were not tested. Findings are not transferred into memory efficacy for other devices, continuous sound, populations or disorders.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Direct effects and safety for other devices, settings, populations and clinical indications are not linked. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Direct effects and safety for other devices, settings, populations and clinical indications are not linked.
Required materials and conditions: Direct material by device, intervention and eligibility
Materials to obtain first: Exact designs and direct findings for other interventions and populations
Further research: Propose separate direct research for different questions. No device, acoustic, training or treatment-replacement methods are provided. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for direct material by device, intervention and eligibility must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes direct material by device, intervention and eligibility to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.1; detailed population conditions are our own design; M03 §3.2.2–3.2.3; reverse-direction labels and test adaptations are our own design; M03 §3.2.1–3.2.4; dose, duration and effect-modification details are our own design

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N24 · Public support, patents and interests

Current findings: Funding records list public NIA, NSF and NINDS support and disclosure of related technology patent applications. Public funding is not used to fill in complete verification of patents, products or author interests, or certification of independent efficacy.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Support roles, products and free support, developers and employee authors, patent scope and complete COI information are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Support roles, products and free support, developers and employee authors, patent scope and complete COI information are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Funding, development and products, patents and COI roles
Materials to obtain first: S01 original funding, product and development support, affiliations and contributions, patents and COI
Further research: Propose subsequent material distinguishing support from patents and developer roles. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for funding, development and products, patents and COI roles must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes funding, development and products, patents and COI roles to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: Chamgap's own conditions for independence and attribution. The official methodological sections used in this example do not validate every detail of these items.

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N25 · One-night safety and sleep-fragmentation gaps

Current findings: The parent's safety status is unknown. The original record states that a 13-person, one-night study cannot assess uncommon adverse effects or sleep fragmentation with repeated use. A positive memory finding or sham comparison is not used as proof of safety.
Verification status: Unverified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: The information currently needed is unverified in the stored summary. Event and arousal definitions, collection, condition-specific denominators, discontinuation, and uncommon, repeated-exposure and long-term harms are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Event and arousal definitions, collection, condition-specific denominators, discontinuation, and uncommon, repeated-exposure and long-term harms are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Event collection, arousals and fragmentation, denominators, repeated and long-term exposure
Materials to obtain first: S01 adverse events and arousals, denominators and separate repeated-exposure safety material
Further research: Propose subsequent material collecting safety and effects separately. No device, sleep or treatment implementation instructions are produced. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for event collection, arousals and fragmentation, denominators, repeated and long-term exposure must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes event collection, arousals and fragmentation, denominators, repeated and long-term exposure to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: This supplements safety evidence gaps for the selected subclaim. Memory findings, stimulation-window or whole-night sleep physiology, or a parent caution are not used to adjudicate safety, create harm rates or produce new use instructions.
Referenced methods: M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; internal application. M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; detailed distinctions are internally designed. M19 §19.2 covers design-specific harm questions; detailed temporal relationships are internally designed. M19 §19.2.2–19.2.4 and M03 §3.2.3; internal application. M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; internal application. M19 §19.2.2–19.2.4 considers design; detailed confounding records are internally designed. M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4 and M04 §4.6.3; internal application. M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; internal application. Interpretation boundaries are internally defined, informed by M19 principles; no official causality tool is executed.

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N26 · Original axes, bilingual text, dates, corrections and history

Current findings: Parent C54, B/S/R1/I2/E+/B2/C0, four false indicators, blank override reasons, and the subclaim C grade and note are retained. Korean and English texts, 2026-09-07, empty correction and deliberation records, and historical full-text cross-checks are not inherited as subclaim scores or new content review.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Subclaim score, status and axes, details of historical verification, new corrections and external comparisons are unverified. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Subclaim score, status and axes, details of historical verification, new corrections and external comparisons are unverified.
Required materials and conditions: Preserve parent C54, subclaim C and original verdict and review records
Materials to obtain first: Original version, material used at the time, corrections and comments
Further research: Record historical verdicts separately from production and update events. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for preserve parent C54, subclaim C and original verdict and review records must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes preserve parent C54, subclaim C and original verdict and review records to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M04 §4.5, §4.6.3; limits of this material conversion follow the review scope and internal design; M03 §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.4 question-clarification principles; detailed separation rules are internally designed

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N27 · Actual summary reading, links and updates

Current findings: The stored summary and reference were used for production, and links are retained. Abstract, full text, registration, protocol, SAP, patents and COI material were unread, access was not attempted, and link-function testing was not performed.
Verification status: Partly verified
Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread
Why unverified: Only the relevant stored-summary information is recorded; detailed original material has not been read and review of existing content is incomplete. Acquisition of original material, external reading, link verification and review of existing content are pending. Review of existing content is incomplete.
Reason for missing information: Acquisition of original material, external reading, link verification and review of existing content are pending.
Required materials and conditions: Stored-summary use, unread external material and additional material
Materials to obtain first: Report-specific original material, registration, plans, patent and support material, and comments
Further research: If material is provided, update the content while recording its original form and actual access scope. This is a proposal; no new investigation, calculation or experiment has been performed.
Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
Conditions for verification: Relevant original material and analysis scope for stored-summary use, unread external material and additional material must be provided so that unverified issues can be distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; review of existing content is incomplete.
Why this condition is needed: This item distinguishes stored-summary use, unread external material and additional material to connect the material needed for the selected question with the material currently available.
Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
Referenced methods: M04 §4.5–4.6 covers material collection and selection; distinctions between access and reading and hyperlink specifications are internally designed. M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 distinguishes studies and reports; cohort and outcome linkage is an internal application. M04 §4.5 and §4.6.3; current evidence-conversion limits reflect review scope and internal design.

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