# Oral curcumin or curcuminoid supplementation × Body-weight reduction in adults with overweight or obesity Verdict 3038 · Evidence Check Stored-material review date: Not recorded Original evidence cut-off: 2026-09-08 Review-criteria version: 1.0 Public page/material preparation date: 2026-10-24 Clinical papers were not read directly; existing review summaries were checked. No new clinical-literature search was performed. Unverified does not mean that research is absent or that there is no effect. ## Assessment scope - Population: The retained scope is adults with overweight, obesity or obesity-related metabolic disease. Original-trial eligibility, diseases, baseline BMI/weight, population contributions and direct effects remain unverified. - Ingredient, formulation and route: The evidence mixes conventional and bioavailability-enhanced oral curcumin/curcuminoid formulations. Piperine combinations and other products, carriers and routes remain distinct; products, content, classifications, contributions and direct effects remain unverified. - Dose: The original record describes varied trial-specific doses without an established single optimum. Actual mg/day, frequency, active amounts, adherence and direct dose response remain unverified; individual recommended doses are not assigned. - Comparator: The retained comparator is placebo or control management. Product-specific placebo, lifestyle measures, concomitant obesity/metabolic treatment, shared care and medicine changes remain incompletely verified; combined effects are not assigned to curcumin alone. - Measured outcome: The selected endpoint is body-weight change in kg. BMI, waist circumference and body fat remain distinct; change/final-value definitions, measurement, denominators, timepoints and importance remain separately unverified. Results are not converted into other endpoints or individual percentage weight loss. - Duration: The record describes weeks to months across original trials. Duration distributions, actual weight-measurement/extraction timepoints, longer-term maintenance and persistence after discontinuation remain unverified. - Questions outside this scope: The selected question concerns mixed oral curcumin formulations and body weight in kg in adults with overweight, obesity or related metabolic disease. Individual products, piperine combinations, other routes, BMI/waist/body fat and obesity-treatment replacement are different direct questions.; The original C/54/Caution and B/S/R2/I2/E~/B2/C0 are retained. Historical independence/cross-checking and generic English verification wording are not inherited as current original-source reading, formal assessment or independent clinical validation.; The overall MD −0.59 kg, 95% CI −0.81 to −0.36 is retained. A pooled mean does not establish guaranteed loss for every product/person or a prediction interval for individual products/future trials.; The enhanced-formulation −0.80 kg and interval −1.38 to −0.23 are subgroup records. Confidence-level details, contributing denominators and direct formulation comparisons remain unverified; subtraction from the overall estimate does not generate additional loss or superiority.; The 14 reviews, 50 RCTs, 21 high-risk trials and 42% are original descriptions. Overlap among reviews, reports, trials, participants and teams remains distinct; unique counts, independent replication and proportions are not newly added or recalculated.; PROSPERO CRD42022321112 and the preregistration/nongovernmental-support descriptions are retained without promotion to actual registration/plan reading or verified funders, product support, employee authorship, conflicts or independence.; The original mean below 1 kg and below-clinical-threshold interpretation are retained. Threshold definitions, patient importance, weight-loss maintenance and long-term/high-dose/formulation-specific harms remain unverified; new clinical thresholds, percentage loss, optimum doses and overall safety are not established.; The original evidence date 2026-09-08, correction of 1 English field on 2026-09-14 and authorship date 2026-10-06 remain distinct. Authorship timestamps and dated stored notes are not actual external-reading/completed-content-review dates; review dates remain unrecorded. ## Checklist items ### N01 · Which curcumin preparation and body-weight question are addressed? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original claim concerns reduced body weight in kg in adults with overweight or obesity. The retained meta-analysis summary mixes conventional and enhanced formulations. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Review of the independent-claim boundary remains incomplete, and subsidiary-claim records are empty. - Required materials and conditions: Oral curcumin, population, body weight in kg, comparison and weeks-to-months scope - Materials to obtain first: Meta-analysis eligibility/question definitions and original-trial lists - Further research: Material needed: Meta-analysis eligibility/question definitions and original-trial lists. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Oral curcumin, population, body weight in kg, comparison and weeks-to-months scope must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Oral curcumin, population, body weight in kg, comparison and weeks-to-months scope is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N02 · What are the conventional and bioavailability-enhanced formulations? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The retained use conditions describe conventional and bioavailability-enhanced oral formulations, with piperine combinations kept separate. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Individual product names, curcuminoid contents, nano/micellar/phytosome classifications and actual included formulations remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Curcuma longa-derived curcumin/curcuminoids and oral-formulation classification - Materials to obtain first: Trial-specific product/composition/content tables and formulation contributions - Further research: Material needed: Trial-specific product/composition/content tables and formulation contributions. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Curcuma longa-derived curcumin/curcuminoids and oral-formulation classification must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Curcuma longa-derived curcumin/curcuminoids and oral-formulation classification is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N03 · How are piperine, diet and exercise combination effects distinguished? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original keeps piperine combinations separate and warns against assigning piperine, diet or exercise combination effects to curcumin alone. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Trial-specific piperine, lifestyle measures, other ingredients and interventions shared by both arms remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Separating curcumin alone from absorption-enhancer/lifestyle combinations - Materials to obtain first: Trial-specific composition, accompanying diet/exercise and shared-care tables - Further research: Material needed: Trial-specific composition, accompanying diet/exercise and shared-care tables. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Separating curcumin alone from absorption-enhancer/lifestyle combinations must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Separating curcumin alone from absorption-enhancer/lifestyle combinations is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N04 · Are oral supplementation, turmeric and topical oral products the same intervention? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original intervention is oral curcumin/curcuminoid supplementation. It warns against treating products as interchangeable. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Direct body-weight effects of ordinary turmeric powder, foods, rinses, gels or particular formulations remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Distinguishing swallowed supplements from conventional turmeric, topical products and special formulations - Materials to obtain first: Original trials using the same product and route - Further research: Material needed: Original trials using the same product and route. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Distinguishing swallowed supplements from conventional turmeric, topical products and special formulations must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Distinguishing swallowed supplements from conventional turmeric, topical products and special formulations is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N05 · Were overweight, obesity and metabolic-disease populations distinguished? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The retained use conditions describe adults with overweight, obesity or obesity-related metabolic disease. The original claim concerns body weight in kg in adults with overweight or obesity. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Trial-specific diseases, eligibility, baseline body weight/BMI and population-subgroup contributions remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Trial-specific weight status, obesity-related metabolic disease and baseline BMI/body weight - Materials to obtain first: Included-study populations/baseline characteristics and eligibility criteria - Further research: Material needed: Included-study populations/baseline characteristics and eligibility criteria. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Trial-specific weight status, obesity-related metabolic disease and baseline BMI/body weight must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Trial-specific weight status, obesity-related metabolic disease and baseline BMI/body weight is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N06 · What doses were used, and is an optimum established? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original dose record states that doses varied across trials and no single optimum was established. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Trial-specific mg/day, administration frequency, curcuminoid content, adherence and direct dose-specific effects remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Trial-specific administered doses, constituent content, frequency and adherence - Materials to obtain first: Original-trial administration/constituent-content tables - Further research: Material needed: Original-trial administration/constituent-content tables. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Trial-specific administered doses, constituent content, frequency and adherence must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Trial-specific administered doses, constituent content, frequency and adherence is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N07 · Which weight results across weeks to months were pooled? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original duration is weeks to months, varying by trial. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: The duration distribution, body-weight measurement timepoints, final-value/change-score selection and persistence after discontinuation remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Trial-specific treatment duration, measurement visits and end/follow-up timepoints - Materials to obtain first: Trial-specific visits/durations, follow-up and extraction-timepoint tables - Further research: Material needed: Trial-specific visits/durations, follow-up and extraction-timepoint tables. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Trial-specific treatment duration, measurement visits and end/follow-up timepoints must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Trial-specific treatment duration, measurement visits and end/follow-up timepoints is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N08 · What did placebo or control management involve? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original comparator is placebo or control management. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Trial-specific placebo/management types, concomitant obesity treatment and care shared by both arms remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Comparator, shared treatment, lifestyle management and differences between arms - Materials to obtain first: Original-trial comparator/shared-management tables - Further research: Material needed: Original-trial comparator/shared-management tables. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Comparator, shared treatment, lifestyle management and differences between arms must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Comparator, shared treatment, lifestyle management and differences between arms is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N09 · How are changes in diet, exercise and medicines distinguished from curcumin? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original explanation describes diverse products, populations and accompanying lifestyle measures. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Arm-specific diet, exercise, medicine changes and handling of confounding/imbalance remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Diet/exercise, weight-management/metabolic medicines, cointerventions and changes - Materials to obtain first: Trial-specific concomitant-treatment, lifestyle and metabolic-medicine records - Further research: Material needed: Trial-specific concomitant-treatment, lifestyle and metabolic-medicine records. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Diet/exercise, weight-management/metabolic medicines, cointerventions and changes must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Diet/exercise, weight-management/metabolic medicines, cointerventions and changes is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N10 · Is body weight in kg the same outcome as BMI, waist circumference or body fat? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original principal endpoint is body-weight change in kg. The supplementary explanation keeps BMI, waist circumference and body fat separate. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Weight measurement/change definitions, other endpoint-specific results and contributing counts remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Separating weight change in kg from other anthropometric endpoints - Materials to obtain first: Endpoint-specific definitions, units and extracted results - Further research: Material needed: Endpoint-specific definitions, units and extracted results. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Separating weight change in kg from other anthropometric endpoints must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Separating weight change in kg from other anthropometric endpoints is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N11 · What are the overall weight estimate and interval? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The retained overall body-weight result is MD −0.59 kg, 95% CI −0.81 to −0.36. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Individual contributing trial effects, participant denominators, timepoints and final-value/change definitions remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Body-weight MD in kg, 95% CI, contributing trials/denominators and measurement timepoints - Materials to obtain first: Body-weight forest plot, extraction table, denominators/timepoints and analysis methods - Further research: Material needed: Body-weight forest plot, extraction table, denominators/timepoints and analysis methods. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Body-weight MD in kg, 95% CI, contributing trials/denominators and measurement timepoints must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Body-weight MD in kg, 95% CI, contributing trials/denominators and measurement timepoints is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N12 · What is the scope of the enhanced-formulation −0.80 kg result? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original result also records enhanced formulations at −0.80 kg, interval −1.38 to −0.23; the reader answer also describes 0.80 kg. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Which enhanced formulations/participants contributed, contributing trial counts, interval calculation/confidence-level details and subgroup plans remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Enhanced-formulation classification, contributing counts, MD, interval, population/dose/duration - Materials to obtain first: Enhanced-formulation classification, subgroup forest plot, denominators and analysis plan - Further research: Material needed: Enhanced-formulation classification, subgroup forest plot, denominators and analysis plan. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Enhanced-formulation classification, contributing counts, MD, interval, population/dose/duration must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Enhanced-formulation classification, contributing counts, MD, interval, population/dose/duration is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N13 · Is this direct evidence that enhanced formulations outperform conventional forms? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original records the overall pooled value and enhanced-formulation subgroup value, without a direct between-formulation comparison estimate. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Direct conventional-versus-enhanced comparisons, subgroup interaction and control of population/duration differences remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Direct randomized comparisons between formulations, interaction tests and shared population/dose conditions - Materials to obtain first: Direct formulation-comparison studies and subgroup comparison plans/tests - Further research: Material needed: Direct formulation-comparison studies and subgroup comparison plans/tests. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Direct randomized comparisons between formulations, interaction tests and shared population/dose conditions must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Direct randomized comparisons between formulations, interaction tests and shared population/dose conditions is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N14 · What can this table establish about BMI? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original supplementary explanation keeps BMI separate from the weight-in-kg verdict. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: BMI effects, intervals, contributing trials/denominators and timepoints remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: BMI units, measurement timepoints, contributing trials and effects/intervals - Materials to obtain first: Separate BMI results/forest plot and definitions - Further research: Material needed: Separate BMI results/forest plot and definitions. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on BMI units, measurement timepoints, contributing trials and effects/intervals must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on BMI units, measurement timepoints, contributing trials and effects/intervals is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N15 · How is waist circumference retained as a separate outcome? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original supplementary explanation separates waist circumference from the weight-in-kg verdict. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Waist values, measurement procedures and contributing trials/denominators remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Waist-circumference units, measurement sites, timepoints and effects/intervals - Materials to obtain first: Separate waist-circumference definitions/results and contribution lists - Further research: Material needed: Separate waist-circumference definitions/results and contribution lists. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Waist-circumference units, measurement sites, timepoints and effects/intervals must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Waist-circumference units, measurement sites, timepoints and effects/intervals is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N16 · Can the weight estimate stand in for body-fat reduction? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original supplementary explanation keeps body fat separate from body weight in kg. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Body-fat values, measurement techniques, contributing trials/denominators and timepoints remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Body-fat measurement methods, units, denominators, timepoints and effects - Materials to obtain first: Separate body-fat measurement/effect tables - Further research: Material needed: Separate body-fat measurement/effect tables. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Body-fat measurement methods, units, denominators, timepoints and effects must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Body-fat measurement methods, units, denominators, timepoints and effects is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N17 · What counts are the 14 meta-analyses and 50 RCTs? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original research description refers to 14 existing meta-analyses and an updated search identifying 50 RCTs with weight-in-kg results. The evidence sample description is 50 RCTs; 21 at high risk. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Original inclusion lists, overlap between updated/existing material, weight-contributing trial lists and inclusion relationships among meta-analyses remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Separating umbrella reviews, updated RCTs and endpoint-specific contributions - Materials to obtain first: Lists of the 14 reviews/50 trials, overlap relationships and endpoint contributions - Further research: Material needed: Lists of the 14 reviews/50 trials, overlap relationships and endpoint contributions. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Separating umbrella reviews, updated RCTs and endpoint-specific contributions must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Separating umbrella reviews, updated RCTs and endpoint-specific contributions is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N18 · How many participants were randomized, analyzed and completed across 50 trials? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The current sample description records only 50 trials and 21 at high risk. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Unique participant totals, arm/trial-specific randomized, analyzed and completed counts, and body-weight/enhanced-formulation denominators remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Overall/trial-specific randomized, analyzed, completed and endpoint/subgroup denominators - Materials to obtain first: Original-trial flow, denominators and meta-analysis contributing-participant tables - Further research: Material needed: Original-trial flow, denominators and meta-analysis contributing-participant tables. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Overall/trial-specific randomized, analyzed, completed and endpoint/subgroup denominators must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Overall/trial-specific randomized, analyzed, completed and endpoint/subgroup denominators is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N19 · Did the same trial recur across reviews and papers? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The source retains 1 umbrella-review/updated-meta-analysis report. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Multiple papers from the same trial, participant overlap, overlap among the 14 reviews and subgroup overlap remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Original-trial IDs, multiple reports, follow-up/registration and review inclusion relationships - Materials to obtain first: Relationships among included trials, reports and registrations - Further research: Material needed: Relationships among included trials, reports and registrations. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Original-trial IDs, multiple reports, follow-up/registration and review inclusion relationships must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Original-trial IDs, multiple reports, follow-up/registration and review inclusion relationships is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N20 · When and how far did the updated search extend? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original mentions an umbrella review and updated searching. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: The actual search cutoff, databases/strategies, unpublished-material searching, language/formulation restrictions and selection flow remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Search date, databases, strategies, registration/unpublished material and formulation/population eligibility - Materials to obtain first: Meta-analysis search strategies, eligibility, selection flow and search dates - Further research: Material needed: Meta-analysis search strategies, eligibility, selection flow and search dates. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Search date, databases, strategies, registration/unpublished material and formulation/population eligibility must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Search date, databases, strategies, registration/unpublished material and formulation/population eligibility is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N21 · Which original-trial weight values were extracted, and how? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The retained use conditions describe body-weight change in kg; the evidence records body weight in kg and pooled MD. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Original/final/change/adjusted-value choices, timepoint selection, multi-arm handling, SD/missing-data extraction and unit conversion remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Final/change values, kg units, multiple timepoints, multiple arms, adjustment and duplicate selection - Materials to obtain first: Body-weight extraction, original result tables and analysis-code explanation - Further research: Material needed: Body-weight extraction, original result tables and analysis-code explanation. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Final/change values, kg units, multiple timepoints, multiple arms, adjustment and duplicate selection must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Final/change values, kg units, multiple timepoints, multiple arms, adjustment and duplicate selection is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N22 · How were MD and between-study heterogeneity estimated? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original result records MD and intervals; its explanation describes diversity in products, populations and lifestyles. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Fixed/random models, weights, I²/τ², prediction intervals and heterogeneity exploration remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Pooling model, weights, heterogeneity, prediction intervals and subgroups - Materials to obtain first: Statistical methods, forest plot, heterogeneity/prediction intervals and subgroup plans - Further research: Material needed: Statistical methods, forest plot, heterogeneity/prediction intervals and subgroup plans. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Pooling model, weights, heterogeneity, prediction intervals and subgroups must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Pooling model, weights, heterogeneity, prediction intervals and subgroups is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N23 · What are the 21 high-risk trials and original 42% description? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The evidence sample description records 21 trials at high risk of bias; the key-point description refers to 21 trials, and the grade rationale describes 42% of original trials as high risk. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Which 21 trials, assessment tools/domains/procedures, weight-outcome contributions and sensitivity analyses remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Trial-specific risk assessment, tools/domains and contribution weights - Materials to obtain first: Original risk-assessment tables, tools and endpoint links - Further research: Material needed: Original risk-assessment tables, tools and endpoint links. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Trial-specific risk assessment, tools/domains and contribution weights must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Trial-specific risk assessment, tools/domains and contribution weights is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N24 · What were trial-specific randomization, masking and effects of interest? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original design is described as a meta-analysis of RCTs. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Randomization/concealment, masking, ITT/PP, baseline balance and endpoint limitations across the 50 trials remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Trial-specific allocation/concealment, masking, effects of interest and baseline balance - Materials to obtain first: Original-trial methods and allocation/analysis tables - Further research: Material needed: Original-trial methods and allocation/analysis tables. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Trial-specific allocation/concealment, masking, effects of interest and baseline balance must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Trial-specific allocation/concealment, masking, effects of interest and baseline balance is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N25 · How were attrition, nonadherence and missing weight measurements handled? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The current summary does not contain trial-specific attrition, adherence or missing-data information. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Trial-specific missingness, reasons, handling, deviations/adherence, sensitivity analyses and their incorporation into the meta-analysis remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Arm-specific attrition, adherence, missing-data handling and weight-analysis denominators - Materials to obtain first: Original-trial flow, adherence and missing-data/sensitivity tables - Further research: Material needed: Original-trial flow, adherence and missing-data/sensitivity tables. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Arm-specific attrition, adherence, missing-data handling and weight-analysis denominators must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Arm-specific attrition, adherence, missing-data handling and weight-analysis denominators is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N26 · What are the results for high-risk/small trials and publication bias? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The source describes 21 high-risk trials alongside a small pooled effect. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Results excluding high-risk trials, leave-one-out analyses, small-study/publication bias and effects of missing trials remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: High-risk exclusions, small studies, missing/publication bias and influence analyses - Materials to obtain first: Sensitivity/influence, missing-report and publication-bias material - Further research: Material needed: Sensitivity/influence, missing-report and publication-bias material. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on High-risk exclusions, small studies, missing/publication bias and influence analyses must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on High-risk exclusions, small studies, missing/publication bias and influence analyses is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N27 · Do PROSPERO plans correspond to weight/subgroup analyses? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The retained design describes a preregistered umbrella review/meta-analysis; funding/bibliography record PROSPERO CRD42022321112. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: PROSPERO content/registration dates, plan amendments, planned analyses/endpoint hierarchy and multiplicity remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Registration content, dated plans, body weight/BMI/waist/enhanced formulations and amendments - Materials to obtain first: PROSPERO content/history, plans and analysis lists - Further research: Material needed: PROSPERO content/history, plans and analysis lists. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Registration content, dated plans, body weight/BMI/waist/enhanced formulations and amendments must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Registration content, dated plans, body weight/BMI/waist/enhanced formulations and amendments is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N28 · Are the statistical signal and clinical meaning of 0.59 kg the same? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original reader answer describes a statistical signal without large weight loss. Its key-point description states that the mean is below 1 kg, and the grade rationale says it falls below a clinical threshold. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: The original threshold's definition/basis, population-specific importance, weight-loss maintenance and patient-important outcomes remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Effects/intervals, original interpretation, patient importance, baseline weight and persistence - Materials to obtain first: Prespecified clinical importance, baseline/maintenance and patient-important outcomes - Further research: Material needed: Prespecified clinical importance, baseline/maintenance and patient-important outcomes. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Effects/intervals, original interpretation, patient importance, baseline weight and persistence must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Effects/intervals, original interpretation, patient importance, baseline weight and persistence is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N29 · What is retained here from the original independence narrative? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original counterview describes recurring reduction directions across independent trials/umbrella review. The original R2/I2 axes are retained. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Team independence, direct replication with the same formulation, unique trials/participant counts and meta-analysis independence remain unverified in this externally unread scope. - Required materials and conditions: Unique trials/teams, question/formulation correspondence and overlap among meta-analyses - Materials to obtain first: Original-trial families, teams/support relationships and exact formulation/endpoint lists - Further research: Material needed: Original-trial families, teams/support relationships and exact formulation/endpoint lists. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Unique trials/teams, question/formulation correspondence and overlap among meta-analyses must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Unique trials/teams, question/formulation correspondence and overlap among meta-analyses is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N30 · Are PMID, DOI, PROSPERO and the stored summary distinguished? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original citation is Unhapipatpong et al., Am J Clin Nutr.2023;117:1005-1016, PMID36898635, DOI10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.03.006, PROSPERO CRD42022321112. The material read is the stored JSON. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: External article abstracts/full texts, PROSPERO, original trials and related original material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Required materials and conditions: Original-report bibliography, registration wording, external-unread scope and stored JSON - Materials to obtain first: Articles, registration and supplementary/original-trial material corresponding to the citation - Further research: Material needed: Articles, registration and supplementary/original-trial material corresponding to the citation. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Original-report bibliography, registration wording, external-unread scope and stored JSON must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Original-report bibliography, registration wording, external-unread scope and stored JSON is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N31 · What are the nongovernmental support and product/author roles? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The retained funding description records nongovernmental research support; PROSPERO CRD42022321112. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Supporting institutions/amounts, product support, employee authorship, conflicts and support roles in individual original trials remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Cash/product support, affiliations/conflicts and meta-analysis/original-trial roles - Materials to obtain first: Original meta-analysis/trial funding, conflict, author and product-support disclosures - Further research: Material needed: Original meta-analysis/trial funding, conflict, author and product-support disclosures. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Cash/product support, affiliations/conflicts and meta-analysis/original-trial roles must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Cash/product support, affiliations/conflicts and meta-analysis/original-trial roles is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N32 · How do original dates differ from the preparation timestamp? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original evidence date is 2026-09-08; the English correction is dated 2026-09-14. The meta-analysis bibliography is dated 2023. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Actual original-meta-analysis search dates, current external-reading dates and completed latest-search dates remain unverified/unrecorded. - Required materials and conditions: Original evidence date, correction date, meta-analysis publication/search and preparation timestamp - Materials to obtain first: Original search, receipt, publication and amendment-event records - Further research: Material needed: Original search, receipt, publication and amendment-event records. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Original evidence date, correction date, meta-analysis publication/search and preparation timestamp must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Original evidence date, correction date, meta-analysis publication/search and preparation timestamp is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N33 · How are generic English wording and the 1-field correction retained? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The English reader answer records 0.59/0.80 kg. Generic explanations remain in English sample, funding, endpoint, result and evidence-weight fields; the correction describes changing 1 field. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Which field changed, its before/after values and detailed numerical/original-source correspondence in English still await review. - Required materials and conditions: Korean/English results, generic English evidence wording and before/after correction records - Materials to obtain first: Complete before/after English-correction originals and result translation - Further research: Material needed: Complete before/after English-correction originals and result translation. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Korean/English results, generic English evidence wording and before/after correction records must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Korean/English results, generic English evidence wording and before/after correction records is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N34 · What is the role of C54, historical cross-checking and axes here? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original C54/Caution, B/S/R2/I2/E~/B2/C0 axes and historical independent Codex cross-check wording are preserved in the source. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Current content review, new clinical validation and methodology certification remain incomplete. - Required materials and conditions: Original grade, score, safety, axes, grade decision and empty values - Materials to obtain first: The original verdict and subsequent authorized correction events - Further research: Material needed: The original verdict and subsequent authorized correction events. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Original grade, score, safety, axes, grade decision and empty values must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Original grade, score, safety, axes, grade decision and empty values is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N35 · For which events and denominators were gastrointestinal complaints reported? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The retained safety wording describes gastrointestinal complaints as the main issue in short trials. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Event types, arm-specific event/person counts, harm denominators, collection/discontinuation and original-trial durations remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Event definitions/collection, arm-specific events/denominators, discontinuation/missingness and duration - Materials to obtain first: Original-trial adverse events/discontinuations, collection and arm-specific harm tables - Further research: Material needed: Original-trial adverse events/discontinuations, collection and arm-specific harm tables. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Event definitions/collection, arm-specific events/denominators, discontinuation/missingness and duration must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Event definitions/collection, arm-specific events/denominators, discontinuation/missingness and duration is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N36 · What is known about formulation-specific safety beyond short-term use? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original safety wording states that long-term/high-dose safety and medicine interactions are not adequately established by formulation. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Original material on formulation-specific long-term/rare harms, high doses, vulnerable groups and actual interactions remains unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Longer-term/high-dose use, formulation/absorption, vulnerable groups and medicine interactions - Materials to obtain first: Longer follow-up, formulation/dose-specific harms and interaction material - Further research: Material needed: Longer follow-up, formulation/dose-specific harms and interaction material. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Longer-term/high-dose use, formulation/absorption, vulnerable groups and medicine interactions must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Longer-term/high-dose use, formulation/absorption, vulnerable groups and medicine interactions is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N37 · Are harm timing, comparisons, alternative causes and independent cases available? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The current manuscript retains only general short-term gastrointestinal/long-term interaction precautions. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Individual event timing, causality/alternative causes, between-group risks, independent harm cases and report families remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Onset/recovery, discontinuation/re-exposure, comparator/concomitant medicines and case families - Materials to obtain first: Individual-event timing, concomitant/alternative explanations, between-group harms and unique-case material - Further research: Material needed: Individual-event timing, concomitant/alternative explanations, between-group harms and unique-case material. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Onset/recovery, discontinuation/re-exposure, comparator/concomitant medicines and case families must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Onset/recovery, discontinuation/re-exposure, comparator/concomitant medicines and case families is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N38 · Does enhanced bioavailability cause the weight effect? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The source records the enhanced-formulation weight subgroup value and warns against product interchangeability. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Absorption measurement, relationships between absorption changes and weight, direct formulation comparisons and causal mechanisms remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Formulation-specific exposure/absorption, direct weight comparisons and alternative explanations - Materials to obtain first: Formulation-specific exposure/absorption and direct clinical outcomes - Further research: Material needed: Formulation-specific exposure/absorption and direct clinical outcomes. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Formulation-specific exposure/absorption, direct weight comparisons and alternative explanations must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Formulation-specific exposure/absorption, direct weight comparisons and alternative explanations is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ### N39 · How are the stored summary and unread materials connected? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summary and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The full stored JSON was read for preparation, with the original PubMed citation URL retained. External material remains unread, with no access attempt. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: Full texts, PROSPERO, original-trial, extraction, statistical, harm and support material remain unverified; content review remains incomplete. - Required materials and conditions: Material-specific acquisition/reading, original citation links and condition/evidence-change events - Materials to obtain first: Original material/corrections supplied or separately authorized - Further research: Material needed: Original material/corrections supplied or separately authorized. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Material-specific acquisition/reading, original citation links and condition/evidence-change events must link to the relevant report, trial, review, participant, formulation, endpoint, timepoint, units and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Material-specific acquisition/reading, original citation links and condition/evidence-change events is needed to connect the relevant formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, pooled/subgroup scope, denominator, overlap or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Pooled means, enhanced-formulation subgroups and direct formulation comparisons remain distinct, as do weight versus other anthropometric endpoints and reviews/trials/participants. Differences, percentage weight loss, independent-replication counts, optimum doses, guaranteed loss, obesity-treatment replacement and safety certification are not newly calculated or inferred. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in product/population/dose/duration-specific direct effects, pooled/subgroup analyses, denominators, overlap, measurement, missingness, heterogeneity, importance, harms and support. Original numbers, grades and historical independence narratives do not constitute new calculation, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish formulation, oral route, population, endpoint/units, duration, comparator, pooled/subgroup estimates, denominators, overlap, support and harms in the retained curcumin weight record. - Related sources: R01 ## Evidence and sources ### R01 2023 · Curcumin and body weight: umbrella review and updated meta-analysis [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36898635/) Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts/full texts, registration and original trials unread, with no access attempt Findings recorded in the summary: MD −0.59 kg, 95% CI −0.81 to −0.36; enhanced formulations −0.80 kg, interval −1.38 to −0.23 Record level: These are overall pooled weight and enhanced-formulation subgroup values. Weight/BMI/waist/body fat, reviews/trials/participants and contributing denominators remain distinct; original articles, registration, analyses, support and harm material remain unread. Independent replication: The stored umbrella-review/updated report remains distinct from original trials, reviews, reports and participants. Overlap, unique trials/participants and team independence remain unverified; the original independence narrative is not converted into new counts or certification. | Material | Public availability | Access status | Actually read | Notes | |---|---|---|---|---| | Stored meta-analysis summary | Existing stored summary acquired | Stored summary | Stored summary read | Only the stored summary was read for preparation. This is not actual acquisition/reading of the meta-analysis full text/original trials or clinical validation. Only the stored summary/original bibliography was read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, inclusion tables, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread. URLs, identifiers and original narratives alone do not certify existence/public availability, acquisition, reading, prespecification, independence or fulfilled conditions. The 2026-09-08 date recorded for materials is the original evidence date, not an external-reading date. Authorship timestamps on 2026-10-06 are preparation records, not completed-content-review/external-verification dates. Actual review/verification dates remain unrecorded. | | External article identity link · Original PubMed citation | Original bibliography link only; external content unread | Unread; no access attempt | Unread | PMID36898635, DOI10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.03.006 and the original PubMed link are stored identifiers. Successful access, acquisition and actual reading of the page/abstract were not verified. Only the stored summary/original bibliography was read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, inclusion tables, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread. URLs, identifiers and original narratives alone do not certify existence/public availability, acquisition, reading, prespecification, independence or fulfilled conditions. The 2026-09-08 date recorded for materials is the original evidence date, not an external-reading date. Authorship timestamps on 2026-10-06 are preparation records, not completed-content-review/external-verification dates. Actual review/verification dates remain unrecorded. | | External full text · Umbrella review/updated meta-analysis | Original bibliography link only; external content unread | Unread; no access attempt | Unread | A bibliographic link is not promoted to full-text public availability, acquisition or reading. Original analyses, methods and supplements remain unread. Only the stored summary/original bibliography was read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, inclusion tables, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread. URLs, identifiers and original narratives alone do not certify existence/public availability, acquisition, reading, prespecification, independence or fulfilled conditions. The 2026-09-08 date recorded for materials is the original evidence date, not an external-reading date. Authorship timestamps on 2026-10-06 are preparation records, not completed-content-review/external-verification dates. Actual review/verification dates remain unrecorded. | | Registration material · PROSPERO CRD42022321112 | Needed material; existence and public availability unverified | Unread; no access attempt | Unread | PROSPERO CRD42022321112 is the retained registration identifier. Registration content, timing, amendments and weight/subgroup correspondence remain unread; prospective registration of individual trials is not certified. Only the stored summary/original bibliography was read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, inclusion tables, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread. URLs, identifiers and original narratives alone do not certify existence/public availability, acquisition, reading, prespecification, independence or fulfilled conditions. The 2026-09-08 date recorded for materials is the original evidence date, not an external-reading date. Authorship timestamps on 2026-10-06 are preparation records, not completed-content-review/external-verification dates. Actual review/verification dates remain unrecorded. | | Review/trial/report-family contributions · 14 reviews/50 trials | Needed material; existence and public availability unverified | Unread; no access attempt | Unread | Inclusion, overlap, report families and endpoint contributions of the 14 reviews/50 trials remain unverified. Participant, unique-trial and independent-team totals are not newly generated. Only the stored summary/original bibliography was read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, inclusion tables, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread. URLs, identifiers and original narratives alone do not certify existence/public availability, acquisition, reading, prespecification, independence or fulfilled conditions. The 2026-09-08 date recorded for materials is the original evidence date, not an external-reading date. Authorship timestamps on 2026-10-06 are preparation records, not completed-content-review/external-verification dates. Actual review/verification dates remain unrecorded. | | Endpoint extraction/denominators/results · Weight/enhanced formulations/BMI/waist/body fat | Needed material; existence and public availability unverified | Unread; no access attempt | Unread | Actual extraction, denominators, timepoints and results for weight, enhanced formulations, BMI, waist and body fat remain unverified. The confidence level of the enhanced-formulation interval is not assumed, and other endpoints are not substituted. Only the stored summary/original bibliography was read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, inclusion tables, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread. URLs, identifiers and original narratives alone do not certify existence/public availability, acquisition, reading, prespecification, independence or fulfilled conditions. The 2026-09-08 date recorded for materials is the original evidence date, not an external-reading date. Authorship timestamps on 2026-10-06 are preparation records, not completed-content-review/external-verification dates. Actual review/verification dates remain unrecorded. | | Pooling methods, risk assessment, sensitivity and missing/publication bias | Needed material; existence and public availability unverified | Unread; no access attempt | Unread | The 21 high-risk trials and 42% are original descriptions. Risk tables/tools, weights, heterogeneity, sensitivity and missing/publication bias remain unverified; no recalculation or formal-method execution was performed. Only the stored summary/original bibliography was read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, inclusion tables, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread. URLs, identifiers and original narratives alone do not certify existence/public availability, acquisition, reading, prespecification, independence or fulfilled conditions. The 2026-09-08 date recorded for materials is the original evidence date, not an external-reading date. Authorship timestamps on 2026-10-06 are preparation records, not completed-content-review/external-verification dates. Actual review/verification dates remain unrecorded. | | Products, formulations, doses, populations, duration and lifestyle/concomitant care | Needed material; existence and public availability unverified | Unread; no access attempt | Unread | Products, contents, carriers, doses, populations, durations and both arms’ lifestyle/concomitant medicines remain incompletely verified. Piperine/lifestyle combination effects are not assigned to curcumin alone. Only the stored summary/original bibliography was read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, inclusion tables, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread. URLs, identifiers and original narratives alone do not certify existence/public availability, acquisition, reading, prespecification, independence or fulfilled conditions. The 2026-09-08 date recorded for materials is the original evidence date, not an external-reading date. Authorship timestamps on 2026-10-06 are preparation records, not completed-content-review/external-verification dates. Actual review/verification dates remain unrecorded. | | Harms, discontinuation, long-term/high-dose use and formulation-specific interactions | Needed material; existence and public availability unverified | Unread; no access attempt | Unread | Original gastrointestinal, long-term/high-dose and interaction precautions are retained. Actual event definitions, collection, arm-specific harms, denominators, causality and rare harms remain unverified; absence of events and overall safety are not established. Only the stored summary/original bibliography was read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, inclusion tables, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread. URLs, identifiers and original narratives alone do not certify existence/public availability, acquisition, reading, prespecification, independence or fulfilled conditions. The 2026-09-08 date recorded for materials is the original evidence date, not an external-reading date. Authorship timestamps on 2026-10-06 are preparation records, not completed-content-review/external-verification dates. Actual review/verification dates remain unrecorded. | | Original funding, conflict and product-support disclosures | Needed material; existence and public availability unverified | Unread; no access attempt | Unread | Nongovernmental support remains distinct from the PROSPERO identifier. Original meta-analysis/trial funder, product-support, employee-authorship, role and conflict disclosures remain unread; independence and noninvolvement are not certified. Only the stored summary/original bibliography was read. External abstracts, full texts, PROSPERO, inclusion tables, original-trial, extraction, analysis, harm and support material remain unread. URLs, identifiers and original narratives alone do not certify existence/public availability, acquisition, reading, prespecification, independence or fulfilled conditions. The 2026-09-08 date recorded for materials is the original evidence date, not an external-reading date. Authorship timestamps on 2026-10-06 are preparation records, not completed-content-review/external-verification dates. Actual review/verification dates remain unrecorded. | ## Review criteria and methods These are Chamgap's own application conditions, informed by the relevant sections of official methodological guidance. They do not constitute official assessment-tool certification or a new efficacy score. - M03 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-03) · §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.3, MECIR C5/C7/C13 · Clearly record the question, eligibility conditions and reasons for changes, and distinguish variations in interventions. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. - M04 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5.1 (2025), chapter updated 2025-03](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-04) · §4.5, §4.6.1–4.6.3, MECIR C42 · Distinguish studies from reports and link them; do not omit a study solely because results are unreported. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. - M08 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-08) · §8.1–8.2.3, Table 8.2.a · Define the outcome and effect of interest, then examine randomization, deviations, missing data, measurement and selective reporting. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. - M15 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-15) · §15.2.4, §15.3.1–15.3.3 · Distinguish effect estimates, intervals, importance and applicability. Sample size alone does not determine precision. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. - M19 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-19) · §19.1.2, §19.2.1–19.2.4 · Harm questions may require different designs, populations and follow-up from efficacy questions. Case reports do not establish incidence rates. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. ## What the statuses mean - Partly verified: Partial information from the stored summary is linked; detailed originals and content review remain incomplete. - Unverified: Required details cannot be established within the preserved scope. This does not establish absence of effects or studies, or safety. - Review incomplete: Review of existing content remains incomplete. - Met: This state is used only within the relevant conditions after material verification and content review. It was not automatically assigned in this work. - Not reported: Unreported within material actually read. Unread external material is not relabeled as unreported. - Inaccessible: This means actual access failure. External access was not attempted in this work, so this state was not assigned. - Not applicable: Used only with an application exception and reason based on the question scope. - Conflicting data: This requires actual comparison of materials; no new conflict judgment was made in this work. - Insufficient evidence for the conditions: This indicates gaps in additional material for the selected conditions. Unread material as a whole is not converted into an efficacy grade. ## Change history 2026-10-24 · Public page/materials 1.0. The public view and materials were prepared from the existing 39 items. No new clinical search, verification-state change or scoring was performed.