# Oral Nigella sativa seed or seed-oil supplementation × Body-weight reduction in adults with overweight or obesity Verdict 3034 · Evidence Check Stored-material review date: Not recorded Original evidence cut-off: 2026-09-08 Review-criteria version: 1.0 Public page/material preparation date: 2026-10-24 Clinical papers were not read directly; existing review summaries were checked. No new clinical-literature search was performed. Unverified does not mean that research is absent or that there is no effect. ## Assessment scope - Population: The population comprises adults including overweight and obesity. Mixed-disease studies remain separate. Trial-specific diagnostic and eligibility criteria, age, baseline weight and comorbidity composition remain unverified. - Ingredient, formulation and route: The intervention is oral Nigella sativa L. seed powder or seed-oil supplementation, with formulation subgroups distinguished. Products, extraction and constituent quantities remain unverified. Other extracts, topical preparations, purified thymoquinone and combinations are not treated as interchangeable. - Dose: Doses vary by trial. Powder and oil doses are not converted into equivalents. Actual intake, constituent quantities, adherence and frequency remain unverified; no new representative dose, active dose or recommended dose is created. - Comparator: The comparator is placebo or a control condition. Matching control composition, management, diet, exercise, medication, other treatment and adherence across trials remains unverified. Controls are not all treated as identical placebo or management. - Measured outcome: The selected endpoint is change in body weight in kg. BMI and waist circumference are separate endpoints. Original measurement, baseline adjustment, final values versus changes, variance and prospective hierarchy remain unverified; BMI is not converted into kg. - Duration: Duration varies by trial, with the subgroup of 8 weeks or less distinguished. Treatment, measurement, follow-up and post-discontinuation timing remain unverified in detail. The overall estimate is not converted into a short-duration subgroup result or sustained long-term effect. - Questions outside this scope: The selected question concerns oral seed or seed oil and body-weight change in kg in adults with overweight or obesity. Composite glycemia, blood-pressure and lipid claims, other formulations, routes and populations are excluded.; The existing C·46 points·Caution and B/S/R1/I1/E~/B2/C0 are retained. Historical cross-check wording and the original statement of 0 strengths are not presented as a current quality score, completed content review or new clinical validation.; The 2018 review’s 13 trials and 875 participants remain distinct from the 2023 review’s 21 trials overall and 15 studies, 16 comparisons and approximately 995 participants for weight. Overlap across reviews is unconfirmed. No new totals of unique trials, participants or harm denominators are created.; The 2018 weight result of −1.76 kg (95% CI −3.34 to −0.17), I²=87.4%, and the 2023 weight result of −1.46 kg (95% CI −2.53 to −0.39), I²=94.6%, are retained as original reported values. Each remains attributed to its review and endpoint without repooling, recalculation or a new prediction interval.; The original Korean wording for an obesity subgroup and the original English wording for an overweight/obesity subgroup are retained, with the scope difference unconfirmed. The null finding at 8 weeks or less remains separate from the overall mean; absent subgroup effects, intervals, denominators and interactions are not invented.; Weight, BMI and waist circumference are distinct. Means are not extended to individual success rates, large weight loss, effects without diet and exercise or long-term persistence, or converted into superiority, equivalence or optimal dosing for a specific formulation.; PMID29857879, DOI10.1016/j.ctim.2018.04.003, DOI10.1016/j.jff.2023.105565 and review PROSPERO CRD42022358471 are existing bibliography. Review registration does not confirm original-trial registration, prespecification or adherence to plans; external abstracts, full texts, registration and plans remain unread.; The original evidence date 2026-09-08, the correction date 2026-09-14 for 2 English-placeholder fields and the original production date 2026-10-06 are retained. Generic English evidence wording, funding descriptions and cautions are not promoted to actual full-text reading or certification of independence, harm collection or safety. ## Checklist items ### N01 · Which body-weight question is addressed? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original claim is body-weight reduction in adults with overweight or obesity. The principal endpoint is weight change in kg; BMI and waist circumference remain separate. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: An eligibility table for population, formulation, control and timing of the single weight endpoint is needed. Composite glycemia/blood-pressure/lipid claims are excluded. - Required materials and conditions: Oral seed/seed oil and weight change in kg in adults with overweight or obesity - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: An eligibility table for population, formulation, control and timing of the single weight endpoint is needed. Composite glycemia/blood-pressure/lipid claims are excluded. - Further research: Material needed: An eligibility table for population, formulation, control and timing of the single weight endpoint is needed. Composite glycemia/blood-pressure/lipid claims are excluded. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Oral seed/seed oil and weight change in kg in adults with overweight or obesity must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Oral seed/seed oil and weight change in kg in adults with overweight or obesity is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N02 · Are seed powder and seed oil kept separate? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The formulation is oral supplementation with seed powder and seed oil distinguished by formulation subgroups. Other extracts, topical preparations, purified thymoquinone and combinations in the original product notes are not treated as interchangeable. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Product, extraction, standardized constituent quantities and inclusion tables by formulation are needed. A mixed pooled mean does not establish efficacy or equivalence for each formulation. - Required materials and conditions: Original trials and product/constituent tables by powder/oil formulation - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Product, extraction, standardized constituent quantities and inclusion tables by formulation are needed. A mixed pooled mean does not establish efficacy or equivalence for each formulation. - Further research: Material needed: Product, extraction, standardized constituent quantities and inclusion tables by formulation are needed. A mixed pooled mean does not establish efficacy or equivalence for each formulation. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Original trials and product/constituent tables by powder/oil formulation must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Original trials and product/constituent tables by powder/oil formulation is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N03 · Can doses and active quantities be converted into equivalents? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: Doses vary by trial; powder and oil doses are not converted into equivalents. No new representative dose, active quantity or recommended dose is created. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Original doses, constituents/units, adherence and actual administration are needed. Powder/oil dose equivalence is unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Trial-specific dose, frequency, actual exposure and active constituents - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Original doses, constituents/units, adherence and actual administration are needed. Powder/oil dose equivalence is unverified. - Further research: Material needed: Original doses, constituents/units, adherence and actual administration are needed. Powder/oil dose equivalence is unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Trial-specific dose, frequency, actual exposure and active constituents must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Trial-specific dose, frequency, actual exposure and active constituents is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N04 · Are overall durations distinguished from 8 weeks or less? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: Duration varies by trial, with the subgroup of 8 weeks or less separate. The overall mean is not converted into a result at 8 weeks or less or a sustained long-term effect. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Original treatment, measurement, follow-up/post-discontinuation timing and tables by duration group are needed. - Required materials and conditions: Trial-specific duration, weight-measurement timing and the subgroup of 8 weeks or less - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Original treatment, measurement, follow-up/post-discontinuation timing and tables by duration group are needed. - Further research: Material needed: Original treatment, measurement, follow-up/post-discontinuation timing and tables by duration group are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Trial-specific duration, weight-measurement timing and the subgroup of 8 weeks or less must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Trial-specific duration, weight-measurement timing and the subgroup of 8 weeks or less is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N05 · Are overweight/obesity and mixed-disease studies distinguished? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The population is adults including overweight and obesity, with mixed-disease studies separate. A mixed review population is not treated as the same sample as a specific obesity population. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Original-trial tables of diagnosis, selection, age, baseline weight and comorbidity are needed. - Required materials and conditions: Inclusion composition by diagnosis, baseline weight/BMI and comorbidity - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Original-trial tables of diagnosis, selection, age, baseline weight and comorbidity are needed. - Further research: Material needed: Original-trial tables of diagnosis, selection, age, baseline weight and comorbidity are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Inclusion composition by diagnosis, baseline weight/BMI and comorbidity must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Inclusion composition by diagnosis, baseline weight/BMI and comorbidity is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N06 · Are placebo and control-condition arrangements the same? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The comparator is placebo or a control condition. Identical placebo and management across all trials are not established. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Original records of control composition, masking, lifestyle management and adherence are needed. - Required materials and conditions: Trial-specific control constituents, management and cointerventions by arm - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Original records of control composition, masking, lifestyle management and adherence are needed. - Further research: Material needed: Original records of control composition, masking, lifestyle management and adherence are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Trial-specific control constituents, management and cointerventions by arm must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Trial-specific control constituents, management and cointerventions by arm is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N07 · Can the effects of concomitant diet and exercise be distinguished? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original rationale, key issue and research description retain concomitant diet/exercise and varied cointerventions. The overall effect is not described as an effect everyone can obtain without diet or exercise. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Original diet/exercise arrangements, arm-specific adherence, energy/weight changes and additional interventions are needed. The effect is not isolated as that of seed oil alone. - Required materials and conditions: Matching dietary restriction, exercise, management and concomitant use by arm - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Original diet/exercise arrangements, arm-specific adherence, energy/weight changes and additional interventions are needed. The effect is not isolated as that of seed oil alone. - Further research: Material needed: Original diet/exercise arrangements, arm-specific adherence, energy/weight changes and additional interventions are needed. The effect is not isolated as that of seed oil alone. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Matching dietary restriction, exercise, management and concomitant use by arm must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Matching dietary restriction, exercise, management and concomitant use by arm is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N08 · Are medication, other treatment and weight changes distinguished? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original safety description retains cautions about concomitant medications. Actual medication use, changes and arrangements addressing weight effects in included trials are not specified. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Records of medications for glycemia/blood pressure, other treatment, weight-related changes and arm-specific maintenance are needed. - Required materials and conditions: Baseline medications, disease treatment, changes and arm-specific management - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Records of medications for glycemia/blood pressure, other treatment, weight-related changes and arm-specific maintenance are needed. - Further research: Material needed: Records of medications for glycemia/blood pressure, other treatment, weight-related changes and arm-specific maintenance are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Baseline medications, disease treatment, changes and arm-specific management must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Baseline medications, disease treatment, changes and arm-specific management is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N09 · Are the 2018 and 2023 reviews retained as separate reports? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: R01 is a 2018 meta-analysis of RCTs; R02 is a 2023 updated meta-analysis of RCTs. The reviews are not counted as independent original trials. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Search dates, eligibility criteria, included trials and correspondence with additional reports/registration are needed. - Required materials and conditions: Search, eligibility and inclusion correspondence for the Mousavi and Naghsh reviews - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Search dates, eligibility criteria, included trials and correspondence with additional reports/registration are needed. - Further research: Material needed: Search dates, eligibility criteria, included trials and correspondence with additional reports/registration are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Search, eligibility and inclusion correspondence for the Mousavi and Naghsh reviews must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Search, eligibility and inclusion correspondence for the Mousavi and Naghsh reviews is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N10 · What is the scope of the 13 trials and 875 participants in 2018? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: R01 records 13 trials and 875 participants. These do not certify a single formulation, completed weight analyses or independent-trial counts. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Inclusion tables and original trials/arm-specific randomized, analyzed and completion denominators by weight endpoint are needed. - Required materials and conditions: R01 included trials/participants and weight-endpoint denominators - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Inclusion tables and original trials/arm-specific randomized, analyzed and completion denominators by weight endpoint are needed. - Further research: Material needed: Inclusion tables and original trials/arm-specific randomized, analyzed and completion denominators by weight endpoint are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on R01 included trials/participants and weight-endpoint denominators must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on R01 included trials/participants and weight-endpoint denominators is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N11 · Are the updated review’s 21 trials distinguished from 15 studies and 16 weight comparisons? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: R02 records 21 trials overall; weight comprises 15 studies, 16 comparisons and approximately 995 participants. Whole-review, weight-study and comparison counts remain separate. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Multi-arm, shared-control and sample correspondence for the 15 studies/16 comparisons and original extraction tables are needed. The 21 trials are not converted into a count of unique weight trials. - Required materials and conditions: Study/comparison/participant units for the whole review and weight analysis - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Multi-arm, shared-control and sample correspondence for the 15 studies/16 comparisons and original extraction tables are needed. The 21 trials are not converted into a count of unique weight trials. - Further research: Material needed: Multi-arm, shared-control and sample correspondence for the 15 studies/16 comparisons and original extraction tables are needed. The 21 trials are not converted into a count of unique weight trials. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Study/comparison/participant units for the whole review and weight analysis must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Study/comparison/participant units for the whole review and weight analysis is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N12 · What analysis denominator does approximately 995 participants describe? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: Approximately 995 participants is the original scale reported with the weight-analysis scope. Exact participant counts, arm-specific numbers and universal completion are not newly established. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Original extraction, randomization, analysis, completion and missing-data tables, with overlapping-sample links, are needed. No new total is calculated. - Required materials and conditions: Randomized/analyzed/completed and arm-specific denominators behind the weight-participant description - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Original extraction, randomization, analysis, completion and missing-data tables, with overlapping-sample links, are needed. No new total is calculated. - Further research: Material needed: Original extraction, randomization, analysis, completion and missing-data tables, with overlapping-sample links, are needed. No new total is calculated. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Randomized/analyzed/completed and arm-specific denominators behind the weight-participant description must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Randomized/analyzed/completed and arm-specific denominators behind the weight-participant description is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N13 · Can original trials shared by the reviews be linked? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: Overlap in original trials and participants across the meta-analyses is not identified in the stored summaries. The 875 participants and approximately 995 participants are not added. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Each review’s included articles, registration, institution/time and sample correspondence are needed. Final unique-trial and unique-participant totals remain null. - Required materials and conditions: Review–original-trial–additional-report and same-participant correspondence - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Each review’s included articles, registration, institution/time and sample correspondence are needed. Final unique-trial and unique-participant totals remain null. - Further research: Material needed: Each review’s included articles, registration, institution/time and sample correspondence are needed. Final unique-trial and unique-participant totals remain null. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Review–original-trial–additional-report and same-participant correspondence must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Review–original-trial–additional-report and same-participant correspondence is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N14 · What is the 2018 weight estimate? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: R01 reports weight −1.76 kg (95% CI −3.34 to −0.17), I²=87.4%, with a null waist-circumference result. Weight and waist results remain separate. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Original pooling tables, inclusions/weights, final values versus changes and models are needed. Effects are not recalculated. - Required materials and conditions: R01 weight in kg, 95% CI, heterogeneity and analysis arrangements - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Original pooling tables, inclusions/weights, final values versus changes and models are needed. Effects are not recalculated. - Further research: Material needed: Original pooling tables, inclusions/weights, final values versus changes and models are needed. Effects are not recalculated. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on R01 weight in kg, 95% CI, heterogeneity and analysis arrangements must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on R01 weight in kg, 95% CI, heterogeneity and analysis arrangements is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N15 · What is the 2023 overall weight estimate? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: R02 weight is −1.46 kg (95% CI −2.53 to −0.39), I²=94.6%. BMI −0.58, I²=87.1%, and a null waist result are retained as separate endpoints. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Original weight-pooling tables, weights, variance, models and extraction/timing material are needed. Values are not replicated as results for each formulation/population. - Required materials and conditions: R02 weight in kg, 95% CI and original analysis scope - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Original weight-pooling tables, weights, variance, models and extraction/timing material are needed. Values are not replicated as results for each formulation/population. - Further research: Material needed: Original weight-pooling tables, weights, variance, models and extraction/timing material are needed. Values are not replicated as results for each formulation/population. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on R02 weight in kg, 95% CI and original analysis scope must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on R02 weight in kg, 95% CI and original analysis scope is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N16 · Is extreme heterogeneity retained alongside the mean? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original 2023 I²=94.6% and 2018 I²=87.4% are retained. The original key issue emphasizes heterogeneity in formulation, diet and population over the mean alone. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Heterogeneity, sensitivity/classification, model and original-trial material are needed. Prediction intervals or causal proportions are not invented, and effects are not generalized to everyone. - Required materials and conditions: Overall heterogeneity and formulation/disease/duration/cointervention explanations - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Heterogeneity, sensitivity/classification, model and original-trial material are needed. Prediction intervals or causal proportions are not invented, and effects are not generalized to everyone. - Further research: Material needed: Heterogeneity, sensitivity/classification, model and original-trial material are needed. Prediction intervals or causal proportions are not invented, and effects are not generalized to everyone. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Overall heterogeneity and formulation/disease/duration/cointervention explanations must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Overall heterogeneity and formulation/disease/duration/cointervention explanations is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N17 · Is the null obesity-subgroup finding distinguished from the positive overall result? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original Korean answer describes a null obesity subgroup, while the original English answer describes a null overweight/obesity subgroup. Both original wordings are retained; subgroup values absent from structured results are not invented. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Original subgroup definitions, effects/CIs, denominators, interactions and prospective plans are needed. The overall −1.46 kg is not replicated as the subgroup value. - Required materials and conditions: Effects, CIs, denominators and prespecification for obesity/overweight-obesity subgroups - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Original subgroup definitions, effects/CIs, denominators, interactions and prospective plans are needed. The overall −1.46 kg is not replicated as the subgroup value. - Further research: Material needed: Original subgroup definitions, effects/CIs, denominators, interactions and prospective plans are needed. The overall −1.46 kg is not replicated as the subgroup value. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Effects, CIs, denominators and prespecification for obesity/overweight-obesity subgroups must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Effects, CIs, denominators and prespecification for obesity/overweight-obesity subgroups is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N18 · Is the null finding at 8 weeks or less retained? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original answer states that weight effects in trials of 8 weeks or less were not statistically significant. Separate values, CIs and denominators are absent from the structured result. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Original duration tables, prespecification, interactions and formulation/population differences are needed. The overall estimate is not substituted for a short-duration subgroup value. - Required materials and conditions: Duration-subgroup definitions, effects, CIs and denominators - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Original duration tables, prespecification, interactions and formulation/population differences are needed. The overall estimate is not substituted for a short-duration subgroup value. - Further research: Material needed: Original duration tables, prespecification, interactions and formulation/population differences are needed. The overall estimate is not substituted for a short-duration subgroup value. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Duration-subgroup definitions, effects, CIs and denominators must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Duration-subgroup definitions, effects, CIs and denominators is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N19 · Are powder/oil subgroups equivalent to a direct superiority comparison? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original formulation description separates subgroups; the grade rationale describes unstable formulation/population subgroups. Exact results for each formulation and direct superiority comparisons are not retained. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Original formulation-subgroup tables, prospective plans, interactions and direct comparisons are needed. Seed/oil superiority or equivalence is not established. - Required materials and conditions: Effects/CIs, denominators and prespecification by formulation, and direct comparisons - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Original formulation-subgroup tables, prospective plans, interactions and direct comparisons are needed. Seed/oil superiority or equivalence is not established. - Further research: Material needed: Original formulation-subgroup tables, prospective plans, interactions and direct comparisons are needed. Seed/oil superiority or equivalence is not established. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Effects/CIs, denominators and prespecification by formulation, and direct comparisons must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Effects/CIs, denominators and prespecification by formulation, and direct comparisons is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N20 · Are earlier favorable directions kept distinct from independent replication? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original counterview mentions favorable mean directions in two earlier meta-analyses and an updated analysis. The structured evidence contains two reports; additional unidentified earlier reports are not invented. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Corresponding citations, years and included trials for each narrative statement are needed. Agreement in review directions does not certify independent replication of an identical formulation. - Required materials and conditions: Links between earlier reviews mentioned in the narrative, structured reports and original trials - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Corresponding citations, years and included trials for each narrative statement are needed. Agreement in review directions does not certify independent replication of an identical formulation. - Further research: Material needed: Corresponding citations, years and included trials for each narrative statement are needed. Agreement in review directions does not certify independent replication of an identical formulation. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Links between earlier reviews mentioned in the narrative, structured reports and original trials must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Links between earlier reviews mentioned in the narrative, structured reports and original trials is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N21 · Are weight in kg, BMI and waist circumference separate endpoints? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original rationale and principal endpoint distinguish these endpoints. R02 BMI −0.58/I²=87.1% and null waist results, and R01’s null waist result, are not combined with weight estimates. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Original effects/CIs, units, denominators and hierarchy are requested separately for each endpoint. BMI is not converted into kg. - Required materials and conditions: Definitions, units, denominators and timing for weight in kg versus BMI/waist - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Original effects/CIs, units, denominators and hierarchy are requested separately for each endpoint. BMI is not converted into kg. - Further research: Material needed: Original effects/CIs, units, denominators and hierarchy are requested separately for each endpoint. BMI is not converted into kg. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Definitions, units, denominators and timing for weight in kg versus BMI/waist must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Definitions, units, denominators and timing for weight in kg versus BMI/waist is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N22 · What are the weight-measurement, baseline-adjustment and change-score arrangements? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The principal endpoint is weight change in kg. Original-trial measurement/adjustment and review extraction arrangements are not retained in detail. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Original measurement, timing, baseline values, extraction tables, variance handling/models and analysis plans are needed. - Required materials and conditions: Measurement procedures, baseline weight, final values versus changes, variance and analysis populations - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Original measurement, timing, baseline values, extraction tables, variance handling/models and analysis plans are needed. - Further research: Material needed: Original measurement, timing, baseline values, extraction tables, variance handling/models and analysis plans are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Measurement procedures, baseline weight, final values versus changes, variance and analysis populations must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Measurement procedures, baseline weight, final values versus changes, variance and analysis populations is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N23 · What supports allocation, masking and risk assessment? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The reports are meta-analyses of RCTs. Original methods, individual risk assessments and formal-tool results have not been externally read in this work. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Original-trial methods, registration/plans and the reviews’ assessment grounds are needed. No formal RoB2/GRADE or new suitability judgment is produced. - Required materials and conditions: Original-RCT allocation, concealment, masking and individual assessment grounds - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Original-trial methods, registration/plans and the reviews’ assessment grounds are needed. No formal RoB2/GRADE or new suitability judgment is produced. - Further research: Material needed: Original-trial methods, registration/plans and the reviews’ assessment grounds are needed. No formal RoB2/GRADE or new suitability judgment is produced. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Original-RCT allocation, concealment, masking and individual assessment grounds must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Original-RCT allocation, concealment, masking and individual assessment grounds is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N24 · What is known about missing data, withdrawals, analysis exclusions and selective reporting? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: Retained sample descriptions concern review scale and weight studies/comparisons. Missing data, withdrawals and analysis exclusions by arm are not specified. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Arm-specific flows, exclusion reasons, missing-data handling, original results at all time points and sensitivity material are needed. - Required materials and conditions: Missing weight data, withdrawals, analysis sets and all time points by arm - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Arm-specific flows, exclusion reasons, missing-data handling, original results at all time points and sensitivity material are needed. - Further research: Material needed: Arm-specific flows, exclusion reasons, missing-data handling, original results at all time points and sensitivity material are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Missing weight data, withdrawals, analysis sets and all time points by arm must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Missing weight data, withdrawals, analysis sets and all time points by arm is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N25 · Are PROSPERO review registration and original-trial registration distinguished? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: R02 is described as PROSPERO-registered, with CRD42022358471 in the citation. Original trial registration is recorded as unconfirmed. A review registration number does not confirm original-trial registration or prespecification. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Original review registration, versions/dates and plans, plus individual-trial registrations, are needed. A recorded identifier is not promoted to current reading or certification of adherence to plans. - Required materials and conditions: Review plans for CRD42022358471 and registration for each original trial - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Original review registration, versions/dates and plans, plus individual-trial registrations, are needed. A recorded identifier is not promoted to current reading or certification of adherence to plans. - Further research: Material needed: Original review registration, versions/dates and plans, plus individual-trial registrations, are needed. A recorded identifier is not promoted to current reading or certification of adherence to plans. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Review plans for CRD42022358471 and registration for each original trial must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Review plans for CRD42022358471 and registration for each original trial is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N26 · Is a prospective hierarchy for the main weight analysis and subgroups confirmed? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: A summary selecting weight, review-registration bibliography and null subgroup findings are retained. Actual prospective endpoint/subgroup arrangements remain unread here. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Review/original-trial protocols, SAPs, registration versions and all result tables are needed. No new conclusion that subgroups were post hoc is made. - Required materials and conditions: Plans for primary endpoints, duration/disease/formulation subgroups and multiplicity - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Review/original-trial protocols, SAPs, registration versions and all result tables are needed. No new conclusion that subgroups were post hoc is made. - Further research: Material needed: Review/original-trial protocols, SAPs, registration versions and all result tables are needed. No new conclusion that subgroups were post hoc is made. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Plans for primary endpoints, duration/disease/formulation subgroups and multiplicity must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Plans for primary endpoints, duration/disease/formulation subgroups and multiplicity is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N27 · Are importance, sustained loss and clinical effects kept within the retained scope? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original grade rationale retains a small mean, heterogeneity and instability. The advertising assessment does not support large weight loss for everyone without diet or exercise. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Direct material on prospective importance/responders, body composition, persistence/regain and clinical events is needed. A mean in kg is not converted into individual success rates or large/sustained loss. - Required materials and conditions: Original weight-importance criteria, responders and long-term/post-discontinuation course - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Direct material on prospective importance/responders, body composition, persistence/regain and clinical events is needed. A mean in kg is not converted into individual success rates or large/sustained loss. - Further research: Material needed: Direct material on prospective importance/responders, body composition, persistence/regain and clinical events is needed. A mean in kg is not converted into individual success rates or large/sustained loss. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Original weight-importance criteria, responders and long-term/post-discontinuation course must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Original weight-importance criteria, responders and long-term/post-discontinuation course is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N28 · Are independent replication and optimal dosing of an identical formulation confirmed? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original R1/I1 axes are retained. The reviews and pooled means across mixed formulations do not newly certify replication or optimal dosing for a particular product. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Direct studies linking trial families, products, teams/funding and dose/timing are needed. Final unique-trial and participant numbers remain null. - Required materials and conditions: Original-trial families and independent teams for an identical product/population/comparator/duration - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Direct studies linking trial families, products, teams/funding and dose/timing are needed. Final unique-trial and participant numbers remain null. - Further research: Material needed: Direct studies linking trial families, products, teams/funding and dose/timing are needed. Final unique-trial and participant numbers remain null. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Original-trial families and independent teams for an identical product/population/comparator/duration must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Original-trial families and independent teams for an identical product/population/comparator/duration is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N29 · Are the four channels of company involvement known? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: R01 records incomplete tracing of individual-trial funding; R02 records incomplete individual-trial funding and independence. Generic English funding wording is not complete supporting material. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Original funding, product provision, author affiliations and COI are needed. Unverified information is not converted into a strength for independence. - Required materials and conditions: Review/trial-specific funding, product support, employee authorship and COI - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Original funding, product provision, author affiliations and COI are needed. Unverified information is not converted into a strength for independence. - Further research: Material needed: Original funding, product provision, author affiliations and COI are needed. Unverified information is not converted into a strength for independence. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Review/trial-specific funding, product support, employee authorship and COI must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Review/trial-specific funding, product support, employee authorship and COI is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N30 · Are harm collection, events and discontinuations known? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original safety label is Caution, with small trials unable to exclude rare/long-term harms. Specific collection methods and event tables are absent from stored summaries. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Original harm methods, events, discontinuations and missing-data material are needed. Unread material is not converted into an absence of events. - Required materials and conditions: Adverse-event definitions, active/passive collection, severity and discontinuations - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Original harm methods, events, discontinuations and missing-data material are needed. Unread material is not converted into an absence of events. - Further research: Material needed: Original harm methods, events, discontinuations and missing-data material are needed. Unread material is not converted into an absence of events. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Adverse-event definitions, active/passive collection, severity and discontinuations must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Adverse-event definitions, active/passive collection, severity and discontinuations is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N31 · What are the harm denominators and exposure durations? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The 13 trials/875 participants, 21 trials and approximately 995 weight participants do not establish safety denominators. Durations and products also vary. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Safety denominators, arm-specific event counts, exposure, control groups and withdrawal records are needed. Incidence or participant totals are not calculated. - Required materials and conditions: Arm-specific safety sets, actual administration, exposure and events/controls - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Safety denominators, arm-specific event counts, exposure, control groups and withdrawal records are needed. Incidence or participant totals are not calculated. - Further research: Material needed: Safety denominators, arm-specific event counts, exposure, control groups and withdrawal records are needed. Incidence or participant totals are not calculated. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Arm-specific safety sets, actual administration, exposure and events/controls must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Arm-specific safety sets, actual administration, exposure and events/controls is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N32 · What is known about concomitant medicines, alternative causes and event timing? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original safety wording calls for consultation during medication use. It is not material establishing actual drug-specific interactions, events or causality. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Original concomitant use, baseline disease, changes, event timing, controls and dechallenge/rechallenge records are needed. No new causality judgment is made. - Required materials and conditions: Glucose-, blood-pressure-, anticoagulant-, antiseizure- and immune-modifying drugs and event course - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Original concomitant use, baseline disease, changes, event timing, controls and dechallenge/rechallenge records are needed. No new causality judgment is made. - Further research: Material needed: Original concomitant use, baseline disease, changes, event timing, controls and dechallenge/rechallenge records are needed. No new causality judgment is made. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Glucose-, blood-pressure-, anticoagulant-, antiseizure- and immune-modifying drugs and event course must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Glucose-, blood-pressure-, anticoagulant-, antiseizure- and immune-modifying drugs and event course is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N33 · Are long-term, rare and vulnerable-population harms certified? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original text retains consultation cautions for pregnancy/breastfeeding, children, liver/kidney disease and surgery, and limitations for long-term/rare harms. Mixed short trials do not certify safety in these settings. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Long-term, rare and vulnerable-population material, independent event reports, exposure and denominators are needed. No new harm search or reassessment is executed. - Required materials and conditions: Long-term follow-up, independent harm reports, vulnerable groups and exposure/denominators - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Long-term, rare and vulnerable-population material, independent event reports, exposure and denominators are needed. No new harm search or reassessment is executed. - Further research: Material needed: Long-term, rare and vulnerable-population material, independent event reports, exposure and denominators are needed. No new harm search or reassessment is executed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Long-term follow-up, independent harm reports, vulnerable groups and exposure/denominators must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Long-term follow-up, independent harm reports, vulnerable groups and exposure/denominators is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N34 · Are actual stored-summary reading and external-source links distinguished? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The complete stored JSON was read for preparation; PubMed/DOI links and PROSPERO bibliography are retained records. External abstracts, full text, registration and protocols/SAPs remain unread. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: External material remains unread before user-provided acquisition and review. A URL/registration number alone does not establish reading, accessibility or fulfilled conditions. - Required materials and conditions: Access table for stored JSON, abstracts, full text, review/trial registration and protocols/SAPs - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: External material remains unread before user-provided acquisition and review. A URL/registration number alone does not establish reading, accessibility or fulfilled conditions. - Further research: Material needed: External material remains unread before user-provided acquisition and review. A URL/registration number alone does not establish reading, accessibility or fulfilled conditions. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Access table for stored JSON, abstracts, full text, review/trial registration and protocols/SAPs must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Access table for stored JSON, abstracts, full text, review/trial registration and protocols/SAPs is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N35 · Are generic English wording, corrections and Korean/English expressions preserved? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: The original correction records changes to 2 English-placeholder fields while retaining grade, score, citations and evidence date. Generic evidence-table wording and the Korean obesity versus English overweight/obesity expressions are also preserved. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: Earlier correction targets and external English-source comparison are not revisited here. The original correction is not presented as newly completed QA. - Required materials and conditions: Original Korean/English records and limits of the 2026-09-14 correction - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: Earlier correction targets and external English-source comparison are not revisited here. The original correction is not presented as newly completed QA. - Further research: Material needed: Earlier correction targets and external English-source comparison are not revisited here. The original correction is not presented as newly completed QA. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Original Korean/English records and limits of the 2026-09-14 correction must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Original Korean/English records and limits of the 2026-09-14 correction is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ### N36 · Are original grades, axes, evidence date and production kept separate? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: The retained Korean and English summaries and bibliography were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans remain unread, with no access attempt. - Current findings: C/46/Caution, original axes, the evidence date 2026-09-08 and corrections are retained. The original grade rationale’s 0 strengths is a historical statement, not a current quality-score calculation. - Why unverified: Information in stored summaries is linked to gaps in detailed material. External verification and content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified. - Reason for missing information: What remains unverified in stored summaries: New evidence, condition revisions and verdict changes are separate events after user review. The original evidence date is not converted into a current search end date or external-reading date. - Required materials and conditions: Original C46, Caution, axes, evidence date and correction values - Materials to obtain first: Additional material needed: New evidence, condition revisions and verdict changes are separate events after user review. The original evidence date is not converted into a current search end date or external-reading date. - Further research: Material needed: New evidence, condition revisions and verdict changes are separate events after user review. The original evidence date is not converted into a current search end date or external-reading date. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original records on Original C46, Caution, axes, evidence date and correction values must link to the relevant report, original trial, analysis unit, timing and denominator, distinguishing stored information from what remains unverified. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Original C46, Caution, axes, evidence date and correction values is needed to connect the relevant formulation, population, comparison, weight endpoint, timing, denominator or harm scope. - Application exceptions: Review-wide counts remain distinct from studies, comparisons and participants in weight analyses, with overlap unconfirmed. Mixed pooled means are not converted into results or safety for each formulation, subgroup or individual; weight, BMI and waist circumference remain distinct. - Remaining uncertainty: Gaps remain in original-trial overlap, denominators, formulations and cointerventions, subgroup definitions and prespecification, heterogeneity, missing data, support and harms. Original numbers and grades do not constitute new calculations, reassessment or clinical validation. - Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish the question, formulation, population, reports and original trials, endpoints, timing, denominators, heterogeneity, support and harms in the retained body-weight record. - Related sources: R01, R02 ## Evidence and sources ### R01 Mousavi et al. 2018 · Meta-analysis of Nigella sativa, body weight and body composition [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29857879/) Materials actually read: Stored existing review summary read; external material unread Findings recorded in the summary: Weight −1.76 kg (95% CI −3.34 to −0.17), I²=87.4%; null waist-circumference result Record level: These are existing reported values. The review-wide 13 trials and 875 participants remain distinct from weight-endpoint denominators; original extraction, weights, models and timing remain unverified in detail. Independent replication: Original trials and participants shared by the 2018/2023 reviews remain unconfirmed. Reports remain distinct from unique trials, independent teams and participant totals; no new summation or certification of independent replication is performed. | Material | Public availability | Access status | Actually read | Notes | |---|---|---|---|---| | Stored existing review summary | Existing stored summary acquired | Stored summary | Summary read | The stored review summary was read for preparation. This does not establish acquisition or reading of article full text or verification of original trials. Existing bibliography is linked; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans are unread. The presence of a URL, identifier or review registration alone does not establish acquisition, accessibility, content reading, original-trial prespecification or fulfilled conditions. The date 2026-09-08 is the original evidence date. Material timestamps for stored summaries describe original production on 2026-10-06, not external reading. External-material timestamps and original review and verification dates remain unrecorded. | | External abstract | Original bibliography link only; external content unread | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | Only the article identity link in the existing bibliography is connected. External abstract content reading and access testing were not performed. Existing bibliography is linked; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans are unread. The presence of a URL, identifier or review registration alone does not establish acquisition, accessibility, content reading, original-trial prespecification or fulfilled conditions. The date 2026-09-08 is the original evidence date. Material timestamps for stored summaries describe original production on 2026-10-06, not external reading. External-material timestamps and original review and verification dates remain unrecorded. | | External full text | Needed material; existence and public availability unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | Article full text is unacquired and unread. A bibliographic link is not presented as full-text acquisition or successful access. Existing bibliography is linked; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans are unread. The presence of a URL, identifier or review registration alone does not establish acquisition, accessibility, content reading, original-trial prespecification or fulfilled conditions. The date 2026-09-08 is the original evidence date. Material timestamps for stored summaries describe original production on 2026-10-06, not external reading. External-material timestamps and original review and verification dates remain unrecorded. | | Registration material | Needed material; existence and public availability unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | Review and original-trial registration contents remain distinct. Registration texts, versions, dates and plans are unread; original-trial prespecification is not inferred. Existing bibliography is linked; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans are unread. The presence of a URL, identifier or review registration alone does not establish acquisition, accessibility, content reading, original-trial prespecification or fulfilled conditions. The date 2026-09-08 is the original evidence date. Material timestamps for stored summaries describe original production on 2026-10-06, not external reading. External-material timestamps and original review and verification dates remain unrecorded. | | Protocols and analysis plans | Needed material; existence and public availability unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | Protocols and analysis plans are unread. Prespecification of endpoints, subgroup hierarchy, multiplicity, extraction, variance and models is not newly certified. Existing bibliography is linked; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans are unread. The presence of a URL, identifier or review registration alone does not establish acquisition, accessibility, content reading, original-trial prespecification or fulfilled conditions. The date 2026-09-08 is the original evidence date. Material timestamps for stored summaries describe original production on 2026-10-06, not external reading. External-material timestamps and original review and verification dates remain unrecorded. | ### R02 Naghsh et al. 2023 · Updated meta-analysis of Nigella sativa and anthropometric indices [Official source](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2023.105565) Materials actually read: Stored existing review summary read; external material unread Findings recorded in the summary: Weight −1.46 kg (95% CI −2.53 to −0.39), I²=94.6%; BMI −0.58, I²=87.1%; null waist result Record level: These are existing reported values. The 21 trials overall remain distinct from 15 studies, 16 comparisons and approximately 995 participants for weight. Mixed pooled means are not formulation, disease or duration subgroup results; original extraction, denominators and prospective analyses remain unverified in detail. Independent replication: Original trials and participants shared by the 2018/2023 reviews remain unconfirmed. Reports remain distinct from unique trials, independent teams and participant totals; no new summation or certification of independent replication is performed. | Material | Public availability | Access status | Actually read | Notes | |---|---|---|---|---| | Stored existing review summary | Existing stored summary acquired | Stored summary | Summary read | The stored review summary was read for preparation. This does not establish acquisition or reading of article full text or verification of original trials. Existing bibliography is linked; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans are unread. The presence of a URL, identifier or review registration alone does not establish acquisition, accessibility, content reading, original-trial prespecification or fulfilled conditions. The date 2026-09-08 is the original evidence date. Material timestamps for stored summaries describe original production on 2026-10-06, not external reading. External-material timestamps and original review and verification dates remain unrecorded. | | External abstract | Original bibliography link only; external content unread | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | Only the article identity link in the existing bibliography is connected. External abstract content reading and access testing were not performed. Existing bibliography is linked; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans are unread. The presence of a URL, identifier or review registration alone does not establish acquisition, accessibility, content reading, original-trial prespecification or fulfilled conditions. The date 2026-09-08 is the original evidence date. Material timestamps for stored summaries describe original production on 2026-10-06, not external reading. External-material timestamps and original review and verification dates remain unrecorded. | | External full text | Needed material; existence and public availability unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | Article full text is unacquired and unread. A bibliographic link is not presented as full-text acquisition or successful access. Existing bibliography is linked; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans are unread. The presence of a URL, identifier or review registration alone does not establish acquisition, accessibility, content reading, original-trial prespecification or fulfilled conditions. The date 2026-09-08 is the original evidence date. Material timestamps for stored summaries describe original production on 2026-10-06, not external reading. External-material timestamps and original review and verification dates remain unrecorded. | | Registration material | Needed material; existence and public availability unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | Review and original-trial registration contents remain distinct. Registration texts, versions, dates and plans are unread; original-trial prespecification is not inferred. Existing bibliography is linked; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans are unread. The presence of a URL, identifier or review registration alone does not establish acquisition, accessibility, content reading, original-trial prespecification or fulfilled conditions. The date 2026-09-08 is the original evidence date. Material timestamps for stored summaries describe original production on 2026-10-06, not external reading. External-material timestamps and original review and verification dates remain unrecorded. | | Protocols and analysis plans | Needed material; existence and public availability unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | Protocols and analysis plans are unread. Prespecification of endpoints, subgroup hierarchy, multiplicity, extraction, variance and models is not newly certified. Existing bibliography is linked; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans are unread. The presence of a URL, identifier or review registration alone does not establish acquisition, accessibility, content reading, original-trial prespecification or fulfilled conditions. The date 2026-09-08 is the original evidence date. Material timestamps for stored summaries describe original production on 2026-10-06, not external reading. External-material timestamps and original review and verification dates remain unrecorded. | ## Review criteria and methods These are Chamgap's own application conditions, informed by the relevant sections of official methodological guidance. They do not constitute official assessment-tool certification or a new efficacy score. - M03 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-03) · §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.3, MECIR C5/C7/C13 · Clearly record the question, eligibility conditions and reasons for changes, and distinguish variations in interventions. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. - M04 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5.1 (2025), chapter updated 2025-03](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-04) · §4.5, §4.6.1–4.6.3, MECIR C42 · Distinguish studies from reports and link them; do not omit a study solely because results are unreported. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. - M08 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-08) · §8.1–8.2.3, Table 8.2.a · Define the outcome and effect of interest, then examine randomization, deviations, missing data, measurement and selective reporting. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. - M15 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-15) · §15.2.4, §15.3.1–15.3.3 · Distinguish effect estimates, intervals, importance and applicability. Sample size alone does not determine precision. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. - M19 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-19) · §19.1.2, §19.2.1–19.2.4 · Harm questions may require different designs, populations and follow-up from efficacy questions. Case reports do not establish incidence rates. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. ## What the statuses mean - Partly verified: Partial information from the stored summary is linked; detailed originals and content review remain incomplete. - Unverified: Required details cannot be established within the preserved scope. This does not establish absence of effects or studies, or safety. - Review incomplete: Review of existing content remains incomplete. - Met: This state is used only within the relevant conditions after material verification and content review. It was not automatically assigned in this work. - Not reported: Unreported within material actually read. Unread external material is not relabeled as unreported. - Inaccessible: This means actual access failure. External access was not attempted in this work, so this state was not assigned. - Not applicable: Used only with an application exception and reason based on the question scope. - Conflicting data: This requires actual comparison of materials; no new conflict judgment was made in this work. - Insufficient evidence for the conditions: This indicates gaps in additional material for the selected conditions. Unread material as a whole is not converted into an efficacy grade. ## Change history 2026-10-24 · Public page/materials 1.0. The public view and materials were prepared from the existing 36 items. No new clinical search, verification-state change or scoring was performed.