# Single-ingredient oral vitamin C supplementation × Prevention of incident pneumonia

Verdict 3023 · Evidence Check

Stored-material review date: Not recorded  
Original evidence cut-off: 2026-09-07  
Review-criteria version: 1.0  
Public page/material preparation date: 2026-10-23

Clinical papers were not read directly; existing review summaries were checked. No new clinical-literature search was performed. Unverified does not mean that research is absent or that there is no effect.

## Assessment scope

- Population: The population comprises physically stressed groups such as military trainees or people with low intake. Marine recruits in the original trial remain separate from low-intake populations; age, sex, selection, nutrition and baseline infection risk remain unverified by study. Findings are not automatically generalized to contemporary general populations.
- Ingredient, formulation and route: The intervention is a single-ingredient oral ascorbic acid supplement. Feedstock, manufacturing process, country, batch and study-specific tablet/capsule, salt, excipients and actual content remain unverified. Foods, combinations and intravenous infusion are not automatically included.
- Dose: The original range is 1 to 2 g/day. Study-specific actual doses, frequency, adherence, baseline dietary intake and duration mapping remain unverified. This is not converted into one optimal dose, a cumulative dose or individual dosing guidance.
- Comparator: The comparator is placebo or no supplementation. The marine-recruit record describes a double-blind placebo prevention trial, but study-specific placebo contents, appearance, no-supplement care and shared diet, training, environment and infection management remain unverified.
- Measured outcome: The endpoint is newly diagnosed pneumonia. Diagnostic criteria, imaging/clinical tests, assessors, exclusion of existing pneumonia, event timing and prespecified primary status in the original trial remain unverified. Colds, composite pulmonary complications and recovery from existing pneumonia remain separate.
- Duration: The original range is 8 to 14 weeks. Study-specific dosing, follow-up, visits, pneumonia diagnosis, discontinuation timing and effects beyond that period remain unverified. Duration alone does not establish actual events, harm causality or cumulative doses.
- Questions outside this scope: This question concerns single-ingredient oral vitamin C and prevention of new pneumonia in high-stress or low-intake populations. It is not extended to foods, combinations, intravenous dosing, treatment of existing pneumonia or sepsis.; The existing grade C·54 points·Caution, stored assessment values, Korean and English explanations and evidence date 2026-09-07 are retained. Historical wording about an independent cross-check does not establish current reading of external original material, regrading or official methodological assessment.; The 674 people in the marine-recruit abstract are not converted into overall randomized, completer, pneumonia-analysis or harm denominators. Group sizes, exclusions, events, participant totals and total follow-up are not inferred.; The review’s 1 versus 7 events remain unadopted because comparison with original-paper event counts and confidence intervals failed historically. They are not promoted to verified original counts or used to newly calculate totals, RR, RD, CI or incidence rates.; The pooled RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.06 to 3.61 from 2 old prevention studies is a stored review value. It is not converted into an individual effect from the Pitt trial or a personal general-population preventive effect, and prevention/treatment or route-specific outcomes are not merged.; The review title’s prevention and treatment scope remains separate from the selected oral prevention question. Included-trial lists, Pitt’s review inclusion, extraction mapping and unique trial/participant counts remain unverified; original trials, reviews and citations are not added as independent replications.; Colds, composite respiratory outcomes and recovery during pneumonia treatment differ from new pneumonia. Events are not summed into an incidence rate while overlap of the same patients between early/late VAP remains unverified.; Very low certainty is a stored description concerning the original review. Original GRADE/RoB tables and downgrading reasons are unread; no official assessment is established here. Wide intervals are not converted into established prevention, a precise null effect or equivalence, and general-population absolute differences or NNTs are not calculated.; Existing caution about diarrhea, gastrointestinal discomfort, stone risk, kidney disease and iron overload with high oral doses is retained. Limited trial-specific harm records are not converted into no events, overall safety or confirmed contraindications; no new incidence rate, causality or individual dosing guidance is created.

## Checklist items

### N01 · Which vitamin C and pneumonia-prevention question is selected?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The selected question concerns single-ingredient oral vitamin C and prevention of new pneumonia in physically stressed populations such as military trainees or people with low intake.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Review of the independent question boundary remains incomplete, and separate detailed-claim records are empty.
- Required materials and conditions: Single-ingredient oral supplementation, high-stress/low-intake population, new pneumonia, comparison and duration
- Materials to obtain first: Review of the independent question boundary remains incomplete, and separate detailed-claim records are empty.
- Further research: Material needed: Review of the independent question boundary remains incomplete, and separate detailed-claim records are empty. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Single-ingredient oral supplementation, high-stress/low-intake population, new pneumonia, comparison and duration must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Single-ingredient oral supplementation, high-stress/low-intake population, new pneumonia, comparison and duration is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N02 · What is known about the purified nutrient’s feedstock and manufacture?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The material is a purified nutrient; feedstock, manufacturing process and country remain unverified. Plant part is recorded as not applicable.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Exact feedstock, manufacture, country and batch information is needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Feedstock, manufacturing process, country, batch and nonapplicability of plant part
- Materials to obtain first: Exact feedstock, manufacture, country and batch information is needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Exact feedstock, manufacture, country and batch information is needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Feedstock, manufacturing process, country, batch and nonapplicability of plant part must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Feedstock, manufacturing process, country, batch and nonapplicability of plant part is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N03 · Which tablet/capsule, salt and excipients were used?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original formulation is a single-ingredient ascorbic acid supplement. Unverified study-specific tablet/capsule, salt and excipient details remain separate.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Actual products, content, formulations, salts, excipients and quality records are needed by study.
- Required materials and conditions: Single-ingredient ascorbic acid and study-specific formulation, salt, excipients and content
- Materials to obtain first: Actual products, content, formulations, salts, excipients and quality records are needed by study.
- Further research: Material needed: Actual products, content, formulations, salts, excipients and quality records are needed by study. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Single-ingredient ascorbic acid and study-specific formulation, salt, excipients and content must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Single-ingredient ascorbic acid and study-specific formulation, salt, excipients and content is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N04 · Do foods, combinations and intravenous dosing address the same question?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The selected route is oral; food intake, combinations and intravenous infusion are not automatically included.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Direct effects of other routes, foods and combinations for the same prevention question remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Separation of single-ingredient oral supplements from foods, combinations, intravenous dosing and other exposures
- Materials to obtain first: Direct effects of other routes, foods and combinations for the same prevention question remain unverified.
- Further research: Material needed: Direct effects of other routes, foods and combinations for the same prevention question remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Separation of single-ingredient oral supplements from foods, combinations, intravenous dosing and other exposures must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Separation of single-ingredient oral supplements from foods, combinations, intravenous dosing and other exposures is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N05 · What study-specific doses does 1 to 2 g/day represent?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original range is 1 to 2 g/day. It is not converted into one optimal dose or individual dosing guidance.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Exact doses, frequency, duration mapping, actual adherence and baseline dietary intake are needed by study.
- Required materials and conditions: Study-specific actual doses, frequency, adherence and baseline intake
- Materials to obtain first: Exact doses, frequency, duration mapping, actual adherence and baseline dietary intake are needed by study.
- Further research: Material needed: Exact doses, frequency, duration mapping, actual adherence and baseline dietary intake are needed by study. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Study-specific actual doses, frequency, adherence and baseline intake must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Study-specific actual doses, frequency, adherence and baseline intake is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N06 · How do 8 to 14 weeks of dosing map to pneumonia follow-up?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original duration range is 8 to 14 weeks.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Exact study-specific dosing/follow-up periods, visit/diagnosis timing and persistence beyond that period remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Study-specific dosing, diagnosis, follow-up, visits, completion and discontinuation timing
- Materials to obtain first: Exact study-specific dosing/follow-up periods, visit/diagnosis timing and persistence beyond that period remain unverified.
- Further research: Material needed: Exact study-specific dosing/follow-up periods, visit/diagnosis timing and persistence beyond that period remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Study-specific dosing, diagnosis, follow-up, visits, completion and discontinuation timing must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Study-specific dosing, diagnosis, follow-up, visits, completion and discontinuation timing is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N07 · Who were the military-training or low-intake populations?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original population comprises high-stress groups such as military trainees or people with low intake; the original trial concerned marine recruits.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Group-specific age, sex, exposure, selection, baseline infection/nutrition and relevance to contemporary general populations remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Training, physical stress, low intake, eligibility and baseline status
- Materials to obtain first: Group-specific age, sex, exposure, selection, baseline infection/nutrition and relevance to contemporary general populations remain unverified.
- Further research: Material needed: Group-specific age, sex, exposure, selection, baseline infection/nutrition and relevance to contemporary general populations remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Training, physical stress, low intake, eligibility and baseline status must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Training, physical stress, low intake, eligibility and baseline status is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N08 · How were low intake and vitamin C status measured?

Verification status: Unverified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The existing description distinguishes low-intake populations from high-stress populations when explaining prevention.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Study-specific intake, blood status, deficiency criteria, other nutritional supplements and baseline risk are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Dietary intake, blood status, deficiency criteria, other supplements and baseline risk
- Materials to obtain first: Study-specific intake, blood status, deficiency criteria, other nutritional supplements and baseline risk are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Study-specific intake, blood status, deficiency criteria, other nutritional supplements and baseline risk are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Dietary intake, blood status, deficiency criteria, other supplements and baseline risk must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Dietary intake, blood status, deficiency criteria, other supplements and baseline risk is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N09 · What shared care did placebo or no-supplement groups receive?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original comparison is placebo or no supplementation. R01 is recorded as a double-blind placebo prevention trial.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Study-specific placebo contents/appearance, no-supplement care and shared exposures/treatments remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Placebo, no supplementation, shared care, diet, nutrition and infection management
- Materials to obtain first: Study-specific placebo contents/appearance, no-supplement care and shared exposures/treatments remain unverified.
- Further research: Material needed: Study-specific placebo contents/appearance, no-supplement care and shared exposures/treatments remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Placebo, no supplementation, shared care, diet, nutrition and infection management must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Placebo, no supplementation, shared care, diet, nutrition and infection management is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N10 · How was newly diagnosed pneumonia defined?

Verification status: Unverified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The selected endpoint is newly diagnosed pneumonia.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Original-trial diagnostic criteria, imaging/clinical tests, assessors, exclusion of existing pneumonia and event timing are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Pneumonia diagnostic criteria, exclusion of existing pneumonia, assessment and event timing
- Materials to obtain first: Original-trial diagnostic criteria, imaging/clinical tests, assessors, exclusion of existing pneumonia and event timing are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Original-trial diagnostic criteria, imaging/clinical tests, assessors, exclusion of existing pneumonia and event timing are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Pneumonia diagnostic criteria, exclusion of existing pneumonia, assessment and event timing must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Pneumonia diagnostic criteria, exclusion of existing pneumonia, assessment and event timing is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N11 · Are recovery and treatment of existing pneumonia the same outcome?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Treatment of existing pneumonia, sepsis and intravenous dosing are excluded from this prevention question. Recovery during treatment differs from prevention of new disease.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Treatment duration, recovery and severity outcomes for existing pneumonia are not established as direct evidence for this prevention question.
- Required materials and conditions: Separation of preventive exposure/new incidence from treatment, recovery and duration of existing pneumonia
- Materials to obtain first: Treatment duration, recovery and severity outcomes for existing pneumonia are not established as direct evidence for this prevention question.
- Further research: Material needed: Treatment duration, recovery and severity outcomes for existing pneumonia are not established as direct evidence for this prevention question. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Separation of preventive exposure/new incidence from treatment, recovery and duration of existing pneumonia must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Separation of preventive exposure/new incidence from treatment, recovery and duration of existing pneumonia is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N12 · Can colds or composite respiratory outcomes be read as pneumonia events?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: R01 covered respiratory infections such as colds; prespecified primary status of pneumonia remains unverified. Composite pulmonary-complication scores remain separate from new pneumonia.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Disease-specific events/denominators, pneumonia extraction and composite-outcome components/definitions are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Disease-specific events/denominators, pneumonia extraction and composite-outcome components/definitions
- Materials to obtain first: Disease-specific events/denominators, pneumonia extraction and composite-outcome components/definitions are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Disease-specific events/denominators, pneumonia extraction and composite-outcome components/definitions are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Disease-specific events/denominators, pneumonia extraction and composite-outcome components/definitions must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Disease-specific events/denominators, pneumonia extraction and composite-outcome components/definitions is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N13 · Did early and late VAP include the same patients?

Verification status: Unverified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The existing boundary is retained: the same patient may overlap between early and late VAP, so an overall incidence rate cannot be constructed without original data.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Original patient/event lists, overlap, time at risk and total denominator remain unverified. This supplementary item becomes required when extending to VAP events.
- Required materials and conditions: Patient/event units, early/late overlap, time at risk and total denominator
- Materials to obtain first: Original patient/event lists, overlap, time at risk and total denominator remain unverified. This supplementary item becomes required when extending to VAP events.
- Further research: Material needed: Original patient/event lists, overlap, time at risk and total denominator remain unverified. This supplementary item becomes required when extending to VAP events. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Patient/event units, early/late overlap, time at risk and total denominator must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Patient/event units, early/late overlap, time at risk and total denominator is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N14 · What is stored about the marine-recruit trial?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The stored report is Vitamin C prophylaxis in marine recruits; the original citation is JAMA 1979;241(9):908–911.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Overall allocation, exclusions, pneumonia denominators, original-paper pneumonia events/CI and prespecified endpoint hierarchy are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Pitt·Costrini 1979, blinded prevention trial, abstract 674 and unadopted original events
- Materials to obtain first: Overall allocation, exclusions, pneumonia denominators, original-paper pneumonia events/CI and prespecified endpoint hierarchy are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Overall allocation, exclusions, pneumonia denominators, original-paper pneumonia events/CI and prespecified endpoint hierarchy are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Pitt·Costrini 1979, blinded prevention trial, abstract 674 and unadopted original events must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Pitt·Costrini 1979, blinded prevention trial, abstract 674 and unadopted original events is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01

### N15 · What kind of count is the reported 674 people?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original record identifies 674 people as an abstract count. Overall randomized, excluded and pneumonia-analysis denominators were not verified in the original paper.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Group allocation, completer/pneumonia denominators and eligible-event mapping are needed; 674 is also not used as a harm denominator.
- Required materials and conditions: Separation of abstract counts from allocation, exclusion, completer, analysis and pneumonia denominators
- Materials to obtain first: Group allocation, completer/pneumonia denominators and eligible-event mapping are needed; 674 is also not used as a harm denominator.
- Further research: Material needed: Group allocation, completer/pneumonia denominators and eligible-event mapping are needed; 674 is also not used as a harm denominator. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Separation of abstract counts from allocation, exclusion, completer, analysis and pneumonia denominators must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Separation of abstract counts from allocation, exclusion, completer, analysis and pneumonia denominators is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01

### N16 · Why were the review’s 1 versus 7 events not adopted?

Verification status: Unverified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Because historical comparison with original-paper event counts and CI failed, the review’s 1 versus 7 events were not adopted as verified values.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Original-trial direct events, denominators, CI and review-extraction/original-table mapping are needed. Totals, effects and intervals are not calculated.
- Required materials and conditions: Review counts versus original-trial direct events, denominators, CI and the nonadoption decision
- Materials to obtain first: Original-trial direct events, denominators, CI and review-extraction/original-table mapping are needed. Totals, effects and intervals are not calculated.
- Further research: Material needed: Original-trial direct events, denominators, CI and review-extraction/original-table mapping are needed. Totals, effects and intervals are not calculated. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Review counts versus original-trial direct events, denominators, CI and the nonadoption decision must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Review counts versus original-trial direct events, denominators, CI and the nonadoption decision is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01

### N17 · How do historical abstract checking and failed comparison differ from current reading?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Historical abstract checking, unverified registration/plans and failed comparison of original events remain preserved historical records.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Only the stored summary was read here; external abstract/full-text access was not attempted. Historical failure is not labeled as a current access failure.
- Required materials and conditions: Separation of historical searching, abstract and comparison records from current stored-summary reading
- Materials to obtain first: Only the stored summary was read here; external abstract/full-text access was not attempted. Historical failure is not labeled as a current access failure.
- Further research: Material needed: Only the stored summary was read here; external abstract/full-text access was not attempted. Historical failure is not labeled as a current access failure. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Separation of historical searching, abstract and comparison records from current stored-summary reading must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Separation of historical searching, abstract and comparison records from current stored-summary reading is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01

### N18 · What result do Cochrane’s RR 0.46 and CI describe?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original review citation contains a historical description of RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.06 to 3.61 and very low certainty for 2 prevention studies.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: The original forest plot, study-specific events/denominators, weights, prevention subgroup analysis and methods remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Pooled RR, 95% CI, events, denominators and extraction for 2 prevention studies
- Materials to obtain first: The original forest plot, study-specific events/denominators, weights, prevention subgroup analysis and methods remain unverified.
- Further research: Material needed: The original forest plot, study-specific events/denominators, weights, prevention subgroup analysis and methods remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Pooled RR, 95% CI, events, denominators and extraction for 2 prevention studies must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Pooled RR, 95% CI, events, denominators and extraction for 2 prevention studies is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R02

### N19 · Do 2 prevention studies and two citations mean the same count?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original manuscript describes 2 old oral prevention studies, while the stored evidence list has 1 entry and the bibliography has 2 entries for an original trial and a review.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Exact inclusion/family mapping of the 2 prevention trials, Pitt review inclusion/extraction and unique participant totals remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Original trials, reviews, citations, included prevention trials, report families and participant overlap
- Materials to obtain first: Exact inclusion/family mapping of the 2 prevention trials, Pitt review inclusion/extraction and unique participant totals remain unverified.
- Further research: Material needed: Exact inclusion/family mapping of the 2 prevention trials, Pitt review inclusion/extraction and unique participant totals remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Original trials, reviews, citations, included prevention trials, report families and participant overlap must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Original trials, reviews, citations, included prevention trials, report families and participant overlap is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N20 · How are prevention data separated within a prevention/treatment review?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The review title is Vitamin C supplementation for prevention and treatment of pneumonia. The current question is oral prevention.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: The review’s prevention/treatment and route-specific inclusion lists, timing, denominators and mapping to the stored pooled estimate are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Review prevention/treatment, route, population, inclusion and extraction scope
- Materials to obtain first: The review’s prevention/treatment and route-specific inclusion lists, timing, denominators and mapping to the stored pooled estimate are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: The review’s prevention/treatment and route-specific inclusion lists, timing, denominators and mapping to the stored pooled estimate are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Review prevention/treatment, route, population, inclusion and extraction scope must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Review prevention/treatment, route, population, inclusion and extraction scope is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R02

### N21 · How does the review’s search scope differ from the manuscript date?

Verification status: Unverified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The bibliography contains a 1979 original trial and a 2021 review; the original evidence date is 2026-09-07.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: The review’s actual search cutoff, strategy, selection flow, unpublished/registry search and the manuscript’s evidence-search scope remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Search sources, strategy, dates, eligibility, selection, unpublished materials and manuscript date
- Materials to obtain first: The review’s actual search cutoff, strategy, selection flow, unpublished/registry search and the manuscript’s evidence-search scope remain unverified.
- Further research: Material needed: The review’s actual search cutoff, strategy, selection flow, unpublished/registry search and the manuscript’s evidence-search scope remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Search sources, strategy, dates, eligibility, selection, unpublished materials and manuscript date must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Search sources, strategy, dates, eligibility, selection, unpublished materials and manuscript date is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N22 · Was pneumonia a prespecified primary endpoint in the original trial?

Verification status: Unverified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: R01 covered respiratory infections such as colds; whether pneumonia was a prespecified primary endpoint remains unverified.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Original plans, registration, pneumonia prespecification, analyses and timing-change records are needed. The page’s selected endpoint does not verify prespecification.
- Required materials and conditions: Registration, protocol, analysis plan and the hierarchy of respiratory outcomes and pneumonia
- Materials to obtain first: Original plans, registration, pneumonia prespecification, analyses and timing-change records are needed. The page’s selected endpoint does not verify prespecification.
- Further research: Material needed: Original plans, registration, pneumonia prespecification, analyses and timing-change records are needed. The page’s selected endpoint does not verify prespecification. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Registration, protocol, analysis plan and the hierarchy of respiratory outcomes and pneumonia must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Registration, protocol, analysis plan and the hierarchy of respiratory outcomes and pneumonia is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01

### N23 · What were the original trials’ allocation structures and baseline balance?

Verification status: Unverified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: R01 is recorded as a double-blind placebo prevention trial, but its overall randomized denominator remains unverified.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Study-specific allocation units, sequence, concealment, baseline balance and randomization mapping are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Allocation units, random sequence, concealment, baseline nutrition and exposure balance
- Materials to obtain first: Study-specific allocation units, sequence, concealment, baseline balance and randomization mapping are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Study-specific allocation units, sequence, concealment, baseline balance and randomization mapping are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Allocation units, random sequence, concealment, baseline nutrition and exposure balance must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Allocation units, random sequence, concealment, baseline nutrition and exposure balance is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N24 · How were double blinding and pneumonia detection conducted?

Verification status: Unverified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: A double-blind placebo design description is stored for R01.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Who was blinded, pneumonia diagnosis/interpretation/detection and differences in respiratory-disease classification or surveillance remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Role-specific blinding, placebo, assessors, pneumonia diagnosis, detection and classification
- Materials to obtain first: Who was blinded, pneumonia diagnosis/interpretation/detection and differences in respiratory-disease classification or surveillance remain unverified.
- Further research: Material needed: Who was blinded, pneumonia diagnosis/interpretation/detection and differences in respiratory-disease classification or surveillance remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Role-specific blinding, placebo, assessors, pneumonia diagnosis, detection and classification must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Role-specific blinding, placebo, assessors, pneumonia diagnosis, detection and classification is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N25 · How did actual supplementation, training and infection management differ?

Verification status: Unverified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The selected question concerns preventive oral supplementation in high-stress or low-intake populations.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Adherence, changes, training, environment, diet, concurrent treatment, management differences and analysis handling are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Supplement use, deviations, diet, training, environment, concurrent treatment and shared care
- Materials to obtain first: Adherence, changes, training, environment, diet, concurrent treatment, management differences and analysis handling are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Adherence, changes, training, environment, diet, concurrent treatment, management differences and analysis handling are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Supplement use, deviations, diet, training, environment, concurrent treatment and shared care must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Supplement use, deviations, diet, training, environment, concurrent treatment and shared care is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N26 · Who was missing from pneumonia-incidence assessment?

Verification status: Unverified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: R01’s overall randomized, excluded and pneumonia-analysis denominators were not verified in the original paper.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Study-specific exclusions, attrition/reasons, completed pneumonia assessment, follow-up time, ITT/PP and missing-data handling are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Allocation, exclusions, pneumonia analysis, attrition, follow-up time, ITT/PP and missing data
- Materials to obtain first: Study-specific exclusions, attrition/reasons, completed pneumonia assessment, follow-up time, ITT/PP and missing-data handling are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Study-specific exclusions, attrition/reasons, completed pneumonia assessment, follow-up time, ITT/PP and missing-data handling are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Allocation, exclusions, pneumonia analysis, attrition, follow-up time, ITT/PP and missing data must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Allocation, exclusions, pneumonia analysis, attrition, follow-up time, ITT/PP and missing data is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N27 · How was the RR pooled across the two prevention studies?

Verification status: Unverified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The stored estimate is RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.06 to 3.61. Trials with different doses, durations or populations are not treated as one interchangeable effect.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Original individual effects/counts, model, weights, I²/τ², zero-event/cluster handling and prediction intervals are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Individual effects, events, denominators, model, weights, heterogeneity and analysis units
- Materials to obtain first: Original individual effects/counts, model, weights, I²/τ², zero-event/cluster handling and prediction intervals are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Original individual effects/counts, model, weights, I²/τ², zero-event/cluster handling and prediction intervals are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Individual effects, events, denominators, model, weights, heterogeneity and analysis units must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Individual effects, events, denominators, model, weights, heterogeneity and analysis units is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R02

### N28 · Does very low certainty represent a new official assessment here?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original citation’s very low certainty and the existing description’s limits of poor precision, age, scarcity and specialized populations are retained.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Original GRADE/RoB tables, domains and downgrading reasons are unread; no new official assessment was performed.
- Required materials and conditions: The original review’s certainty, risk assessment, tools, domains and downgrading reasons
- Materials to obtain first: Original GRADE/RoB tables, domains and downgrading reasons are unread; no new official assessment was performed.
- Further research: Material needed: Original GRADE/RoB tables, domains and downgrading reasons are unread; no new official assessment was performed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on The original review’s certainty, risk assessment, tools, domains and downgrading reasons must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on The original review’s certainty, risk assessment, tools, domains and downgrading reasons is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R02

### N29 · What uncertainty remains with RR 0.46 and the wide 0.06 to 3.61 interval?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The existing description records that the 95% CI includes no effect and large benefit and does not establish general-population prevention.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Original counts, exact effect of interest, prespecified important difference, interval method and population-specific precision remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Original events, denominators, effect interval, prespecified important difference and interpretation scope
- Materials to obtain first: Original counts, exact effect of interest, prespecified important difference, interval method and population-specific precision remain unverified.
- Further research: Material needed: Original counts, exact effect of interest, prespecified important difference, interval method and population-specific precision remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Original events, denominators, effect interval, prespecified important difference and interpretation scope must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Original events, denominators, effect interval, prespecified important difference and interpretation scope is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R02

### N30 · Can the absolute preventive effect in the general population be determined?

Verification status: Unverified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The existing boundary that military and low-intake findings cannot be generalized to the general population is retained.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Baseline pneumonia risk, absolute differences, NNT, importance and persistence for the general population or current target group remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Population-specific baseline risk, events, denominators, absolute differences and patient importance
- Materials to obtain first: Baseline pneumonia risk, absolute differences, NNT, importance and persistence for the general population or current target group remain unverified.
- Further research: Material needed: Baseline pneumonia risk, absolute differences, NNT, importance and persistence for the general population or current target group remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Population-specific baseline risk, events, denominators, absolute differences and patient importance must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Population-specific baseline risk, events, denominators, absolute differences and patient importance is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N31 · How are original trials, reviews and independent replication distinguished?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The older sparse studies’ direction toward reduction and the existing assessment values R0/I2 are retained. The two citations represent an original trial and a review.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Direct replication for the same route/population/endpoint, review-inclusion mapping and unique trial/team/participant counts remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Report families, the review’s prevention subset, same trials, teams and unique participants
- Materials to obtain first: Direct replication for the same route/population/endpoint, review-inclusion mapping and unique trial/team/participant counts remain unverified.
- Further research: Material needed: Direct replication for the same route/population/endpoint, review-inclusion mapping and unique trial/team/participant counts remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Report families, the review’s prevention subset, same trials, teams and unique participants must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Report families, the review’s prevention subset, same trials, teams and unique participants is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N32 · What supported the original trial and the review?

Verification status: Unverified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: R01’s exact funding and manufacturer involvement remain unverified. Review-support details are also not recorded in the stored citation.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Report-specific cash/product support, affiliations, COI and analysis/manufacturing roles are needed. Unverified is not converted into no involvement.
- Required materials and conditions: Cash, products, manufacturers, employment, authors, COI and analysis roles
- Materials to obtain first: Report-specific cash/product support, affiliations, COI and analysis/manufacturing roles are needed. Unverified is not converted into no involvement.
- Further research: Material needed: Report-specific cash/product support, affiliations, COI and analysis/manufacturing roles are needed. Unverified is not converted into no involvement. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Cash, products, manufacturers, employment, authors, COI and analysis roles must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Cash, products, manufacturers, employment, authors, COI and analysis roles is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N33 · What bibliographic identities and materials actually read are recorded?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original trial is linked by PMID 368370·DOI 10.1001/jama.1979.03290350028016, and the review by PMID 34791642. Stored summaries were read here.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: External abstracts, full text, registration, plans, supplements and the full review are unread; access was not attempted.
- Required materials and conditions: PMID, DOI, registration, original-trial/review URLs, stored summaries and unread external materials
- Materials to obtain first: External abstracts, full text, registration, plans, supplements and the full review are unread; access was not attempted.
- Further research: Material needed: External abstracts, full text, registration, plans, supplements and the full review are unread; access was not attempted. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on PMID, DOI, registration, original-trial/review URLs, stored summaries and unread external materials must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on PMID, DOI, registration, original-trial/review URLs, stored summaries and unread external materials is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N34 · What do 2026-09-07 and empty correction records mean?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original evidence date is 2026-09-07, and correction records are empty. Original citation years are 1979 and 2021.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: There is no current search, external-reading or clinical-review completion date; the original material’s search cutoff also remains unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Separation of evidence date, publication dates, review dates, correction records and preparation date
- Materials to obtain first: There is no current search, external-reading or clinical-review completion date; the original material’s search cutoff also remains unverified.
- Further research: Material needed: There is no current search, external-reading or clinical-review completion date; the original material’s search cutoff also remains unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Separation of evidence date, publication dates, review dates, correction records and preparation date must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Separation of evidence date, publication dates, review dates, correction records and preparation date is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N35 · How are nonadoption and historical records retained across languages?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original Korean/English descriptions distinguish 674 people, unverified denominators/counts, RR/CI and treatment/IV exclusions. Existing questions 043 and 1579 are not regraded.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Detailed Korean/English correspondence to external original material remains unreviewed. Correction of original material remains separate from this reader translation.
- Required materials and conditions: 674, prespecification, unadopted events, pooled estimates, prevention/treatment and existing question boundaries
- Materials to obtain first: Detailed Korean/English correspondence to external original material remains unreviewed. Correction of original material remains separate from this reader translation.
- Further research: Material needed: Detailed Korean/English correspondence to external original material remains unreviewed. Correction of original material remains separate from this reader translation. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on 674, prespecification, unadopted events, pooled estimates, prevention/treatment and existing question boundaries must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on 674, prespecification, unadopted events, pooled estimates, prevention/treatment and existing question boundaries is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N36 · What do C·54 points and existing assessment values represent?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original C·54 points·Caution, B/H/R0/I2/EX/B2/C0 and no-human-study flag false are retained. Historical independent-cross-check wording remains a historical record.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: No current external clinical validation or official methodological certification was performed. Unverified original events are not converted into absence of human research.
- Required materials and conditions: Original grade, score, caution, assessment values, verdict history and presence of human research
- Materials to obtain first: No current external clinical validation or official methodological certification was performed. Unverified original events are not converted into absence of human research.
- Further research: Material needed: No current external clinical validation or official methodological certification was performed. Unverified original events are not converted into absence of human research. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Original grade, score, caution, assessment values, verdict history and presence of human research must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Original grade, score, caution, assessment values, verdict history and presence of human research is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N37 · How were harms collected in high-dose oral trials?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The existing description records possible diarrhea/gastrointestinal discomfort and limited trial-specific adverse-event data.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Study-specific event counts, collection methods, group harm denominators, discontinuation, missing data and timing are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Definitions of diarrhea/abdominal discomfort, group events, denominators, discontinuation, missing data and duration
- Materials to obtain first: Study-specific event counts, collection methods, group harm denominators, discontinuation, missing data and timing are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Study-specific event counts, collection methods, group harm denominators, discontinuation, missing data and timing are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Definitions of diarrhea/abdominal discomfort, group events, denominators, discontinuation, missing data and duration must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Definitions of diarrhea/abdominal discomfort, group events, denominators, discontinuation, missing data and duration is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N38 · What is known about harm onset, recovery and alternative exposures?

Verification status: Unverified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The stored record describes high oral doses, an 8 to 14 week range and general gastrointestinal caution.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Individual event timing, improvement after stopping, re-exposure, concomitant nutrition, disease and other causes remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Event timing, changes after stopping, re-exposure, baseline disease, concomitant exposures and other causes
- Materials to obtain first: Individual event timing, improvement after stopping, re-exposure, concomitant nutrition, disease and other causes remain unverified.
- Further research: Material needed: Individual event timing, improvement after stopping, re-exposure, concomitant nutrition, disease and other causes remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Event timing, changes after stopping, re-exposure, baseline disease, concomitant exposures and other causes must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Event timing, changes after stopping, re-exposure, baseline disease, concomitant exposures and other causes is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N39 · What remains unknown about stones, kidney disease, iron overload and long-term/rare harms?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The existing description of high-dose gastrointestinal discomfort and caution with stone risk, kidney disease and iron overload is retained.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Population-specific actual events/denominators and long-term, rare and concomitant harms remain unverified. This supplementary item is required for the corresponding harm/long-term claim.
- Required materials and conditions: Caution groups, formulation, exposure, actual events, denominators, long-term, rare and concomitant harms
- Materials to obtain first: Population-specific actual events/denominators and long-term, rare and concomitant harms remain unverified. This supplementary item is required for the corresponding harm/long-term claim.
- Further research: Material needed: Population-specific actual events/denominators and long-term, rare and concomitant harms remain unverified. This supplementary item is required for the corresponding harm/long-term claim. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Caution groups, formulation, exposure, actual events, denominators, long-term, rare and concomitant harms must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Caution groups, formulation, exposure, actual events, denominators, long-term, rare and concomitant harms is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N40 · Were harms from the same oral exposure repeated in independent materials?

Verification status: Unverified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The current stored description contains general caution and limited trial-specific event records.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Independent harm cases/families, exposure/event agreement, denominators and replication remain unverified. This supplementary item is required for a repeated-harm claim.
- Required materials and conditions: Unique cases, report families, exposure/event agreement and repeated citation
- Materials to obtain first: Independent harm cases/families, exposure/event agreement, denominators and replication remain unverified. This supplementary item is required for a repeated-harm claim.
- Further research: Material needed: Independent harm cases/families, exposure/event agreement, denominators and replication remain unverified. This supplementary item is required for a repeated-harm claim. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Unique cases, report families, exposure/event agreement and repeated citation must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Unique cases, report families, exposure/event agreement and repeated citation is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

### N41 · How do the summaries read connect to original material still needed?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Existing Korean and English stored summary, trial records and review bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: PubMed links to original sources remain separate from stored-summary reading and unread external materials.
- Why unverified: Stored information is linked to its unverified scope. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; fulfilled conditions, preventive effects, safety, prespecification and independence are not certified.
- Reason for missing information: Original events, denominators, diagnosis, plans, review inclusion, methods, harms, support materials and clinical content review remain outstanding.
- Required materials and conditions: Material-specific acquisition, reading, original sources, criteria/evidence changes and original preservation
- Materials to obtain first: Original events, denominators, diagnosis, plans, review inclusion, methods, harms, support materials and clinical content review remain outstanding.
- Further research: Material needed: Original events, denominators, diagnosis, plans, review inclusion, methods, harms, support materials and clinical content review remain outstanding. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original records on Material-specific acquisition, reading, original sources, criteria/evidence changes and original preservation must link to the same prevention question, route, population, comparison, diagnosis, time point and analysis population, distinguishing recorded information from gaps.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Material-specific acquisition, reading, original sources, criteria/evidence changes and original preservation is needed to connect the selected oral prevention question to its population, formulation, baseline nutrition, comparison, new pneumonia diagnosis, events, denominators, follow-up, precision and harms.
- Application exceptions: Oral prevention remains separate from treatment of existing pneumonia, intravenous dosing, colds and composite respiratory outcomes. Abstract population counts, allocation/pneumonia/harm denominators, original-trial events, unadopted review counts, pooled estimates and individual effects are not mixed; no new effects, intervals, incidence rates, absolute differences, NNTs, cumulative doses or individual dosing guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Gaps in original events, denominators, diagnosis, baseline nutrition, prespecified plans, review inclusion, synthesis methods, support and harms remain. Old specialized populations and wide intervals are not converted into general-population preventive effects, a precise null effect, equivalence or overall safety.
- Referenced methods: Existing principles distinguish questions, populations, routes, prevention and treatment, trials and reviews, events, denominators, precision and harms.
- Related sources: R01, R02

## Evidence and sources

### R01

Pitt·Costrini 1979 · Marine-recruit prevention trial

[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/368370/)

Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts/full text/registration unread and access not attempted  
Findings recorded in the summary: The stored description notes reported pneumonia reduction, but the review’s 1 versus 7 events were not adopted as verified values because historical comparison with original-paper event counts and CI failed.  
Record level: The abstract states 674 people. Overall randomized, excluded, completer, group, pneumonia-analysis and harm denominators, original events, CI and prespecified primary status remain unverified.  
Independent replication: The 1 stored evidence entry and 2 citations are records linked to an original trial and a review. They do not mean the same count as the original manuscript’s 2 prevention studies. Review inclusion, extraction mapping and participant overlap remain unverified, so report counts are not converted into unique trial, participant or independent-replication totals.

| Material | Public availability | Access status | Actually read | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stored existing review summary | Preserved copy of the complete existing review summary | Stored summary | Summary read | PMID 368370 · DOI 10.1001/jama.1979.03290350028016. Historical abstract checking and failed comparison of original events remain historical records. Only the stored summary was read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans were not read, and no new access failure was established. The material date is the evidence date preserved in the original record, not a current external-reading date. |
| External paper identity link | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID 368370 · DOI 10.1001/jama.1979.03290350028016. Historical abstract checking and failed comparison of original events remain historical records. Only the stored summary was read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans were not read, and no new access failure was established. The material date is the evidence date preserved in the original record, not a current external-reading date. |
| External full text | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID 368370 · DOI 10.1001/jama.1979.03290350028016. Historical abstract checking and failed comparison of original events remain historical records. Only the stored summary was read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans were not read, and no new access failure was established. The material date is the evidence date preserved in the original record, not a current external-reading date. |
| Additional materials needed | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID 368370 · DOI 10.1001/jama.1979.03290350028016. Historical abstract checking and failed comparison of original events remain historical records. Only the stored summary was read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans were not read, and no new access failure was established. The material date is the evidence date preserved in the original record, not a current external-reading date. |
| Additional materials needed | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID 368370 · DOI 10.1001/jama.1979.03290350028016. Historical abstract checking and failed comparison of original events remain historical records. Only the stored summary was read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans were not read, and no new access failure was established. The material date is the evidence date preserved in the original record, not a current external-reading date. |
| Additional materials needed | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID 368370 · DOI 10.1001/jama.1979.03290350028016. Historical abstract checking and failed comparison of original events remain historical records. Only the stored summary was read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans were not read, and no new access failure was established. The material date is the evidence date preserved in the original record, not a current external-reading date. |
| Additional materials needed | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID 368370 · DOI 10.1001/jama.1979.03290350028016. Historical abstract checking and failed comparison of original events remain historical records. Only the stored summary was read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans were not read, and no new access failure was established. The material date is the evidence date preserved in the original record, not a current external-reading date. |
| Additional materials needed | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID 368370 · DOI 10.1001/jama.1979.03290350028016. Historical abstract checking and failed comparison of original events remain historical records. Only the stored summary was read here; external abstracts, full text, registration and plans were not read, and no new access failure was established. The material date is the evidence date preserved in the original record, not a current external-reading date. |

### R02

Cochrane 2021 · Pneumonia prevention and treatment review

[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34791642/)

Materials actually read: Stored summary read; external abstracts/full text/registration unread and access not attempted  
Findings recorded in the summary: The stored description reports RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.06 to 3.61 and very low certainty for 2 old prevention studies. This is not an individual original-trial effect.  
Record level: This is a pooled prevention estimate. The original forest plot, study-specific events/denominators, weights, model, heterogeneity, included-trial list and Pitt inclusion/extraction mapping remain unverified.  
Independent replication: The 1 stored evidence entry and 2 citations are records linked to an original trial and a review. They do not mean the same count as the original manuscript’s 2 prevention studies. Review inclusion, extraction mapping and participant overlap remain unverified, so report counts are not converted into unique trial, participant or independent-replication totals.

| Material | Public availability | Access status | Actually read | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stored existing review summary | Preserved copy of the complete existing review summary | Stored summary | Summary read | PMID 34791642. Historical wording about an independent cross-check is not promoted to current reading of the original review, a new independent trial or official GRADE/RoB assessment. Prevention/treatment and route-specific scope, original inclusion/extraction, models and funding/COI are currently unread. The material date is the evidence date preserved in the original record, not a current external-reading date. |
| External paper identity link | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID 34791642. Historical wording about an independent cross-check is not promoted to current reading of the original review, a new independent trial or official GRADE/RoB assessment. Prevention/treatment and route-specific scope, original inclusion/extraction, models and funding/COI are currently unread. The material date is the evidence date preserved in the original record, not a current external-reading date. |
| External full text | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID 34791642. Historical wording about an independent cross-check is not promoted to current reading of the original review, a new independent trial or official GRADE/RoB assessment. Prevention/treatment and route-specific scope, original inclusion/extraction, models and funding/COI are currently unread. The material date is the evidence date preserved in the original record, not a current external-reading date. |
| Additional materials needed | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID 34791642. Historical wording about an independent cross-check is not promoted to current reading of the original review, a new independent trial or official GRADE/RoB assessment. Prevention/treatment and route-specific scope, original inclusion/extraction, models and funding/COI are currently unread. The material date is the evidence date preserved in the original record, not a current external-reading date. |
| Additional materials needed | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID 34791642. Historical wording about an independent cross-check is not promoted to current reading of the original review, a new independent trial or official GRADE/RoB assessment. Prevention/treatment and route-specific scope, original inclusion/extraction, models and funding/COI are currently unread. The material date is the evidence date preserved in the original record, not a current external-reading date. |
| Additional materials needed | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID 34791642. Historical wording about an independent cross-check is not promoted to current reading of the original review, a new independent trial or official GRADE/RoB assessment. Prevention/treatment and route-specific scope, original inclusion/extraction, models and funding/COI are currently unread. The material date is the evidence date preserved in the original record, not a current external-reading date. |
| Additional materials needed | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID 34791642. Historical wording about an independent cross-check is not promoted to current reading of the original review, a new independent trial or official GRADE/RoB assessment. Prevention/treatment and route-specific scope, original inclusion/extraction, models and funding/COI are currently unread. The material date is the evidence date preserved in the original record, not a current external-reading date. |
| Additional materials needed | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID 34791642. Historical wording about an independent cross-check is not promoted to current reading of the original review, a new independent trial or official GRADE/RoB assessment. Prevention/treatment and route-specific scope, original inclusion/extraction, models and funding/COI are currently unread. The material date is the evidence date preserved in the original record, not a current external-reading date. |

## Review criteria and methods

These are Chamgap's own application conditions, informed by the relevant sections of official methodological guidance. They do not constitute official assessment-tool certification or a new efficacy score.

- M03 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-03) · §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.3, MECIR C5/C7/C13 · Clearly record the question, eligibility conditions and reasons for changes, and distinguish variations in interventions. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.
- M04 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5.1 (2025), chapter updated 2025-03](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-04) · §4.5, §4.6.1–4.6.3, MECIR C42 · Distinguish studies from reports and link them; do not omit a study solely because results are unreported. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.
- M08 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-08) · §8.1–8.2.3, Table 8.2.a · Define the outcome and effect of interest, then examine randomization, deviations, missing data, measurement and selective reporting. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.
- M15 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-15) · §15.2.4, §15.3.1–15.3.3 · Distinguish effect estimates, intervals, importance and applicability. Sample size alone does not determine precision. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.
- M19 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-19) · §19.1.2, §19.2.1–19.2.4 · Harm questions may require different designs, populations and follow-up from efficacy questions. Case reports do not establish incidence rates. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.

## What the statuses mean

- Partly verified: Partial information from the stored summary is linked; detailed originals and content review remain incomplete.
- Unverified: Required details cannot be established within the preserved scope. This does not establish absence of effects or studies, or safety.
- Review incomplete: Review of existing content remains incomplete.
- Met: This state is used only within the relevant conditions after material verification and content review. It was not automatically assigned in this work.
- Not reported: Unreported within material actually read. Unread external material is not relabeled as unreported.
- Inaccessible: This means actual access failure. External access was not attempted in this work, so this state was not assigned.
- Not applicable: Used only with an application exception and reason based on the question scope.
- Conflicting data: This requires actual comparison of materials; no new conflict judgment was made in this work.
- Insufficient evidence for the conditions: This indicates gaps in additional material for the selected conditions. Unread material as a whole is not converted into an efficacy grade.

## Change history

2026-10-23 · Public page/materials 1.0. The public view and materials were prepared from the existing 41 items. No new clinical search, verification-state change or scoring was performed.