# Argentine tango or adapted-tango classes × Tango-specific superiority over other dance or exercise Verdict 3015 · Evidence Check Stored-material review date: Not recorded Original evidence cut-off: 2026-09-07 Review-criteria version: 1.0 Public page/material preparation date: 2026-10-21 Clinical papers were not read directly; existing review summaries were checked. No new clinical-literature search was performed. Unverified does not mean that research is absent or that there is no effect. ## Assessment scope - Population: Mild to moderate Parkinson disease. Detailed stage, selection, medication state, baseline function and applicability to other severity levels remain unverified. - Ingredient, formulation and route: The whole program of partnered Argentine or adapted-tango classes, including music, group activity, social contact and aerobic movement. - Dose: The 2009 report describes 20 classes over 13 weeks. The original account of around 2 classes weekly is retained; actual length, intensity, attendance and total exposure remain unverified. - Comparator: The selected question concerns tango-specific superiority over other dance or exercise. The directly relevant comparison is tango versus waltz/foxtrot, distinguished from no-intervention comparisons. Details versus equally intensive exercise or social activities remain unverified. - Measured outcome: The list of BBS, 6-minute walk, backward stride and UPDRS is distinguished from the original account of equal or superior results on selected measures. Activity Card Sort participation is no-intervention context, not an active-control superiority result. - Duration: The 2009 comparison of 20 classes over 13 weeks is the directly relevant active comparison. No-intervention participation over 12 months in 2013 is not long-term active-control evidence. Durability after training stops and long-term specific superiority remain unverified. - Questions outside this scope: Selected specific-superiority D is distinguished from parent C54 and no-intervention C. Individual scores or axes are not newly filled in.; When both tango and waltz/foxtrot improved some outcomes over no intervention, music, exercise and social contact are not removed and effects unique to tango movements are not established.; The direct active comparison over 13 weeks is distinguished from no-intervention participation over 12 months; long-term active-control effects or durability after stopping training are not newly established.; 77% to 90%, P=.006, and control around 80%, P=.60, are original within-group records. They are not converted into between-group effects, new changes or CIs.; 58 participants, 62 allocated, 52 analyzed, 26 per group and 10 excluded retain their original scope; new denominators, exclusion rates or unique totals are not calculated.; Function and participation are not expanded into disease recovery, prevention of actual falls or hospitalization, treatment replacement or overall safety; shared reports and networks are not added as new independent replication. ## Checklist items ### N01 · Which question does this evidence check cover? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: This covers the existing subquestion of tango-specific superiority over other dance or exercise. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Program effects versus no intervention are not transferred into specific superiority, and no new question unit is created. - Required materials and conditions: Tango-specific superiority over other dance or exercise and the parent question's scope - Materials to obtain first: Program effects versus no intervention are not transferred into specific superiority, and no new question unit is created. - Further research: Material needed: Program effects versus no intervention are not transferred into specific superiority, and no new question unit is created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Tango-specific superiority over other dance or exercise and the parent question's scope must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Tango-specific superiority over other dance or exercise and the parent question's scope is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N02 · How do selected D, parent C54 and no-intervention C differ? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The selected grade is D without an individual score. Parent C54 and no-intervention C are retained separately. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Parent 54 is not attached to selected D, and parent positive findings do not create a new grade. - Required materials and conditions: Selected grade, absent individual score, and parent and no-intervention verdicts - Materials to obtain first: Parent 54 is not attached to selected D, and parent positive findings do not create a new grade. - Further research: Material needed: Parent 54 is not attached to selected D, and parent positive findings do not create a new grade. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Selected grade, absent individual score, and parent and no-intervention verdicts must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Selected grade, absent individual score, and parent and no-intervention verdicts is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N03 · Which materials were actually read in this work? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The complete stored 3015 summary with 2 reports, 2 citations, Korean and English records and subquestions was read. Historical verification accounts remain historical. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: External papers, registration, protocols and analysis plans were unread and access was not attempted; URLs or historical verification are not promoted into current content review. - Required materials and conditions: Complete stored parent summary, selected question, historical verification and unread external material - Materials to obtain first: External papers, registration, protocols and analysis plans were unread and access was not attempted; URLs or historical verification are not promoted into current content review. - Further research: Material needed: External papers, registration, protocols and analysis plans were unread and access was not attempted; URLs or historical verification are not promoted into current content review. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Complete stored parent summary, selected question, historical verification and unread external material must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Complete stored parent summary, selected question, historical verification and unread external material is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N04 · Which comparison directly relates to specific superiority? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The other-ballroom-dance control in Hackney and Earhart 2009, PMID19479161 and DOI10.2340/16501977-0362, is directly relevant. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: This is not expanded into confirmation versus equal-intensity exercise or every program; exact contrasts, denominators and CIs remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Tango versus waltz/foxtrot in 2009, 3-arm design and original bibliography - Materials to obtain first: This is not expanded into confirmation versus equal-intensity exercise or every program; exact contrasts, denominators and CIs remain unverified. - Further research: Material needed: This is not expanded into confirmation versus equal-intensity exercise or every program; exact contrasts, denominators and CIs remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Tango versus waltz/foxtrot in 2009, 3-arm design and original bibliography must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Tango versus waltz/foxtrot in 2009, 3-arm design and original bibliography is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01 ### N05 · Does the 2013 longer trial answer superiority over other exercise? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: Foster 2013, PMID22902795, PMCID PMC3557593 and DOI10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.028, reports longer-term participation with tango versus no intervention. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: It is not transferred into a long active-control comparison with other dance or exercise, or independent confirmation of specific superiority. - Required materials and conditions: 12-month tango versus no intervention, participation and comparator scope - Materials to obtain first: It is not transferred into a long active-control comparison with other dance or exercise, or independent confirmation of specific superiority. - Further research: Material needed: It is not transferred into a long active-control comparison with other dance or exercise, or independent confirmation of specific superiority. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on 12-month tango versus no intervention, participation and comparator scope must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on 12-month tango versus no intervention, participation and comparator scope is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S02 ### N06 · Are reports, research networks and cohorts counted more than once? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The no-intervention and specific-superiority questions share the same 2009 and 2013 reports. The original account states that research networks overlap. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: 58, 62 or 52 participants and shared reports are not added as new independent trials or participants; exact cohort overlap, unique totals and independent replication remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Shared reports and participants, overlapping networks and independent replication - Materials to obtain first: 58, 62 or 52 participants and shared reports are not added as new independent trials or participants; exact cohort overlap, unique totals and independent replication remain unverified. - Further research: Material needed: 58, 62 or 52 participants and shared reports are not added as new independent trials or participants; exact cohort overlap, unique totals and independent replication remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Shared reports and participants, overlapping networks and independent replication must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Shared reports and participants, overlapping networks and independent replication is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N07 · Which Parkinson disease population was directly compared with other dance? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The parent question concerns mild to moderate Parkinson disease. The original 58 participants describe sample size. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Detailed age, stage, freezing, cognition, gait, medication ON/OFF, group baseline conditions, selection and applicability to other populations remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Severity, stage, selection, baseline conditions and medication state - Materials to obtain first: Detailed age, stage, freezing, cognition, gait, medication ON/OFF, group baseline conditions, selection and applicability to other populations remain unverified. - Further research: Material needed: Detailed age, stage, freezing, cognition, gait, medication ON/OFF, group baseline conditions, selection and applicability to other populations remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Severity, stage, selection, baseline conditions and medication state must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Severity, stage, selection, baseline conditions and medication state is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01 ### N08 · Which programs were compared? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The 2009 report has 3 arms: tango, waltz/foxtrot and no intervention. The original context of partnered or adapted classes around 2 times weekly is retained. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Equivalent class intensity, length, progression, partners, instructors, outside exercise and rehabilitation remain unverified. Program names alone do not establish balanced exposure. - Required materials and conditions: Tango and adapted tango versus waltz/foxtrot, intensity, instructors and partners - Materials to obtain first: Equivalent class intensity, length, progression, partners, instructors, outside exercise and rehabilitation remain unverified. Program names alone do not establish balanced exposure. - Further research: Material needed: Equivalent class intensity, length, progression, partners, instructors, outside exercise and rehabilitation remain unverified. Program names alone do not establish balanced exposure. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Tango and adapted tango versus waltz/foxtrot, intensity, instructors and partners must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Tango and adapted tango versus waltz/foxtrot, intensity, instructors and partners is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01 ### N09 · Were class dose and duration matched? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The direct comparison describes 58 participants, 20 classes and 13 weeks in total. A parent program name is not converted into quantitative exposure. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Actual attendance, intensity, class time, stopping and changes for each dance remain unverified; the 12-month no-intervention report is not attached as the active-comparison period. - Required materials and conditions: 20 classes over 13 weeks, actual group attendance and time, and stopping - Materials to obtain first: Actual attendance, intensity, class time, stopping and changes for each dance remain unverified; the 12-month no-intervention report is not attached as the active-comparison period. - Further research: Material needed: Actual attendance, intensity, class time, stopping and changes for each dance remain unverified; the 12-month no-intervention report is not attached as the active-comparison period. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on 20 classes over 13 weeks, actual group attendance and time, and stopping must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on 20 classes over 13 weeks, actual group attendance and time, and stopping is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N10 · Were music, social contact and exercise contributions separated? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The original account says music, group activity, social contact and aerobic movement occur together. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Effects versus no intervention are not assigned to tango steps alone; differences in intensity, contact and expectations, and evidence separating components, remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: General dance and group activity, contact time, aerobic movement, expectations and specific steps - Materials to obtain first: Effects versus no intervention are not assigned to tango steps alone; differences in intensity, contact and expectations, and evidence separating components, remain unverified. - Further research: Material needed: Effects versus no intervention are not assigned to tango steps alone; differences in intensity, contact and expectations, and evidence separating components, remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on General dance and group activity, contact time, aerobic movement, expectations and specific steps must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on General dance and group activity, contact time, aerobic movement, expectations and specific steps is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01 ### N11 · What is known about allocation, masking and measurement bias? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: Although a randomized 3-arm report, the original account notes limitations from lack of masking and multiple endpoints. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Allocation, concealment, assessor masking, class distinguishability, expectations and baseline balance remain unverified because original methods were unread. - Required materials and conditions: Sequence generation, concealment, baseline conditions, assessor masking and expectations - Materials to obtain first: Allocation, concealment, assessor masking, class distinguishability, expectations and baseline balance remain unverified because original methods were unread. - Further research: Material needed: Allocation, concealment, assessor masking, class distinguishability, expectations and baseline balance remain unverified because original methods were unread. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Sequence generation, concealment, baseline conditions, assessor masking and expectations must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Sequence generation, concealment, baseline conditions, assessor masking and expectations is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01 ### N12 · Which functional outcomes showed superiority? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The original endpoint list includes BBS, 6-minute walk, backward stride and UPDRS, with wording that tango was equal or superior on selected measures. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Equality or superiority on some measures is not converted into specific superiority on every outcome; exact active contrasts, scales, timing and hierarchy remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: BBS, 6-minute walk, backward stride, UPDRS, tests, units and hierarchy - Materials to obtain first: Equality or superiority on some measures is not converted into specific superiority on every outcome; exact active contrasts, scales, timing and hierarchy remain unverified. - Further research: Material needed: Equality or superiority on some measures is not converted into specific superiority on every outcome; exact active contrasts, scales, timing and hierarchy remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on BBS, 6-minute walk, backward stride, UPDRS, tests, units and hierarchy must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on BBS, 6-minute walk, backward stride, UPDRS, tests, units and hierarchy is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01 ### N13 · What are the active-comparison effects, CIs and important differences? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The original account says other dance also improved and tango was equal or better only on selected measures. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Exact between-group differences, intervals and important differences remain unverified; no new calculation or confirmation of equivalence or superiority is made. - Required materials and conditions: Between-group estimates, variance, denominators, original P values, CIs and clinical importance - Materials to obtain first: Exact between-group differences, intervals and important differences remain unverified; no new calculation or confirmation of equivalence or superiority is made. - Further research: Material needed: Exact between-group differences, intervals and important differences remain unverified; no new calculation or confirmation of equivalence or superiority is made. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Between-group estimates, variance, denominators, original P values, CIs and clinical importance must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Between-group estimates, variance, denominators, original P values, CIs and clinical importance is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01 ### N14 · What are the endpoint denominators and missingness for 58 participants in 3 arms? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: Only the original total 58 participants, 3 arms, 20 classes and 13 weeks are retained. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Group- and endpoint-specific denominators, attrition, missingness, ITT/PP, adjustment and sensitivity remain unverified; the shared no-intervention group is not counted repeatedly. - Required materials and conditions: Group allocation, completion, analysis, denominators, attrition, adjustment and repeated measurement - Materials to obtain first: Group- and endpoint-specific denominators, attrition, missingness, ITT/PP, adjustment and sensitivity remain unverified; the shared no-intervention group is not counted repeatedly. - Further research: Material needed: Group- and endpoint-specific denominators, attrition, missingness, ITT/PP, adjustment and sensitivity remain unverified; the shared no-intervention group is not counted repeatedly. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Group allocation, completion, analysis, denominators, attrition, adjustment and repeated measurement must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Group allocation, completion, analysis, denominators, attrition, adjustment and repeated measurement is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01 ### N15 · What is the context of 62, 52 and within-group participation P values? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The longer report's 62 allocated, 52 analyzed with 26 per group, tango 77% to 90%, P=.006, control around 80%, P=.60, and missing key between-group estimate are retained. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Significant versus nonsignificant within-group results are not transferred into between-group effects or active-control superiority, or used as 12-month active-control confirmation. - Required materials and conditions: 2013 allocation of 62, analysis of 52 with 26 per group, 10 excluded, and no-intervention changes - Materials to obtain first: Significant versus nonsignificant within-group results are not transferred into between-group effects or active-control superiority, or used as 12-month active-control confirmation. - Further research: Material needed: Significant versus nonsignificant within-group results are not transferred into between-group effects or active-control superiority, or used as 12-month active-control confirmation. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on 2013 allocation of 62, analysis of 52 with 26 per group, 10 excluded, and no-intervention changes must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on 2013 allocation of 62, analysis of 52 with 26 per group, 10 excluded, and no-intervention changes is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S02 ### N16 · Were prespecified superiority contrasts, multiple endpoints and analyses verified? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: Registration for both reports is unable to verify. Small-sample, multiple-endpoint and unmasked descriptions are retained. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Prespecified superiority contrasts, primary endpoints, multiplicity, interactions and selective reporting remain unverified because plans were unread; registration absence is not asserted. - Required materials and conditions: Registration, protocols, analysis plans, primary and secondary endpoints, timing and changes - Materials to obtain first: Prespecified superiority contrasts, primary endpoints, multiplicity, interactions and selective reporting remain unverified because plans were unread; registration absence is not asserted. - Further research: Material needed: Prespecified superiority contrasts, primary endpoints, multiplicity, interactions and selective reporting remain unverified because plans were unread; registration absence is not asserted. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Registration, protocols, analysis plans, primary and secondary endpoints, timing and changes must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Registration, protocols, analysis plans, primary and secondary endpoints, timing and changes is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N17 · Are improvement in other dance and uncertainty both retained? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The existing selected note states that another ballroom dance also improved and no long active-control confirmation exists. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Positive findings for both dances versus no intervention do not establish tango superiority, and insufficient establishment is not converted into exact absence of effect or equivalence. - Required materials and conditions: Positive other-dance findings, selected equality or superiority, and gaps in long active-control confirmation - Materials to obtain first: Positive findings for both dances versus no intervention do not establish tango superiority, and insufficient establishment is not converted into exact absence of effect or equivalence. - Further research: Material needed: Positive findings for both dances versus no intervention do not establish tango superiority, and insufficient establishment is not converted into exact absence of effect or equivalence. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Positive other-dance findings, selected equality or superiority, and gaps in long active-control confirmation must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Positive other-dance findings, selected equality or superiority, and gaps in long active-control confirmation is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N18 · Are long-term, other-exercise and equal-intensity comparisons available? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The original account says tango-specific superiority over other dance or equal-intensity exercise or social activity is insufficiently established. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Longer no-intervention findings are not transferred into long active-control replication, and superiority over every exercise or intensity is not established. - Required materials and conditions: Long active controls, equal-intensity exercise and social activity, duration and participation - Materials to obtain first: Longer no-intervention findings are not transferred into long active-control replication, and superiority over every exercise or intensity is not established. - Further research: Material needed: Longer no-intervention findings are not transferred into long active-control replication, and superiority over every exercise or intensity is not established. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Long active controls, equal-intensity exercise and social activity, duration and participation must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Long active controls, equal-intensity exercise and social activity, duration and participation is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N19 · Do functional test differences substitute for daily-life or clinical superiority? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: Balance and gait are distinguished from participation, retaining original limits on Parkinson disease recovery or replacement of medication and rehabilitation. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Selected test differences are not transferred into daily participation, actual falls, hospitalization, disease progression or superiority over all treatment. - Required materials and conditions: Function, daily participation, falls, disease progression and treatment replacement - Materials to obtain first: Selected test differences are not transferred into daily participation, actual falls, hospitalization, disease progression or superiority over all treatment. - Further research: Material needed: Selected test differences are not transferred into daily participation, actual falls, hospitalization, disease progression or superiority over all treatment. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Function, daily participation, falls, disease progression and treatment replacement must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Function, daily participation, falls, disease progression and treatment replacement is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N20 · What do independent replication and overlapping research teams mean? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The original account that shared reports serve both subquestions and that the 2013 network overlaps the 2009 network is retained. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: These are not counted as new independent replication or participants; exact cohort overlap, unique replication and totals remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Unique active comparisons, shared reports, overlapping networks and opposing results - Materials to obtain first: These are not counted as new independent replication or participants; exact cohort overlap, unique replication and totals remain unverified. - Further research: Material needed: These are not counted as new independent replication or participants; exact cohort overlap, unique replication and totals remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Unique active comparisons, shared reports, overlapping networks and opposing results must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Unique active comparisons, shared reports, overlapping networks and opposing results is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N21 · What is known about funding, institutions, instructors, program rights and interests? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The direct comparison's NIH and academic support and no manufacturer involvement are retained, alongside the longer report's NIH and academic support and network overlap. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Absence of institutional or instructor relationships, program rights, nonfinancial support, employment or interests is not newly verified; funding wording alone does not establish absence of bias or certified independence. - Required materials and conditions: NIH, academic support, manufacturer involvement, programs, institutions, employment and support - Materials to obtain first: Absence of institutional or instructor relationships, program rights, nonfinancial support, employment or interests is not newly verified; funding wording alone does not establish absence of bias or certified independence. - Further research: Material needed: Absence of institutional or instructor relationships, program rights, nonfinancial support, employment or interests is not newly verified; funding wording alone does not establish absence of bias or certified independence. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on NIH, academic support, manufacturer involvement, programs, institutions, employment and support must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on NIH, academic support, manufacturer involvement, programs, institutions, employment and support is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N22 · Were harms directly compared with other dance or exercise? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: Original safety caution and Parkinson disease cautions involving freezing, postural instability and orthostatic hypotension are retained. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Actual falls, injuries, collection, stopping and denominators for tango versus other dance remain unverified. Functional differences do not establish a safer program. - Required materials and conditions: Falls, injuries, collection, class-exposure denominators, stopping and active controls - Materials to obtain first: Actual falls, injuries, collection, stopping and denominators for tango versus other dance remain unverified. Functional differences do not establish a safer program. - Further research: Material needed: Actual falls, injuries, collection, stopping and denominators for tango versus other dance remain unverified. Functional differences do not establish a safer program. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Falls, injuries, collection, class-exposure denominators, stopping and active controls must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Falls, injuries, collection, class-exposure denominators, stopping and active controls is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01 ### N23 · What is known about setting, partners, concurrent care, timelines and long-term harms? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The original context of ability-adjusted progression, experienced instructors, stable partners, rails or walls, and not replacing medication or rehabilitation is retained. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Actual group settings, specific causes, between-group risks, stopping and recovery, and absence of long-term or rare harms remain unverified; no new causality or incidence rates are created. - Required materials and conditions: Instructors, partners, turns, backward walking, settings, baseline conditions, medication and event timelines - Materials to obtain first: Actual group settings, specific causes, between-group risks, stopping and recovery, and absence of long-term or rare harms remain unverified; no new causality or incidence rates are created. - Further research: Material needed: Actual group settings, specific causes, between-group risks, stopping and recovery, and absence of long-term or rare harms remain unverified; no new causality or incidence rates are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Instructors, partners, turns, backward walking, settings, baseline conditions, medication and event timelines must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Instructors, partners, turns, backward walking, settings, baseline conditions, medication and event timelines is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N24 · What do selected and parent bilingual records, axes, dates and empty fields mean? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: Selected D, absent individual score, bilingual notes, parent C54, axes and bilingual records, original evidence date 2026-09-07 and empty correction and deliberation records are retained. Review of existing content remains incomplete. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Historical cross-checking and parent axes are not inherited as selected axes, current clinical review or independent certification; new literature, registration and retraction searches were not performed. - Required materials and conditions: Selected D, absent individual score, parent C54, axes, Korean and English, and 2026-09-07 - Materials to obtain first: Historical cross-checking and parent axes are not inherited as selected axes, current clinical review or independent certification; new literature, registration and retraction searches were not performed. - Further research: Material needed: Historical cross-checking and parent axes are not inherited as selected axes, current clinical review or independent certification; new literature, registration and retraction searches were not performed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Selected D, absent individual score, parent C54, axes, Korean and English, and 2026-09-07 must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Selected D, absent individual score, parent C54, axes, Korean and English, and 2026-09-07 is needed to connect the same tango program, population, active control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected D and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and no-intervention C. No-intervention program effects are not converted into active-control superiority or effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact active-control between-group effects, CIs, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, long-term specific superiority, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ## Evidence and sources ### S01 Hackney ME·Earhart GM. 2009 [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19479161/) Materials actually read: The complete stored parent Korean and English summary, original evidence and citations were read. External papers, abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans were unread in this work. Findings recorded in the summary: The original account describes selected functional improvements in both dances over no intervention in 58 participants, 20 classes and 13 weeks, with tango equal or superior on some measures. Improvements in BBS, 6-minute walk and backward stride are distinguished from listed UPDRS. Record level: This other-ballroom-dance comparison directly concerns the selected question. Exact endpoint-specific active-control between-group effects, P values, CIs, effective denominators and prespecified hierarchy remain unverified. Equal or superior findings on selected measures are not expanded into specific superiority over all exercise. Independent replication: Parent 3015 no-intervention and other-dance questions share 2 reports. The original account of overlapping research networks is retained. Exact cohort overlap and unique trial, participant and independent-replication totals remain unverified. | Material | Public availability | Access status | Actually read | Notes | |---|---|---|---|---| | Stored existing review summary | Preserved copy of the complete parent-verdict stored summary | Stored summary | Summary read | PMID19479161 and DOI10.2340/16501977-0362 and original descriptions of NIH and academic support, no manufacturer involvement, small sample, multiple endpoints and lack of masking are retained. Detailed contracts, nonfinancial interests and newly validated independence remain unverified. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | External paper | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID19479161 and DOI10.2340/16501977-0362 and original descriptions of NIH and academic support, no manufacturer involvement, small sample, multiple endpoints and lack of masking are retained. Detailed contracts, nonfinancial interests and newly validated independence remain unverified. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | Registration material | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID19479161 and DOI10.2340/16501977-0362 and original descriptions of NIH and academic support, no manufacturer involvement, small sample, multiple endpoints and lack of masking are retained. Detailed contracts, nonfinancial interests and newly validated independence remain unverified. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | Protocol | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID19479161 and DOI10.2340/16501977-0362 and original descriptions of NIH and academic support, no manufacturer involvement, small sample, multiple endpoints and lack of masking are retained. Detailed contracts, nonfinancial interests and newly validated independence remain unverified. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | Statistical analysis plan | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID19479161 and DOI10.2340/16501977-0362 and original descriptions of NIH and academic support, no manufacturer involvement, small sample, multiple endpoints and lack of masking are retained. Detailed contracts, nonfinancial interests and newly validated independence remain unverified. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | Funding, product support and COI material | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID19479161 and DOI10.2340/16501977-0362 and original descriptions of NIH and academic support, no manufacturer involvement, small sample, multiple endpoints and lack of masking are retained. Detailed contracts, nonfinancial interests and newly validated independence remain unverified. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | ### S02 Foster ER et al. 2013 [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22902795/) Materials actually read: The complete stored parent Korean and English summary, original evidence and citations were read. External papers, abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans were unread in this work. Findings recorded in the summary: After excluding 10 who did not receive their allocation from 62 randomized, 52 participants, 26 per group, were analyzed. Tango activity retention of 77% to 90%, P=.006, and control around 80%, P=.60, are within-group records; the key between-group estimate was not presented. Record level: This is a no-intervention context report for the selected specific-superiority question. Activity Card Sort participation is not repurposed as active-control or long-term specific superiority. Original exclusion reasons and denominators are retained without calculating new exclusion rates, between-group effects or CIs. Independent replication: Parent 3015 no-intervention and other-dance questions share 2 reports. The original account of overlapping research networks is retained. Exact cohort overlap and unique trial, participant and independent-replication totals remain unverified. | Material | Public availability | Access status | Actually read | Notes | |---|---|---|---|---| | Stored existing review summary | Preserved copy of the complete parent-verdict stored summary | Stored summary | Summary read | PMID22902795, PMCID PMC3557593 and DOI10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.028 are retained. PMCID is a literature identifier, not a trial registration identifier. NIH and academic support, overlap with the earlier research network, post-allocation exclusion, no intervention and within-group P values are original records. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | External paper | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID22902795, PMCID PMC3557593 and DOI10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.028 are retained. PMCID is a literature identifier, not a trial registration identifier. NIH and academic support, overlap with the earlier research network, post-allocation exclusion, no intervention and within-group P values are original records. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | Registration material | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID22902795, PMCID PMC3557593 and DOI10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.028 are retained. PMCID is a literature identifier, not a trial registration identifier. NIH and academic support, overlap with the earlier research network, post-allocation exclusion, no intervention and within-group P values are original records. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | Protocol | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID22902795, PMCID PMC3557593 and DOI10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.028 are retained. PMCID is a literature identifier, not a trial registration identifier. NIH and academic support, overlap with the earlier research network, post-allocation exclusion, no intervention and within-group P values are original records. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | Statistical analysis plan | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID22902795, PMCID PMC3557593 and DOI10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.028 are retained. PMCID is a literature identifier, not a trial registration identifier. NIH and academic support, overlap with the earlier research network, post-allocation exclusion, no intervention and within-group P values are original records. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | Funding, product support and COI material | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID22902795, PMCID PMC3557593 and DOI10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.028 are retained. PMCID is a literature identifier, not a trial registration identifier. NIH and academic support, overlap with the earlier research network, post-allocation exclusion, no intervention and within-group P values are original records. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | ## Review criteria and methods These are Chamgap's own application conditions, informed by the relevant sections of official methodological guidance. They do not constitute official assessment-tool certification or a new efficacy score. - M03 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-03) · §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.3, MECIR C5/C7/C13 · Clearly record the question, eligibility conditions and reasons for changes, and distinguish variations in interventions. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. - M04 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5.1 (2025), chapter updated 2025-03](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-04) · §4.5, §4.6.1–4.6.3, MECIR C42 · Distinguish studies from reports and link them; do not omit a study solely because results are unreported. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. - M08 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-08) · §8.1–8.2.3, Table 8.2.a · Define the outcome and effect of interest, then examine randomization, deviations, missing data, measurement and selective reporting. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. - M15 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-15) · §15.2.4, §15.3.1–15.3.3 · Distinguish effect estimates, intervals, importance and applicability. Sample size alone does not determine precision. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. - M19 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-19) · §19.1.2, §19.2.1–19.2.4 · Harm questions may require different designs, populations and follow-up from efficacy questions. Case reports do not establish incidence rates. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. ## What the statuses mean - Partly verified: Partial information from the stored summary is linked; detailed originals and content review remain incomplete. - Unverified: Required details cannot be established within the preserved scope. This does not establish absence of effects or studies, or safety. - Review incomplete: Review of existing content remains incomplete. - Met: This state is used only within the relevant conditions after material verification and content review. It was not automatically assigned in this work. - Not reported: Unreported within material actually read. Unread external material is not relabeled as unreported. - Inaccessible: This means actual access failure. External access was not attempted in this work, so this state was not assigned. - Not applicable: Used only with an application exception and reason based on the question scope. - Conflicting data: This requires actual comparison of materials; no new conflict judgment was made in this work. - Insufficient evidence for the conditions: This indicates gaps in additional material for the selected conditions. Unread material as a whole is not converted into an efficacy grade. ## Change history 2026-10-21 · Public page/materials 1.0. Public-facing views and materials were prepared from the existing 24 items. No new clinical search, verification-status change or scoring was performed.