# Argentine tango or adapted-tango classes × Improved balance, gait, and participation versus no intervention Verdict 3015 · Evidence Check Stored-material review date: Not recorded Original evidence cut-off: 2026-09-07 Review-criteria version: 1.0 Public page/material preparation date: 2026-10-21 Clinical papers were not read directly; existing review summaries were checked. No new clinical-literature search was performed. Unverified does not mean that research is absent or that there is no effect. ## Assessment scope - Population: Mild to moderate Parkinson disease. Detailed stage, selection, medication state, baseline function and applicability to other severity levels remain unverified. - Ingredient, formulation and route: The whole program of partnered Argentine or adapted-tango classes, including music, group activity, social contact and aerobic movement. - Dose: The 2009 report describes 20 classes over 13 weeks. The original account of around 2 classes weekly is retained; actual length, intensity, attendance and total exposure remain unverified. - Comparator: The selected question compares no intervention. Usual medication, rehabilitation, daily activities and additional contact remain unverified. It is distinguished from specific superiority over other dance or exercise. - Measured outcome: Balance BBS, 6-minute walk, backward stride and other functional measures are distinguished from Activity Card Sort participation. Listed UPDRS is not converted into the same positive result. - Duration: Function over 13 weeks in 2009 is distinguished from participation over 12 months in 2013. Durability after training stops and long active-control comparisons on the same endpoint remain unverified. - Questions outside this scope: Selected no-intervention C is distinguished from parent C54 and specific superiority over other dance or exercise D. Individual scores or axes are not newly filled in.; When both tango and waltz/foxtrot improved some outcomes over no intervention, music, exercise and social contact are not removed and effects unique to tango movements are not established.; Function over 13 weeks and participation over 12 months are distinguished; durability after stopping training is not newly established.; 77% to 90%, P=.006, and control around 80%, P=.60, are original within-group records. They are not converted into between-group effects, new changes or CIs.; 58 participants, 62 allocated, 52 analyzed, 26 per group and 10 excluded retain their original scope; new denominators, exclusion rates or unique totals are not calculated.; Function and participation are not expanded into disease recovery, prevention of actual falls or hospitalization, treatment replacement or overall safety; shared reports and networks are not added as new independent replication. ## Checklist items ### N01 · Which question does this evidence check cover? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: This covers the existing subquestion of improved balance, gait and participation versus no intervention. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: It is distinguished from tango superiority over other dance or exercise and is not extended into Parkinson disease recovery or replacement of treatment. - Required materials and conditions: Scope of function and participation versus no intervention and the parent question - Materials to obtain first: It is distinguished from tango superiority over other dance or exercise and is not extended into Parkinson disease recovery or replacement of treatment. - Further research: Material needed: It is distinguished from tango superiority over other dance or exercise and is not extended into Parkinson disease recovery or replacement of treatment. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Scope of function and participation versus no intervention and the parent question must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Scope of function and participation versus no intervention and the parent question is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N02 · How do selected C and parent C54 differ? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The selected grade is C without a separate score. Parent C54 is the existing whole-account verdict. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Parent 54 is not assigned as a selected score, and selected C is not labeled as a new review or verdict. - Required materials and conditions: Selected grade, absent individual score, and parent grade and score - Materials to obtain first: Parent 54 is not assigned as a selected score, and selected C is not labeled as a new review or verdict. - Further research: Material needed: Parent 54 is not assigned as a selected score, and selected C is not labeled as a new review or verdict. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Selected grade, absent individual score, and parent grade and score must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Selected grade, absent individual score, and parent grade and score is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N03 · Which materials were actually read in this work? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The complete stored parent summary, with 2 evidence entries, 2 citations, Korean and English records and 2 subquestions, was read. Historical verification accounts remain historical. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: External papers, registration, protocols and analysis plans were unread and access was not attempted in this work. - Required materials and conditions: Complete stored parent summary, selected question and external materials - Materials to obtain first: External papers, registration, protocols and analysis plans were unread and access was not attempted in this work. - Further research: Material needed: External papers, registration, protocols and analysis plans were unread and access was not attempted in this work. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Complete stored parent summary, selected question and external materials must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Complete stored parent summary, selected question and external materials is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N04 · What is the 2009 3-arm report? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The J Rehabil Med 2009 report, PMID19479161 and DOI10.2340/16501977-0362, describes a 3-arm randomized tango, waltz/foxtrot and no-intervention comparison. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: External originals, registration, analysis details and related-report relationships were unread in this work. - Required materials and conditions: Hackney and Earhart bibliography, controls and related reports - Materials to obtain first: External originals, registration, analysis details and related-report relationships were unread in this work. - Further research: Material needed: External originals, registration, analysis details and related-report relationships were unread in this work. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Hackney and Earhart bibliography, controls and related reports must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Hackney and Earhart bibliography, controls and related reports is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01 ### N05 · What is the 2013 12-month report? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013 report, PMID22902795, PMCID PMC3557593 and DOI10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.028, compares tango with no intervention over 12 months. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Complete originals, registration and plans, and comparison of related cohorts were unread in this work. - Required materials and conditions: Foster and Earhart bibliography, literature identifiers and no-intervention comparison - Materials to obtain first: Complete originals, registration and plans, and comparison of related cohorts were unread in this work. - Further research: Material needed: Complete originals, registration and plans, and comparison of related cohorts were unread in this work. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Foster and Earhart bibliography, literature identifiers and no-intervention comparison must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Foster and Earhart bibliography, literature identifiers and no-intervention comparison is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S02 ### N06 · Are shared reports and networks counted as independent replication? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The original account says the two reports' research networks overlap. No-intervention and other-dance questions share the same parent reports. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: The same reports are not added as new independent trials or participants; cohort overlap, unique totals and independent replication remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Two reports, overlapping research networks, shared questions and participant relationships - Materials to obtain first: The same reports are not added as new independent trials or participants; cohort overlap, unique totals and independent replication remain unverified. - Further research: Material needed: The same reports are not added as new independent trials or participants; cohort overlap, unique totals and independent replication remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Two reports, overlapping research networks, shared questions and participant relationships must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Two reports, overlapping research networks, shared questions and participant relationships is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N07 · Which Parkinson disease population is involved? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The population is mild to moderate Parkinson disease. Original 58 participants, 20 classes and 13 weeks describe sample size and time. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Sample size is not converted into an eligibility criterion; stage, medication ON/OFF, freezing, baseline conditions, selection and applicability to other severity levels remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Severity, stage, age, gait and cognition, and participant selection - Materials to obtain first: Sample size is not converted into an eligibility criterion; stage, medication ON/OFF, freezing, baseline conditions, selection and applicability to other severity levels remain unverified. - Further research: Material needed: Sample size is not converted into an eligibility criterion; stage, medication ON/OFF, freezing, baseline conditions, selection and applicability to other severity levels remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Severity, stage, age, gait and cognition, and participant selection must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Severity, stage, age, gait and cognition, and participant selection is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N08 · Which tango program is involved? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The account of Argentine or adapted tango and partnered classes around 2 times weekly is retained. This is behavioral training; a botanical source is not applicable. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Individual movements, intensity, class length, instructors and partners, progression and adaptation rules, and actual adherence remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Argentine or adapted tango, partners, instructors, setting and progression - Materials to obtain first: Individual movements, intensity, class length, instructors and partners, progression and adaptation rules, and actual adherence remain unverified. - Further research: Material needed: Individual movements, intensity, class length, instructors and partners, progression and adaptation rules, and actual adherence remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Argentine or adapted tango, partners, instructors, setting and progression must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Argentine or adapted tango, partners, instructors, setting and progression is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N09 · What were class dose, duration and actual participation? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The functional report's 58 participants, 20 classes and 13 weeks are distinguished from the participation report's 12 months. A program name is not converted into quantitative class dose. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Actual attendance, class time and intensity, stopping and total exposure are not newly calculated; report-specific differences are retained. - Required materials and conditions: 20 classes over 13 weeks for function versus 12 months for participation; actual exposure - Materials to obtain first: Actual attendance, class time and intensity, stopping and total exposure are not newly calculated; report-specific differences are retained. - Further research: Material needed: Actual attendance, class time and intensity, stopping and total exposure are not newly calculated; report-specific differences are retained. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on 20 classes over 13 weeks for function versus 12 months for participation; actual exposure must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on 20 classes over 13 weeks for function versus 12 months for participation; actual exposure is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N10 · What did the no-intervention comparison mean? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The two reports' no-intervention comparisons are linked to the selected question. No intervention does not mean all treatment or activity stopped. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Control-group daily activities, usual rehabilitation and medication, contact time, additional exercise and group-specific changes remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Usual medication, rehabilitation, daily activities, social contact and additional exercise - Materials to obtain first: Control-group daily activities, usual rehabilitation and medication, contact time, additional exercise and group-specific changes remain unverified. - Further research: Material needed: Control-group daily activities, usual rehabilitation and medication, contact time, additional exercise and group-specific changes remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Usual medication, rehabilitation, daily activities, social contact and additional exercise must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Usual medication, rehabilitation, daily activities, social contact and additional exercise is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N11 · What is the context of the 3-arm other-dance comparison? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The functional report's finding that both tango and waltz/foxtrot improved some functions over no intervention is retained. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: The shared no-intervention group is not counted as new participants in two independent comparisons, and program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements. - Required materials and conditions: Separate tango, other-dance and no-intervention contrasts; shared control group - Materials to obtain first: The shared no-intervention group is not counted as new participants in two independent comparisons, and program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements. - Further research: Material needed: The shared no-intervention group is not counted as new participants in two independent comparisons, and program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Separate tango, other-dance and no-intervention contrasts; shared control group must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Separate tango, other-dance and no-intervention contrasts; shared control group is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01 ### N12 · What is established about randomization and lack of masking? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The original account describes randomized comparisons and limitations from lack of masking, expectations and group activity. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Sequence generation, concealment, assessor masking and baseline balance are not treated as verified from a design label alone. - Required materials and conditions: Sequence generation, concealment, assessors, baseline balance and program masking - Materials to obtain first: Sequence generation, concealment, assessor masking and baseline balance are not treated as verified from a design label alone. - Further research: Material needed: Sequence generation, concealment, assessor masking and baseline balance are not treated as verified from a design label alone. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Sequence generation, concealment, assessors, baseline balance and program masking must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Sequence generation, concealment, assessors, baseline balance and program masking is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N13 · Which balance and gait endpoints were listed? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The functional report's list of BBS, 6-minute walk, backward stride and UPDRS is distinguished from its description of improvements in BBS, 6-minute walk and backward stride. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: UPDRS is not newly labeled as the same positive result; test methods, units, baseline and final values, changes, endpoint-specific denominators and hierarchy remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: BBS, 6-minute walk, backward stride, UPDRS, timing and units - Materials to obtain first: UPDRS is not newly labeled as the same positive result; test methods, units, baseline and final values, changes, endpoint-specific denominators and hierarchy remain unverified. - Further research: Material needed: UPDRS is not newly labeled as the same positive result; test methods, units, baseline and final values, changes, endpoint-specific denominators and hierarchy remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on BBS, 6-minute walk, backward stride, UPDRS, timing and units must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on BBS, 6-minute walk, backward stride, UPDRS, timing and units is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01 ### N14 · What was the exact functional effect versus no intervention? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The directional description that both dances improved some outcomes and tango was equal or superior on some measures is retained. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Exact changes, between-group effects, P values, CIs and important differences are not newly created, and directional wording is not converted into a precise estimate. - Required materials and conditions: Endpoint-specific between-group estimates, variance, denominators, P values, CIs and important differences - Materials to obtain first: Exact changes, between-group effects, P values, CIs and important differences are not newly created, and directional wording is not converted into a precise estimate. - Further research: Material needed: Exact changes, between-group effects, P values, CIs and important differences are not newly created, and directional wording is not converted into a precise estimate. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Endpoint-specific between-group estimates, variance, denominators, P values, CIs and important differences must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Endpoint-specific between-group estimates, variance, denominators, P values, CIs and important differences is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01 ### N15 · How was long-term participation measured? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The longer report concerns Activity Card Sort participation. It is treated as a separate endpoint from balance and gait. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Units, definitions and calculation of activity retention, response and measurement denominators, masking and time points remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: Activity Card Sort, activity retention, definitions, scale and time points - Materials to obtain first: Units, definitions and calculation of activity retention, response and measurement denominators, masking and time points remain unverified. - Further research: Material needed: Units, definitions and calculation of activity retention, response and measurement denominators, masking and time points remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Activity Card Sort, activity retention, definitions, scale and time points must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Activity Card Sort, activity retention, definitions, scale and time points is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S02 ### N16 · What do 77% to 90% and within-group P values mean? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: Tango activity retention of 77% to 90%, P=.006, and control around 80%, P=.60, are retained. The original limitation that the key between-group estimate was not presented is preserved. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Significant and nonsignificant within-group P values are not compared to create a between-group effect; no new changes or CIs are calculated. - Required materials and conditions: Tango and control within-group changes, group-by-time and between-group contrasts - Materials to obtain first: Significant and nonsignificant within-group P values are not compared to create a between-group effect; no new changes or CIs are calculated. - Further research: Material needed: Significant and nonsignificant within-group P values are not compared to create a between-group effect; no new changes or CIs are calculated. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Tango and control within-group changes, group-by-time and between-group contrasts must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Tango and control within-group changes, group-by-time and between-group contrasts is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S02 ### N17 · What denominators are 62 randomized, 52 analyzed and 26 per group? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The longer report records 62 randomized, 52 analyzed and 26 per group, after excluding 10 who did not receive their allocation. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Allocation totals are not converted into completion or measurement denominators, and an exclusion rate for 10 people, original group allocation or time-specific denominators are not newly derived. - Required materials and conditions: Allocation, 10 who did not receive their allocation, analysis groups, endpoints and time points - Materials to obtain first: Allocation totals are not converted into completion or measurement denominators, and an exclusion rate for 10 people, original group allocation or time-specific denominators are not newly derived. - Further research: Material needed: Allocation totals are not converted into completion or measurement denominators, and an exclusion rate for 10 people, original group allocation or time-specific denominators are not newly derived. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Allocation, 10 who did not receive their allocation, analysis groups, endpoints and time points must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Allocation, 10 who did not receive their allocation, analysis groups, endpoints and time points is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S02 ### N18 · How were post-allocation exclusion, missingness and ITT handled? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The original account describes post-randomization exclusion and analysis of 52 participants as limitations. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Reasons, group exclusions, missing participation, ITT/PP, imputation and sensitivity remain unverified. Exclusion information is not used to newly infer durability or safety. - Required materials and conditions: 10 nonattenders, exclusion reasons, group missingness, ITT/PP and sensitivity - Materials to obtain first: Reasons, group exclusions, missing participation, ITT/PP, imputation and sensitivity remain unverified. Exclusion information is not used to newly infer durability or safety. - Further research: Material needed: Reasons, group exclusions, missing participation, ITT/PP, imputation and sensitivity remain unverified. Exclusion information is not used to newly infer durability or safety. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on 10 nonattenders, exclusion reasons, group missingness, ITT/PP and sensitivity must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on 10 nonattenders, exclusion reasons, group missingness, ITT/PP and sensitivity is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S02 ### N19 · How does the total 58 differ from functional analysis denominators? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The functional report's total 58 participants, 20 classes and 13 weeks are retained. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Group- and endpoint-specific denominators, attrition, missingness, paired or repeated measurements and adjustment remain unverified; 58 is not established as every endpoint's analysis denominator. - Required materials and conditions: Total, group- and endpoint-specific allocation, measurement, completion and attrition - Materials to obtain first: Group- and endpoint-specific denominators, attrition, missingness, paired or repeated measurements and adjustment remain unverified; 58 is not established as every endpoint's analysis denominator. - Further research: Material needed: Group- and endpoint-specific denominators, attrition, missingness, paired or repeated measurements and adjustment remain unverified; 58 is not established as every endpoint's analysis denominator. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Total, group- and endpoint-specific allocation, measurement, completion and attrition must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Total, group- and endpoint-specific allocation, measurement, completion and attrition is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01 ### N20 · Were preregistration, endpoints, timing and multiplicity verified? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The original registration wording for both reports is unable to verify. Multiple functional endpoints and within-group participation P values are distinguished. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Registration absence is not asserted, and prespecified primary endpoints or multiplicity handling are not newly verified; external plans remain unread. - Required materials and conditions: Registration, protocols, analysis plans, functional and participation hierarchy, and changes - Materials to obtain first: Registration absence is not asserted, and prespecified primary endpoints or multiplicity handling are not newly verified; external plans remain unread. - Further research: Material needed: Registration absence is not asserted, and prespecified primary endpoints or multiplicity handling are not newly verified; external plans remain unread. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Registration, protocols, analysis plans, functional and participation hierarchy, and changes must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Registration, protocols, analysis plans, functional and participation hierarchy, and changes is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N21 · Are effects versus no intervention unique to tango movements? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The original explanation says music, group activity, social contact and aerobic movement occur together. The selected question compares the whole program. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Differences are not assigned uniquely to tango movements or superiority over other dance. - Required materials and conditions: Music, exercise, group activity, social contact, expectations and the whole program - Materials to obtain first: Differences are not assigned uniquely to tango movements or superiority over other dance. - Further research: Material needed: Differences are not assigned uniquely to tango movements or superiority over other dance. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Music, exercise, group activity, social contact, expectations and the whole program must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Music, exercise, group activity, social contact, expectations and the whole program is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N22 · What is known about durability, class dose and subgroups? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: Short-term function and 12-month participation are retained separately. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Long active-control comparisons on the same endpoint, durability after stopping, optimal frequency and intensity, and disease-stage interactions remain unverified. - Required materials and conditions: 13 weeks versus 12 months, persistence after stopping, frequency and intensity, and prespecified subgroups - Materials to obtain first: Long active-control comparisons on the same endpoint, durability after stopping, optimal frequency and intensity, and disease-stage interactions remain unverified. - Further research: Material needed: Long active-control comparisons on the same endpoint, durability after stopping, optimal frequency and intensity, and disease-stage interactions remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on 13 weeks versus 12 months, persistence after stopping, frequency and intensity, and prespecified subgroups must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on 13 weeks versus 12 months, persistence after stopping, frequency and intensity, and prespecified subgroups is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N23 · Do function and participation answer disease recovery or fall prevention? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The original account limits advertising expansion into Parkinson disease recovery and replacement of medication or rehabilitation. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Balance, gait and participation signals are not transferred into disease reversal, prevention of actual falls or hospitalization, or medication withdrawal. - Required materials and conditions: Function and participation, disease progression, actual falls and hospitalization, and treatment replacement - Materials to obtain first: Balance, gait and participation signals are not transferred into disease reversal, prevention of actual falls or hospitalization, or medication withdrawal. - Further research: Material needed: Balance, gait and participation signals are not transferred into disease reversal, prevention of actual falls or hospitalization, or medication withdrawal. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Function and participation, disease progression, actual falls and hospitalization, and treatment replacement must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Function and participation, disease progression, actual falls and hospitalization, and treatment replacement is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N24 · What are the original funding, network and interest records? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The functional report's NIH and academic support and no manufacturer involvement are retained alongside the participation report's NIH and academic support and overlap with the earlier research network. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: These descriptions are not expanded into absence of instructor, institutional, program-rights, nonfinancial-support, author-employment or other interests, or confirmation of independent replication. - Required materials and conditions: NIH, academic support, manufacturer involvement, research teams, institutions, employment and support - Materials to obtain first: These descriptions are not expanded into absence of instructor, institutional, program-rights, nonfinancial-support, author-employment or other interests, or confirmation of independent replication. - Further research: Material needed: These descriptions are not expanded into absence of instructor, institutional, program-rights, nonfinancial-support, author-employment or other interests, or confirmation of independent replication. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on NIH, academic support, manufacturer involvement, research teams, institutions, employment and support must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on NIH, academic support, manufacturer involvement, research teams, institutions, employment and support is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N25 · How were harms during classes collected? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The original caution and context of fall risk with freezing, postural instability and orthostatic hypotension, and classes adapted to individual ability, are retained. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Trial-specific event collection, injuries and falls, stopping, exposure and time denominators remain unverified. Functional improvement does not establish fewer actual falls or program safety. - Required materials and conditions: Falls, injuries, collection, stopping, participation and time denominators, and control events - Materials to obtain first: Trial-specific event collection, injuries and falls, stopping, exposure and time denominators remain unverified. Functional improvement does not establish fewer actual falls or program safety. - Further research: Material needed: Trial-specific event collection, injuries and falls, stopping, exposure and time denominators remain unverified. Functional improvement does not establish fewer actual falls or program safety. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Falls, injuries, collection, stopping, participation and time denominators, and control events must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Falls, injuries, collection, stopping, participation and time denominators, and control events is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N26 · How do partners, setting and medication relate to harms? Verification status: Unverified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: The original account describes therapists or instructors, stable partners, rails or walls, ability-adjusted turns and backward walking, and the boundary against replacing medication or rehabilitation. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Actual compliance with trial settings, specific causes and between-group risks, stopping and recovery, and absence of long-term or rare harms remain unverified. No new causality or incidence rates are created. - Required materials and conditions: Turns and backward walking, instructors and partners, setting, baseline conditions, medication and timelines - Materials to obtain first: Actual compliance with trial settings, specific causes and between-group risks, stopping and recovery, and absence of long-term or rare harms remain unverified. No new causality or incidence rates are created. - Further research: Material needed: Actual compliance with trial settings, specific causes and between-group risks, stopping and recovery, and absence of long-term or rare harms remain unverified. No new causality or incidence rates are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Turns and backward walking, instructors and partners, setting, baseline conditions, medication and timelines must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Turns and backward walking, instructors and partners, setting, baseline conditions, medication and timelines is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ### N27 · What do selected and parent bilingual records, axes, dates and empty fields mean? Verification status: Partly verified Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread - Current findings: Selected C and absent individual score, bilingual notes, parent C54 and axes, bilingual records, original evidence date 2026-09-07 and empty correction and deliberation records are preserved. Review of existing content remains incomplete. - Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence. - Reason for missing information: Historical cross-checking and parent I2/R1 are not inherited as selected axes, new review or independent clinical certification. New literature, registration and retraction searches were not performed. - Required materials and conditions: Selected C, absent score, parent C54, axes, 2026-09-07 and correction history - Materials to obtain first: Historical cross-checking and parent I2/R1 are not inherited as selected axes, new review or independent clinical certification. New literature, registration and retraction searches were not performed. - Further research: Material needed: Historical cross-checking and parent I2/R1 are not inherited as selected axes, new review or independent clinical certification. New literature, registration and retraction searches were not performed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed. - Conditions for verification: Original material on Selected C, absent score, parent C54, axes, 2026-09-07 and correction history must link to the same question, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing within- and between-group results, parent context and unread external materials. - Why this condition is needed: Material on Selected C, absent score, parent C54, axes, 2026-09-07 and correction history is needed to connect the same tango program, population, no-intervention control, endpoint, duration, denominators, precision and harms. - Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54 and other-dance-specific superiority D. No-intervention program effects are not converted into effects unique to tango movements, or within-group P values into between-group effects. Allocation, analysis, exclusions and activity-retention proportions are not newly calculated. No new effects, CIs, denominators, unique totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created. - Remaining uncertainty: Exact functional effects, between-group participation estimates, effective denominators, prespecified hierarchy, allocation and measurement, missingness, important differences, durability, harms and independence remain unverified. Original numbers and historical verification accounts are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification. - Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production. - Related sources: S01, S02 ## Evidence and sources ### S01 Hackney ME·Earhart GM. 2009 [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19479161/) Materials actually read: The complete stored parent Korean and English summary, original evidence and citations were read. External papers, abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans were unread in this work. Findings recorded in the summary: The original account describes selected functional improvements in both dances over no intervention in 58 participants, 20 classes and 13 weeks, with tango equal or superior on some measures. Improvements in BBS, 6-minute walk and backward stride are distinguished from listed UPDRS. Record level: Exact endpoint-specific between-group effects, P values, CIs, effective denominators and prespecified hierarchy remain unverified. The whole program versus no intervention is distinguished from specific superiority over another dance. Independent replication: Parent 3015 no-intervention and other-dance questions share 2 reports. The original account of overlapping research networks is retained. Exact cohort overlap and unique trial, participant and independent-replication totals remain unverified. | Material | Public availability | Access status | Actually read | Notes | |---|---|---|---|---| | Stored existing review summary | Preserved copy of the complete parent-verdict stored summary | Stored summary | Summary read | PMID19479161 and DOI10.2340/16501977-0362 and original descriptions of NIH and academic support, no manufacturer involvement, small sample, multiple endpoints and lack of masking are retained. Detailed contracts, nonfinancial interests and newly validated independence remain unverified. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | External paper | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID19479161 and DOI10.2340/16501977-0362 and original descriptions of NIH and academic support, no manufacturer involvement, small sample, multiple endpoints and lack of masking are retained. Detailed contracts, nonfinancial interests and newly validated independence remain unverified. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | Registration material | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID19479161 and DOI10.2340/16501977-0362 and original descriptions of NIH and academic support, no manufacturer involvement, small sample, multiple endpoints and lack of masking are retained. Detailed contracts, nonfinancial interests and newly validated independence remain unverified. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | Protocol | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID19479161 and DOI10.2340/16501977-0362 and original descriptions of NIH and academic support, no manufacturer involvement, small sample, multiple endpoints and lack of masking are retained. Detailed contracts, nonfinancial interests and newly validated independence remain unverified. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | Statistical analysis plan | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID19479161 and DOI10.2340/16501977-0362 and original descriptions of NIH and academic support, no manufacturer involvement, small sample, multiple endpoints and lack of masking are retained. Detailed contracts, nonfinancial interests and newly validated independence remain unverified. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | Funding, product support and COI material | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID19479161 and DOI10.2340/16501977-0362 and original descriptions of NIH and academic support, no manufacturer involvement, small sample, multiple endpoints and lack of masking are retained. Detailed contracts, nonfinancial interests and newly validated independence remain unverified. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | ### S02 Foster ER et al. 2013 [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22902795/) Materials actually read: The complete stored parent Korean and English summary, original evidence and citations were read. External papers, abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and analysis plans were unread in this work. Findings recorded in the summary: After excluding 10 who did not receive their allocation from 62 randomized, 52 participants, 26 per group, were analyzed. Tango activity retention of 77% to 90%, P=.006, and control around 80%, P=.60, are within-group records; the key between-group estimate was not presented. Record level: Activity Card Sort participation is distinguished from short-term function. Original exclusion reasons and denominators are retained without calculating new exclusion rates, between-group effects or CIs. Masking, missingness, original plans and durability after stopping remain unverified. Independent replication: Parent 3015 no-intervention and other-dance questions share 2 reports. The original account of overlapping research networks is retained. Exact cohort overlap and unique trial, participant and independent-replication totals remain unverified. | Material | Public availability | Access status | Actually read | Notes | |---|---|---|---|---| | Stored existing review summary | Preserved copy of the complete parent-verdict stored summary | Stored summary | Summary read | PMID22902795, PMCID PMC3557593 and DOI10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.028 are retained. PMCID is a literature identifier, not a trial registration identifier. NIH and academic support, overlap with the earlier research network, post-allocation exclusion, no intervention and within-group P values are original records. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | External paper | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID22902795, PMCID PMC3557593 and DOI10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.028 are retained. PMCID is a literature identifier, not a trial registration identifier. NIH and academic support, overlap with the earlier research network, post-allocation exclusion, no intervention and within-group P values are original records. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | Registration material | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID22902795, PMCID PMC3557593 and DOI10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.028 are retained. PMCID is a literature identifier, not a trial registration identifier. NIH and academic support, overlap with the earlier research network, post-allocation exclusion, no intervention and within-group P values are original records. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | Protocol | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID22902795, PMCID PMC3557593 and DOI10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.028 are retained. PMCID is a literature identifier, not a trial registration identifier. NIH and academic support, overlap with the earlier research network, post-allocation exclusion, no intervention and within-group P values are original records. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | Statistical analysis plan | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID22902795, PMCID PMC3557593 and DOI10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.028 are retained. PMCID is a literature identifier, not a trial registration identifier. NIH and academic support, overlap with the earlier research network, post-allocation exclusion, no intervention and within-group P values are original records. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | | Funding, product support and COI material | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID22902795, PMCID PMC3557593 and DOI10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.028 are retained. PMCID is a literature identifier, not a trial registration identifier. NIH and academic support, overlap with the earlier research network, post-allocation exclusion, no intervention and within-group P values are original records. The material date 2026-09-07 is the historical evidence date, originally attached even to unread external materials. It is not a new acquisition, access, reading or completed-review date. Unverified registration is not converted into absence of registration. | ## Review criteria and methods These are Chamgap's own application conditions, informed by the relevant sections of official methodological guidance. They do not constitute official assessment-tool certification or a new efficacy score. - M03 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-03) · §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.3, MECIR C5/C7/C13 · Clearly record the question, eligibility conditions and reasons for changes, and distinguish variations in interventions. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. - M04 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5.1 (2025), chapter updated 2025-03](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-04) · §4.5, §4.6.1–4.6.3, MECIR C42 · Distinguish studies from reports and link them; do not omit a study solely because results are unreported. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. - M08 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-08) · §8.1–8.2.3, Table 8.2.a · Define the outcome and effect of interest, then examine randomization, deviations, missing data, measurement and selective reporting. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. - M15 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-15) · §15.2.4, §15.3.1–15.3.3 · Distinguish effect estimates, intervals, importance and applicability. Sample size alone does not determine precision. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. - M19 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-19) · §19.1.2, §19.2.1–19.2.4 · Harm questions may require different designs, populations and follow-up from efficacy questions. Case reports do not establish incidence rates. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed. ## What the statuses mean - Partly verified: Partial information from the stored summary is linked; detailed originals and content review remain incomplete. - Unverified: Required details cannot be established within the preserved scope. This does not establish absence of effects or studies, or safety. - Review incomplete: Review of existing content remains incomplete. - Met: This state is used only within the relevant conditions after material verification and content review. It was not automatically assigned in this work. - Not reported: Unreported within material actually read. Unread external material is not relabeled as unreported. - Inaccessible: This means actual access failure. External access was not attempted in this work, so this state was not assigned. - Not applicable: Used only with an application exception and reason based on the question scope. - Conflicting data: This requires actual comparison of materials; no new conflict judgment was made in this work. - Insufficient evidence for the conditions: This indicates gaps in additional material for the selected conditions. Unread material as a whole is not converted into an efficacy grade. ## Change history 2026-10-21 · Public page/materials 1.0. Public-facing views and materials were prepared from the existing 27 items. No new clinical search, verification-status change or scoring was performed.