# Supervised Nordic walking with poles × Motor-function improvement from the Nordic-walking program versus standard rehabilitation

Verdict 3014 · Evidence Check

Stored-material review date: Not recorded  
Original evidence cut-off: 2026-09-07  
Review-criteria version: 1.0  
Public page/material preparation date: 2026-10-21

Clinical papers were not read directly; existing review summaries were checked. No new clinical-literature search was performed. Unverified does not mean that research is absent or that there is no effect.

## Assessment scope

- Population: The question concerns a supervised program in mild-to-moderate Parkinson's disease. Trial-specific eligibility, stage, medication state, freezing, orthostatic hypotension and comorbidities remain unverified.
- Ingredient, formulation and route: This is the whole supervised Nordic-walking program with poles. A signal from combined walking, poles, instruction and supervision is not reduced to the causal effect of poles alone.
- Dose: Session duration, weekly frequency, intensity, pole fitting, instruction, actual attendance and adherence remain unverified. A program name is not converted into a quantitative exposure.
- Comparator: The selected comparator is standard rehabilitation. Ordinary walking, treadmill exercise, flexibility and relaxation are separate controls; matching of content, exercise dose, supervision and contact remains unverified.
- Measured outcome: The core median UPDRS-III reductions of 8.5 versus 6.0, P=.047 and separate null DGI P=.064 are retained. Between-group CIs, endpoint-specific denominators and meaningful differences remain unverified.
- Duration: The selected direct comparison involved 40 participants over 6 weeks. Reuter's 90 participants over 6 months and Monteiro's 33 participants over 8 weeks are different comparisons. Intervention duration is not converted into post-training durability.
- Questions outside this scope: Converting a program signal versus standard rehabilitation into a pole-specific effect versus ordinary walking; Combining within-group improvement, different controls, durations or selected endpoints into the same estimate; Using the borderline UPDRS-III signal to replace null DGI or other results; Converting a null superiority test into effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority proof; Extending limited functional signals into recovery, fall prevention, post-training durability or safety for every patient; Adding shared reports, sheets or total samples into new unique trial, participant or independent-replication counts

## Checklist items

### N01 · Which program comparison does the question concern?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The selected question concerns motor-function improvement from the Nordic-walking program versus standard rehabilitation. The added effect of poles is a separate question.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Original materials for the same population, program, comparator and endpoint are needed. The existing subclaim is retained without creating new clinical certification.
- Required materials and conditions: Existing program question versus standard rehabilitation
- Materials to obtain first: Original materials for the same population, program, comparator and endpoint are needed. The existing subclaim is retained without creating new clinical certification.
- Further research: Material needed: Original materials for the same population, program, comparator and endpoint are needed. The existing subclaim is retained without creating new clinical certification. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Existing program question versus standard rehabilitation must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Existing program question versus standard rehabilitation is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R04

### N02 · Which trial directly compared standard rehabilitation?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Szefler-Derela 2020 compared standard rehabilitation in a 40-person, 6-week randomized trial. It is distinguished from ordinary-walking comparisons.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: The original paper, group programs, allocation and analysis denominators, and standard-rehabilitation session details are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Szefler-Derela's direct program comparison
- Materials to obtain first: The original paper, group programs, allocation and analysis denominators, and standard-rehabilitation session details are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: The original paper, group programs, allocation and analysis denominators, and standard-rehabilitation session details are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Szefler-Derela's direct program comparison must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Szefler-Derela's direct program comparison is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R04

### N03 · What is the original UPDRS-III result?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original summary reports median UPDRS-III reductions of 8.5 versus 6.0, P=.047. Its prespecified-primary description is distinguished from unread registration and plans.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Group baseline and follow-up values, score direction, analysis methods, between-group estimates and CIs, prespecified plans and denominators are needed. The difference between the medians is not calculated as a new effect.
- Required materials and conditions: Primary endpoint and original group reductions
- Materials to obtain first: Group baseline and follow-up values, score direction, analysis methods, between-group estimates and CIs, prespecified plans and denominators are needed. The difference between the medians is not calculated as a new effect.
- Further research: Material needed: Group baseline and follow-up values, score direction, analysis methods, between-group estimates and CIs, prespecified plans and denominators are needed. The difference between the medians is not calculated as a new effect. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Primary endpoint and original group reductions must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Primary endpoint and original group reductions is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R04

### N04 · Does a borderline P value establish size and precision?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original account describes UPDRS-III P=.047 as borderline positive; the summary lacks a between-group CI.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Original estimates, CIs, distributions, tests and multiplicity procedures are needed. CIs and standard errors are not back-calculated, and the signal is not expanded into major recovery.
- Required materials and conditions: Effect estimates, CIs and the borderline signal
- Materials to obtain first: Original estimates, CIs, distributions, tests and multiplicity procedures are needed. CIs and standard errors are not back-calculated, and the signal is not expanded into major recovery.
- Further research: Material needed: Original estimates, CIs, distributions, tests and multiplicity procedures are needed. CIs and standard errors are not back-calculated, and the signal is not expanded into major recovery. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Effect estimates, CIs and the borderline signal must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Effect estimates, CIs and the borderline signal is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R04

### N05 · Can DGI also be called improved?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: DGI P=.064 in the same 40-person, 6-week trial is null in the original account. The UPDRS-III signal does not replace all balance and gait results.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Original DGI tables, between-group effects and CIs, denominators and endpoint hierarchy are needed. A null result is not converted into proof of effect 0 or equivalence.
- Required materials and conditions: Separate null DGI and UPDRS-III signal
- Materials to obtain first: Original DGI tables, between-group effects and CIs, denominators and endpoint hierarchy are needed. A null result is not converted into proof of effect 0 or equivalence.
- Further research: Material needed: Original DGI tables, between-group effects and CIs, denominators and endpoint hierarchy are needed. A null result is not converted into proof of effect 0 or equivalence. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Separate null DGI and UPDRS-III signal must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Separate null DGI and UPDRS-III signal is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R04

### N06 · Are within-group improvement and added between-group effects the same?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original explanation is retained: improvement within Nordic walking alone does not establish superiority over walking, treadmill exercise or standard rehabilitation.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: The between-group comparison definition, baseline imbalance, adjustment and denominators are needed. Before-and-after changes or within-group P values are not converted into direct superiority.
- Required materials and conditions: Before-and-after change and direct group comparisons
- Materials to obtain first: The between-group comparison definition, baseline imbalance, adjustment and denominators are needed. Before-and-after changes or within-group P values are not converted into direct superiority.
- Further research: Material needed: The between-group comparison definition, baseline imbalance, adjustment and denominators are needed. Before-and-after changes or within-group P values are not converted into direct superiority. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Before-and-after change and direct group comparisons must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Before-and-after change and direct group comparisons is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R04

### N07 · Is the program effect the effect of poles alone?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The selected question concerns the whole program versus standard rehabilitation. Supervision, walking training and poles are combined, so it is not reduced to a pole-specific effect.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Direct materials separating the pole component with walking controls matched for exercise dose, time, instruction and contact are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Combined poles, walking, supervision and training dose
- Materials to obtain first: Direct materials separating the pole component with walking controls matched for exercise dose, time, instruction and contact are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Direct materials separating the pole component with walking controls matched for exercise dose, time, instruction and contact are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Combined poles, walking, supervision and training dose must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Combined poles, walking, supervision and training dose is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R03, R04

### N08 · What supporting context does the Reuter trial provide?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Reuter 2011 was a 90-person, 3-arm, 6-month trial. Selected posture, stride and variability signals are not the same results as the 40-person, 6-week standard-rehabilitation comparison.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Original tables by comparator, all endpoints, effects and CIs, denominators and prespecified hierarchy are needed. The total sample is not used as the Nordic-group denominator.
- Required materials and conditions: Selected functional measures with different controls and duration
- Materials to obtain first: Original tables by comparator, all endpoints, effects and CIs, denominators and prespecified hierarchy are needed. The total sample is not used as the Nordic-group denominator.
- Further research: Material needed: Original tables by comparator, all endpoints, effects and CIs, denominators and prespecified hierarchy are needed. The total sample is not used as the Nordic-group denominator. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Selected functional measures with different controls and duration must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Selected functional measures with different controls and duration is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R04

### N09 · How far can the Cugusi pilot be linked?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Cugusi 2017 provides a functional-signal citation from a 20-person treadmill pilot. There is no separate original evidence-summary entry, exact value or CI.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: The pilot paper, control sessions, endpoints, denominators, effects and CIs, and cohort identity are needed. Values from other trials are not copied.
- Required materials and conditions: Citation-only treadmill-pilot context
- Materials to obtain first: The pilot paper, control sessions, endpoints, denominators, effects and CIs, and cohort identity are needed. Values from other trials are not copied.
- Further research: Material needed: The pilot paper, control sessions, endpoints, denominators, effects and CIs, and cohort identity are needed. Values from other trials are not copied. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Citation-only treadmill-pilot context must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Citation-only treadmill-pilot context is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R02, R04

### N10 · What limit does the null ordinary-walking result impose?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Monteiro's UPDRS group-by-time P=.352 and lack of superiority over ordinary walking are retained. This differs from standard rehabilitation and limits expansion into a pole-specific effect.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Replication with the same comparator, endpoint and time point, plus original effects and CIs, is needed. The null result is not removed or simplified into automatic refutation of the standard-rehabilitation result.
- Required materials and conditions: Contrary evidence from another direct comparator
- Materials to obtain first: Replication with the same comparator, endpoint and time point, plus original effects and CIs, is needed. The null result is not removed or simplified into automatic refutation of the standard-rehabilitation result.
- Further research: Material needed: Replication with the same comparator, endpoint and time point, plus original effects and CIs, is needed. The null result is not removed or simplified into automatic refutation of the standard-rehabilitation result. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Contrary evidence from another direct comparator must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Contrary evidence from another direct comparator is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R03, R04

### N11 · Can all functional results be combined?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The retained endpoint list includes UPDRS-III, DGI, gait and quality of life; direct values concern UPDRS-III and DGI P values. A list alone does not verify positive results for all endpoints.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Endpoint-specific tables, measures, denominators, time points, between-group CIs and meaningful-change criteria are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Endpoint-specific directness, size and clinical importance
- Materials to obtain first: Endpoint-specific tables, measures, denominators, time points, between-group CIs and meaningful-change criteria are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Endpoint-specific tables, measures, denominators, time points, between-group CIs and meaningful-change criteria are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Endpoint-specific directness, size and clinical importance must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Endpoint-specific directness, size and clinical importance is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R04

### N12 · Can short-term results establish lasting benefit?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The core standard-rehabilitation comparison lasted 6 weeks, Reuter 6 months and Monteiro 8 weeks. These are separate programs; post-training durability is a separate subclaim.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Long-term direct comparisons of the same program, post-training follow-up, maintenance training and denominators are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Intervention duration versus post-training follow-up
- Materials to obtain first: Long-term direct comparisons of the same program, post-training follow-up, maintenance training and denominators are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Long-term direct comparisons of the same program, post-training follow-up, maintenance training and denominators are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Intervention duration versus post-training follow-up must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Intervention duration versus post-training follow-up is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R03, R04

### N13 · Are other reports added as independent replications?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The parent's narrative of independent functional signals is historical. Different comparators, endpoints and shared reports are not converted into current independence certification or new totals.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Report, institution, recruitment and participant links, and replication of the same standard-rehabilitation question, are needed. Unique trial and participant totals remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Same-question replication and report-to-trial links
- Materials to obtain first: Report, institution, recruitment and participant links, and replication of the same standard-rehabilitation question, are needed. Unique trial and participant totals remain unverified.
- Further research: Material needed: Report, institution, recruitment and participant links, and replication of the same standard-rehabilitation question, are needed. Unique trial and participant totals remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Same-question replication and report-to-trial links must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Same-question replication and report-to-trial links is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N14 · Which patients does the question concern?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The parent Korean and English scope concerns mild-to-moderate Parkinson's disease. A representative trial's size and duration are not treated as eligibility criteria for all patients.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Trial-specific diagnosis, stage, medication state, freezing, orthostatic hypotension, comorbidities and exclusions are needed. The scope is not expanded to severe disease or other patients.
- Required materials and conditions: Detailed eligibility in mild-to-moderate Parkinson's disease
- Materials to obtain first: Trial-specific diagnosis, stage, medication state, freezing, orthostatic hypotension, comorbidities and exclusions are needed. The scope is not expanded to severe disease or other patients.
- Further research: Material needed: Trial-specific diagnosis, stage, medication state, freezing, orthostatic hypotension, comorbidities and exclusions are needed. The scope is not expanded to severe disease or other patients. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Detailed eligibility in mild-to-moderate Parkinson's disease must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Detailed eligibility in mild-to-moderate Parkinson's disease is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N15 · Are actual training dose and supervision known?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original intervention is supervised training with poles. A program name is not a numeric exercise dose; detailed sessions and actual participation remain unverified.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Trial-specific time, frequency, intensity, technique instruction, pole fitting, attendance and control exposure are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Sessions, frequency, intensity, pole fitting and adherence
- Materials to obtain first: Trial-specific time, frequency, intensity, technique instruction, pole fitting, attendance and control exposure are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Trial-specific time, frequency, intensity, technique instruction, pole fitting, attendance and control exposure are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Sessions, frequency, intensity, pole fitting and adherence must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Sessions, frequency, intensity, pole fitting and adherence is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N16 · Are all active exercise controls equivalent?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original account distinguishes different exercise controls. An active-exercise label alone does not make them the same comparator or question.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Comparator-specific content, exercise dose, contact time and supervision are needed. Estimates from different comparisons are not copied or pooled.
- Required materials and conditions: Standard rehabilitation, walking, treadmill, flexibility and relaxation
- Materials to obtain first: Comparator-specific content, exercise dose, contact time and supervision are needed. Estimates from different comparisons are not copied or pooled.
- Further research: Material needed: Comparator-specific content, exercise dose, contact time and supervision are needed. Estimates from different comparisons are not copied or pooled. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Standard rehabilitation, walking, treadmill, flexibility and relaxation must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Standard rehabilitation, walking, treadmill, flexibility and relaxation is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N17 · Were medication, medication timing and concurrent rehabilitation matched?

Verification status: Unverified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original safety narrative mentions medication-timing assessment, but the summary lacks trial-specific medication changes and ON/OFF state at measurement.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Group medications, concurrent exercise and rehabilitation, medication timing, changes and withdrawal reasons are needed. Missing records are not treated as matched care.
- Required materials and conditions: Group-specific concurrent care and medication state
- Materials to obtain first: Group medications, concurrent exercise and rehabilitation, medication timing, changes and withdrawal reasons are needed. Missing records are not treated as matched care.
- Further research: Material needed: Group medications, concurrent exercise and rehabilitation, medication timing, changes and withdrawal reasons are needed. Missing records are not treated as matched care. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Group-specific concurrent care and medication state must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Group-specific concurrent care and medication state is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N18 · How do total samples differ from analysis denominators?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Reuter's 90 participants and 3 arms, Monteiro's 33 participants and 8 weeks with 32 completers in the citation, Szefler-Derela's 40 participants and 6 weeks, and Cugusi's 20-person pilot are distinguished.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Group allocation, completion, assessment and analysis counts, missing-data handling and ITT materials are needed. Differences and totals are not newly calculated or summed.
- Required materials and conditions: Allocated, completed and endpoint-specific analysis samples
- Materials to obtain first: Group allocation, completion, assessment and analysis counts, missing-data handling and ITT materials are needed. Differences and totals are not newly calculated or summed.
- Further research: Material needed: Group allocation, completion, assessment and analysis counts, missing-data handling and ITT materials are needed. Differences and totals are not newly calculated or summed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Allocated, completed and endpoint-specific analysis samples must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Allocated, completed and endpoint-specific analysis samples is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N19 · What is known about randomization and masking?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The stored evidence labels randomized trials, with single masking for Monteiro and lack of masking plus multiple endpoints for Reuter. Actual masking by role remains unverified.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Sequence generation, concealment, masking roles and maintenance, missingness, deviations and measurement procedures are needed. No new official RoB2 assessment is executed.
- Required materials and conditions: Allocation, concealment, assessors, deviations and measurement
- Materials to obtain first: Sequence generation, concealment, masking roles and maintenance, missingness, deviations and measurement procedures are needed. No new official RoB2 assessment is executed.
- Further research: Material needed: Sequence generation, concealment, masking roles and maintenance, missingness, deviations and measurement procedures are needed. No new official RoB2 assessment is executed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Allocation, concealment, assessors, deviations and measurement must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Allocation, concealment, assessors, deviations and measurement is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N20 · How do shared reports link to original trials?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Parent 3014 and its subclaims share reports. There are 3 original evidence entries and 4 citations; Cugusi is a bibliographic summary without a separate evidence entry.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Author, institution, recruitment-period, registration and cohort links are needed. Report slots and sheets are not certified as unique trials, participants or independent replications.
- Required materials and conditions: Report, cohort and participant overlap
- Materials to obtain first: Author, institution, recruitment-period, registration and cohort links are needed. Report slots and sheets are not certified as unique trials, participants or independent replications.
- Further research: Material needed: Author, institution, recruitment-period, registration and cohort links are needed. Report slots and sheets are not certified as unique trials, participants or independent replications. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Report, cohort and participant overlap must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Report, cohort and participant overlap is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N21 · Were registration and prespecified plans actually read?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Original evidence records registration as unverified; only the narrative of UPDRS-III as prespecified primary is retained. External registration and plans remain unread.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Trial registration, change histories, protocols, SAPs and prespecified analyses are needed. Unverified registration is not asserted to be absent.
- Required materials and conditions: Registration, protocols, SAPs and endpoint hierarchy
- Materials to obtain first: Trial registration, change histories, protocols, SAPs and prespecified analyses are needed. Unverified registration is not asserted to be absent.
- Further research: Material needed: Trial registration, change histories, protocols, SAPs and prespecified analyses are needed. Unverified registration is not asserted to be absent. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Registration, protocols, SAPs and endpoint hierarchy must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Registration, protocols, SAPs and endpoint hierarchy is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N22 · How were multiple endpoints and selective reporting handled?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The parent records small samples, lack of masking, multiple endpoints and selected functional signals. The primary endpoint and other outcomes are not combined at the same evidential level.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Original endpoint lists, analysis order, time points, multiplicity handling and complete results are needed. Selected positive findings are not expanded into recovery of every function.
- Required materials and conditions: Prespecified hierarchy, multiplicity and complete results
- Materials to obtain first: Original endpoint lists, analysis order, time points, multiplicity handling and complete results are needed. Selected positive findings are not expanded into recovery of every function.
- Further research: Material needed: Original endpoint lists, analysis order, time points, multiplicity handling and complete results are needed. Selected positive findings are not expanded into recovery of every function. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Prespecified hierarchy, multiplicity and complete results must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Prespecified hierarchy, multiplicity and complete results is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N23 · Are funding, equipment, affiliation and analysis involvement separated?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Specific Reuter funding is unverified. Monteiro records public funding and supplied poles; Szefler-Derela records no external funding and 1 author employed by Novartis. Cugusi funding remains unverified.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Disclosures on funding, equipment, company affiliation and COI, and design, analysis and publication involvement are needed. Public funding or no external funding does not certify absence of other involvement.
- Required materials and conditions: Separate checks of company involvement
- Materials to obtain first: Disclosures on funding, equipment, company affiliation and COI, and design, analysis and publication involvement are needed. Public funding or no external funding does not certify absence of other involvement.
- Further research: Material needed: Disclosures on funding, equipment, company affiliation and COI, and design, analysis and publication involvement are needed. Public funding or no external funding does not certify absence of other involvement. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Separate checks of company involvement must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Separate checks of company involvement is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N24 · What do the fall and injury records mean?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Falls in the 6-month trial were 4 with Nordic walking, 4 with ordinary walking and 1 with flexibility and relaxation. The original also records sprains, shoulder pain and heat-related hypotension.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Active collection, severity, repeated events versus affected people, harm denominators, exposure and causality are needed. Event records are not calculated as incidence rates or fall-prevention effects.
- Required materials and conditions: Harm events, affected people, exposure and denominators
- Materials to obtain first: Active collection, severity, repeated events versus affected people, harm denominators, exposure and causality are needed. Event records are not calculated as incidence rates or fall-prevention effects.
- Further research: Material needed: Active collection, severity, repeated events versus affected people, harm denominators, exposure and causality are needed. Event records are not calculated as incidence rates or fall-prevention effects. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Harm events, affected people, exposure and denominators must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Harm events, affected people, exposure and denominators is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N25 · Are safety boundaries for vulnerable patients established?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original safety narrative states that poles do not correct freezing or orthostatic hypotension and records the need for professional assessment and a fall-prevention plan.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Vulnerable-patient eligibility and exclusions, assistance, supervision, stopping criteria and harms by medication state are needed. No new individual-care instructions or universal safety certification are created.
- Required materials and conditions: Freezing, impaired balance, orthostatic hypotension and supervision
- Materials to obtain first: Vulnerable-patient eligibility and exclusions, assistance, supervision, stopping criteria and harms by medication state are needed. No new individual-care instructions or universal safety certification are created.
- Further research: Material needed: Vulnerable-patient eligibility and exclusions, assistance, supervision, stopping criteria and harms by medication state are needed. No new individual-care instructions or universal safety certification are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Freezing, impaired balance, orthostatic hypotension and supervision must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Freezing, impaired balance, orthostatic hypotension and supervision is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N26 · What is known about post-training durability and harms?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Training lasting weeks to 6 months is not post-training durability evidence. The separate subclaim leaves fall prevention and post-training durability unestablished.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Independent post-training follow-up, maintenance exercise, adherence, falls, injuries, rare harms and group denominators are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: During-training duration versus post-training follow-up
- Materials to obtain first: Independent post-training follow-up, maintenance exercise, adherence, falls, injuries, rare harms and group denominators are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Independent post-training follow-up, maintenance exercise, adherence, falls, injuries, rare harms and group denominators are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on During-training duration versus post-training follow-up must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on During-training duration versus post-training follow-up is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N27 · How does stored-summary reading differ from external-original reading?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The complete stored parent JSON was read. Historical citation-verification narratives and cross-check records are retained; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and SAPs remain unread.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Acquisition, access and reading histories for originals are needed. A URL is not promoted into actual full-text reading, successful access or completed content review.
- Required materials and conditions: Actual reading of summaries, abstracts, full texts, registration and plans
- Materials to obtain first: Acquisition, access and reading histories for originals are needed. A URL is not promoted into actual full-text reading, successful access or completed content review.
- Further research: Material needed: Acquisition, access and reading histories for originals are needed. A URL is not promoted into actual full-text reading, successful access or completed content review. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Actual reading of summaries, abstracts, full texts, registration and plans must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Actual reading of summaries, abstracts, full texts, registration and plans is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N28 · How do bilingual wording and representative facets relate?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Parent Korean, English and facets are retained. The representative 90-person, 6-month record is not used as a common value for the 40-person, 6-week or 33-person, 8-week comparisons.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Report-specific recruitment, programs, time points, endpoints and original terminology are needed. English translation is not labeled external English full-text verification.
- Required materials and conditions: Trial-specific populations, durations and comparisons
- Materials to obtain first: Report-specific recruitment, programs, time points, endpoints and original terminology are needed. English translation is not labeled external English full-text verification.
- Further research: Material needed: Report-specific recruitment, programs, time points, endpoints and original terminology are needed. English translation is not labeled external English full-text verification. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Trial-specific populations, durations and comparisons must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Trial-specific populations, durations and comparisons is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N29 · How do selected C and parent C54 differ?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Selected C has no individual score, status or axes. Parent C54, Caution and B/P/R1/I2/E+/B2/CX remain parent context; the lower C narrative for the pole question is not converted into a new score.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: The selected-to-parent application boundary and original values must be preserved. No new grade, score or independent clinical certification is created.
- Required materials and conditions: Selected grade versus parent score, axes and safety label
- Materials to obtain first: The selected-to-parent application boundary and original values must be preserved. No new grade, score or independent clinical certification is created.
- Further research: Material needed: The selected-to-parent application boundary and original values must be preserved. No new grade, score or independent clinical certification is created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Selected grade versus parent score, axes and safety label must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Selected grade versus parent score, axes and safety label is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N30 · How are evidence dates, production and correction events separated?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The existing evidence date 2026-09-07, empty corrections array and empty deliberation string are retained. The production date does not replace them as a new evidence-verification date.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Material additions, condition revisions and verdict changes must remain separate events. Corrections or new evidence absent from the original are not invented.
- Required materials and conditions: Original evidence date, empty corrections and update records
- Materials to obtain first: Material additions, condition revisions and verdict changes must remain separate events. Corrections or new evidence absent from the original are not invented.
- Further research: Material needed: Material additions, condition revisions and verdict changes must remain separate events. Corrections or new evidence absent from the original are not invented. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Original evidence date, empty corrections and update records must link to the same program, control, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing other exercise comparisons, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Original evidence date, empty corrections and update records is needed to connect the selected program with population, training, controls, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate pole-question C and fall-and-durability D. Different controls, durations, endpoints and denominators are not mixed; median differences, CIs, new totals, grades or individual-care guidance are not created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

## Evidence and sources

### R01

Reuter I et al. 2011

[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21603199/)

Materials actually read: The complete stored parent Korean and English accounts, original evidence and citations were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and SAPs remain unread.  
Findings recorded in the summary: Selected posture, stride and variability superiority was summarized in a 90-person, 6-month trial.  
Record level: These are selected functional signals with other controls and duration, not the same standard-rehabilitation result. Multiple endpoints, lack of masking and gaps in original effects, CIs and denominators are retained.  
Independent replication: Parent 3014 and the standard-rehabilitation, added-pole-effect, and falls-and-durability subclaims share reports. Reuter, Cugusi, Monteiro and Szefler-Derela are distinguished by controls, durations, endpoints and denominators; reports and sheets are not added into new unique trial, participant or independent-replication counts. Those totals remain unverified.

| Material | Public availability | Access status | Actually read | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stored existing review summary | Preserved copy of the complete parent-verdict stored summary | Stored summary | Summary read | PMID21603199 and DOI10.4061/2011/232473 are retained. Academic-study, specific-funding-unverified, multiple-endpoint and unmasked descriptions are original records. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| External abstract | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID21603199 and DOI10.4061/2011/232473 are retained. Academic-study, specific-funding-unverified, multiple-endpoint and unmasked descriptions are original records. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| External full text | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID21603199 and DOI10.4061/2011/232473 are retained. Academic-study, specific-funding-unverified, multiple-endpoint and unmasked descriptions are original records. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| Registration material | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID21603199 and DOI10.4061/2011/232473 are retained. Academic-study, specific-funding-unverified, multiple-endpoint and unmasked descriptions are original records. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| Protocol and analysis plan | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID21603199 and DOI10.4061/2011/232473 are retained. Academic-study, specific-funding-unverified, multiple-endpoint and unmasked descriptions are original records. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |

### R02

Cugusi L et al. 2017 · Bibliographic summary

[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27798812/)

Materials actually read: The complete stored parent Korean and English accounts, original evidence and citations were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and SAPs remain unread.  
Findings recorded in the summary: The original citation summarizes functional signals from a 20-person treadmill pilot.  
Record level: This is a citation-only record without a separate original evidence entry. Exact effects, CIs, endpoint-specific denominators, funding and detailed duration remain unverified. Values from other trials are not copied.  
Independent replication: Parent 3014 and the standard-rehabilitation, added-pole-effect, and falls-and-durability subclaims share reports. Reuter, Cugusi, Monteiro and Szefler-Derela are distinguished by controls, durations, endpoints and denominators; reports and sheets are not added into new unique trial, participant or independent-replication counts. Those totals remain unverified.

| Material | Public availability | Access status | Actually read | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stored existing review summary | Preserved copy of the complete parent-verdict stored summary | Stored summary | Summary read | This is the citation-only pilot with PMID27798812 and DOI10.1007/s40520-016-0648-9. No separate original evidence entry or quantitative effect is created. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| External abstract | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | This is the citation-only pilot with PMID27798812 and DOI10.1007/s40520-016-0648-9. No separate original evidence entry or quantitative effect is created. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| External full text | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | This is the citation-only pilot with PMID27798812 and DOI10.1007/s40520-016-0648-9. No separate original evidence entry or quantitative effect is created. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| Registration material | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | This is the citation-only pilot with PMID27798812 and DOI10.1007/s40520-016-0648-9. No separate original evidence entry or quantitative effect is created. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| Protocol and analysis plan | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | This is the citation-only pilot with PMID27798812 and DOI10.1007/s40520-016-0648-9. No separate original evidence entry or quantitative effect is created. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |

### R03

Monteiro EP et al. 2021

[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32529596/)

Materials actually read: The complete stored parent Korean and English accounts, original evidence and citations were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and SAPs remain unread.  
Findings recorded in the summary: The 33-person, 8-week report records no superiority with UPDRS group-by-time P=.352. The original citation separately records 32 completers.  
Record level: A null result against another direct walking control limits expansion into a pole-specific effect. It is not pooled with standard rehabilitation or converted into equivalence or exact effect 0.  
Independent replication: Parent 3014 and the standard-rehabilitation, added-pole-effect, and falls-and-durability subclaims share reports. Reuter, Cugusi, Monteiro and Szefler-Derela are distinguished by controls, durations, endpoints and denominators; reports and sheets are not added into new unique trial, participant or independent-replication counts. Those totals remain unverified.

| Material | Public availability | Access status | Actually read | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stored existing review summary | Preserved copy of the complete parent-verdict stored summary | Stored summary | Summary read | PMID32529596 and DOI10.1007/s40520-020-01617-w are retained. Public-funding and supplied-pole narratives are distinguished without promotion into independence certification. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| External abstract | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID32529596 and DOI10.1007/s40520-020-01617-w are retained. Public-funding and supplied-pole narratives are distinguished without promotion into independence certification. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| External full text | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID32529596 and DOI10.1007/s40520-020-01617-w are retained. Public-funding and supplied-pole narratives are distinguished without promotion into independence certification. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| Registration material | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID32529596 and DOI10.1007/s40520-020-01617-w are retained. Public-funding and supplied-pole narratives are distinguished without promotion into independence certification. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| Protocol and analysis plan | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID32529596 and DOI10.1007/s40520-020-01617-w are retained. Public-funding and supplied-pole narratives are distinguished without promotion into independence certification. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |

### R04

Szefler-Derela J et al. 2020

[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32708938/)

Materials actually read: The complete stored parent Korean and English accounts, original evidence and citations were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and SAPs remain unread.  
Findings recorded in the summary: Median UPDRS-III reductions of 8.5 versus 6.0, P=.047 and null DGI P=.064 in the 40-person, 6-week trial are distinguished.  
Record level: This is the core direct comparison for the selected question. The original prespecified-primary narrative is retained alongside unread registration and plans, missing between-group CIs, denominators and meaningful differences, and unverified exact results for other endpoints.  
Independent replication: Parent 3014 and the standard-rehabilitation, added-pole-effect, and falls-and-durability subclaims share reports. Reuter, Cugusi, Monteiro and Szefler-Derela are distinguished by controls, durations, endpoints and denominators; reports and sheets are not added into new unique trial, participant or independent-replication counts. Those totals remain unverified.

| Material | Public availability | Access status | Actually read | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stored existing review summary | Preserved copy of the complete parent-verdict stored summary | Stored summary | Summary read | PMID32708938 and DOI10.3390/medicina56070356 are retained. Both reported absence of external funding and 1 author employed by Novartis are preserved. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| External abstract | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID32708938 and DOI10.3390/medicina56070356 are retained. Both reported absence of external funding and 1 author employed by Novartis are preserved. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| External full text | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID32708938 and DOI10.3390/medicina56070356 are retained. Both reported absence of external funding and 1 author employed by Novartis are preserved. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| Registration material | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID32708938 and DOI10.3390/medicina56070356 are retained. Both reported absence of external funding and 1 author employed by Novartis are preserved. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| Protocol and analysis plan | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID32708938 and DOI10.3390/medicina56070356 are retained. Both reported absence of external funding and 1 author employed by Novartis are preserved. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |

## Review criteria and methods

These are Chamgap's own application conditions, informed by the relevant sections of official methodological guidance. They do not constitute official assessment-tool certification or a new efficacy score.

- M03 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-03) · §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.3, MECIR C5/C7/C13 · Clearly record the question, eligibility conditions and reasons for changes, and distinguish variations in interventions. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.
- M04 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5.1 (2025), chapter updated 2025-03](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-04) · §4.5, §4.6.1–4.6.3, MECIR C42 · Distinguish studies from reports and link them; do not omit a study solely because results are unreported. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.
- M08 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-08) · §8.1–8.2.3, Table 8.2.a · Define the outcome and effect of interest, then examine randomization, deviations, missing data, measurement and selective reporting. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.
- M15 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-15) · §15.2.4, §15.3.1–15.3.3 · Distinguish effect estimates, intervals, importance and applicability. Sample size alone does not determine precision. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.
- M19 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-19) · §19.1.2, §19.2.1–19.2.4 · Harm questions may require different designs, populations and follow-up from efficacy questions. Case reports do not establish incidence rates. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.

## What the statuses mean

- Partly verified: Partial information from the stored summary is linked; detailed originals and content review remain incomplete.
- Unverified: Required details cannot be established within the preserved scope. This does not establish absence of effects or studies, or safety.
- Review incomplete: Review of existing content remains incomplete.
- Met: This state is used only within the relevant conditions after material verification and content review. It was not automatically assigned in this work.
- Not reported: Unreported within material actually read. Unread external material is not relabeled as unreported.
- Inaccessible: This means actual access failure. External access was not attempted in this work, so this state was not assigned.
- Not applicable: Used only with an application exception and reason based on the question scope.
- Conflicting data: This requires actual comparison of materials; no new conflict judgment was made in this work.
- Insufficient evidence for the conditions: This indicates gaps in additional material for the selected conditions. Unread material as a whole is not converted into an efficacy grade.

## Change history

2026-10-21 · Public page/materials 1.0. Public-facing views and materials were prepared from the existing 30 items. No new clinical search, verification-status change or scoring was performed.