# Supervised Nordic walking with poles × Added pole-specific benefit over ordinary walking

Verdict 3014 · Evidence Check

Stored-material review date: Not recorded  
Original evidence cut-off: 2026-09-07  
Review-criteria version: 1.0  
Public page/material preparation date: 2026-10-21

Clinical papers were not read directly; existing review summaries were checked. No new clinical-literature search was performed. Unverified does not mean that research is absent or that there is no effect.

## Assessment scope

- Population: The question concerns ordinary-walking comparisons in mild-to-moderate Parkinson's disease. Trial-specific eligibility, stage, medication state, freezing, orthostatic hypotension and comorbidities remain unverified.
- Ingredient, formulation and route: The intervention is supervised Nordic-walking training with poles. Exercise participation, walking, instruction and supervision are distinguished from the added effect of the pole component alone.
- Dose: Session duration, frequency, intensity, pole fitting, instruction and actual participation remain unverified. Matching of exercise dose, instruction and contact with ordinary walking is not filled in as established.
- Comparator: The selected comparator is ordinary walking. Results from other standard-rehabilitation, treadmill, flexibility and relaxation programs are not converted into the same added-pole-effect comparison.
- Measured outcome: The selected original result is UPDRS group-by-time P=.352 with no superiority over ordinary walking. Exact UPDRS scale scope, between-group effects, CIs and denominators remain unverified; standard-rehabilitation UPDRS-III is not transferred.
- Duration: The core direct comparison involved 33 participants over 8 weeks; the original citation's 32 completers are retained separately. Reuter's 90 participants over 6 months and standard rehabilitation's 40 participants over 6 weeks are different comparisons; post-training durability is a separate question.
- Questions outside this scope: Converting within-group improvement or exercise participation into an added between-group effect of poles alone; Converting signals against standard rehabilitation, treadmill or other controls into the same ordinary-walking comparison; Converting lack of superiority or a null group-by-time result into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority; Promoting an all-null bibliographic narrative into exact endpoint values, CIs or reading of complete original tables; Extending limited functional results into recovery, fall prevention, durability or safety for every patient; Adding shared reports, sheets or total samples into new unique trial, participant or independent-replication counts

## Checklist items

### N01 · Which added pole effect does this item concern?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The selected question concerns added benefit from poles over ordinary walking. The original subclaim records a lower rating within C because the direct group-by-time result was null.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Materials separating the pole component with walking controls matched for time, intensity and instruction are needed. No new score or independence certification is created.
- Required materials and conditions: Existing pole question versus ordinary walking
- Materials to obtain first: Materials separating the pole component with walking controls matched for time, intensity and instruction are needed. No new score or independence certification is created.
- Further research: Material needed: Materials separating the pole component with walking controls matched for time, intensity and instruction are needed. No new score or independence certification is created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Existing pole question versus ordinary walking must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Existing pole question versus ordinary walking is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R03

### N02 · Which trial directly compared ordinary walking?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Monteiro 2021 was a single-blind randomized Nordic-walking versus walking trial with 33 participants over 8 weeks. Other exercise controls are not converted into the same comparison.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Group sessions, intensity, instruction and contact time, assessor masking, and allocation and analysis denominators are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Monteiro's direct ordinary-walking control
- Materials to obtain first: Group sessions, intensity, instruction and contact time, assessor masking, and allocation and analysis denominators are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Group sessions, intensity, instruction and contact time, assessor masking, and allocation and analysis denominators are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Monteiro's direct ordinary-walking control must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Monteiro's direct ordinary-walking control is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R03

### N03 · What is the null UPDRS group-by-time result?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original UPDRS group-by-time P=.352 and lack of superiority over ordinary walking are retained. They are distinguished from UPDRS-III P=.047 versus standard rehabilitation.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: The model, exact UPDRS scale scope, between-group effects and CIs, time points and denominators are needed. A P value alone does not establish exact effect 0 or precise equivalence.
- Required materials and conditions: Direct group comparison and the original null narrative
- Materials to obtain first: The model, exact UPDRS scale scope, between-group effects and CIs, time points and denominators are needed. A P value alone does not establish exact effect 0 or precise equivalence.
- Further research: Material needed: The model, exact UPDRS scale scope, between-group effects and CIs, time points and denominators are needed. A P value alone does not establish exact effect 0 or precise equivalence. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Direct group comparison and the original null narrative must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Direct group comparison and the original null narrative is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R03

### N04 · Does lack of superiority establish equivalence or noninferiority?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Lack of superiority is the original trial result. The stored summary lacks prespecified equivalence or noninferiority margins and corresponding CIs, so equivalence between the exercises is not newly judged.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Prespecified target effects, analysis plans, margins and corresponding CIs are needed. A nonsignificant superiority test is not converted into an equivalence judgment.
- Required materials and conditions: Superiority testing versus other designs
- Materials to obtain first: Prespecified target effects, analysis plans, margins and corresponding CIs are needed. A nonsignificant superiority test is not converted into an equivalence judgment.
- Further research: Material needed: Prespecified target effects, analysis plans, margins and corresponding CIs are needed. A nonsignificant superiority test is not converted into an equivalence judgment. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Superiority testing versus other designs must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Superiority testing versus other designs is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R03

### N05 · How do allocated and completed samples differ?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original evidence's 33 participants and the citation's 32 completers are retained separately. Group-specific and UPDRS analysis denominators and missingness reasons remain unverified.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Allocation, completion, measurement and analysis tables, withdrawal and missing-data handling, and ITT definitions are needed. Differences are not newly calculated, and completers are not used as every endpoint's denominator.
- Required materials and conditions: Group allocation, completion and endpoint analysis populations
- Materials to obtain first: Allocation, completion, measurement and analysis tables, withdrawal and missing-data handling, and ITT definitions are needed. Differences are not newly calculated, and completers are not used as every endpoint's denominator.
- Further research: Material needed: Allocation, completion, measurement and analysis tables, withdrawal and missing-data handling, and ITT definitions are needed. Differences are not newly calculated, and completers are not used as every endpoint's denominator. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Group allocation, completion and endpoint analysis populations must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Group allocation, completion and endpoint analysis populations is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R03

### N06 · How far is the summary of all-null results verified?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original citation describes null results across outcomes versus ordinary walking over 8 weeks; the evidence lists motor, functional, gait and quality-of-life outcomes. Complete original endpoint tables were not read or verified in this work.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Between-group effects and CIs, denominators and prespecified hierarchy for all endpoints and time points are needed. A single P value is not copied as the exact result for other endpoints.
- Required materials and conditions: Bibliographic summary versus endpoint-specific original tables
- Materials to obtain first: Between-group effects and CIs, denominators and prespecified hierarchy for all endpoints and time points are needed. A single P value is not copied as the exact result for other endpoints.
- Further research: Material needed: Between-group effects and CIs, denominators and prespecified hierarchy for all endpoints and time points are needed. A single P value is not copied as the exact result for other endpoints. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Bibliographic summary versus endpoint-specific original tables must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Bibliographic summary versus endpoint-specific original tables is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R03

### N07 · Is improvement within Nordic walking a pole-specific effect?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original explanation states that ordinary walking can also improve outcomes and that Nordic-group improvement alone does not establish superiority over equal-duration walking.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Between-group target effects, change models, exercise dose, attendance and common instruction are needed. Differences in within-group change are not calculated as new direct effect estimates.
- Required materials and conditions: Exercise participation, within-group improvement and added group effects
- Materials to obtain first: Between-group target effects, change models, exercise dose, attendance and common instruction are needed. Differences in within-group change are not calculated as new direct effect estimates.
- Further research: Material needed: Between-group target effects, change models, exercise dose, attendance and common instruction are needed. Differences in within-group change are not calculated as new direct effect estimates. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Exercise participation, within-group improvement and added group effects must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Exercise participation, within-group improvement and added group effects is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R03

### N08 · What context do Reuter's selected-measure signals provide?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Reuter was a 90-person, 3-arm, 6-month trial with summarized superiority on selected posture, stride and variability measures. Exact comparator-specific contrasts, time points, values and CIs are unlinked.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: All measures, denominators, effects and CIs, hierarchy and multiplicity materials by comparator are needed. Selected measures are not expanded into all pole effects.
- Required materials and conditions: Actual contrasts by ordinary-walking and flexibility control
- Materials to obtain first: All measures, denominators, effects and CIs, hierarchy and multiplicity materials by comparator are needed. Selected measures are not expanded into all pole effects.
- Further research: Material needed: All measures, denominators, effects and CIs, hierarchy and multiplicity materials by comparator are needed. Selected measures are not expanded into all pole effects. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Actual contrasts by ordinary-walking and flexibility control must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Actual contrasts by ordinary-walking and flexibility control is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R03

### N09 · Is the standard-rehabilitation signal the same added pole effect?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Median UPDRS-III reductions of 8.5 versus 6.0, P=.047 and null DGI P=.064 in the 40-person, 6-week standard-rehabilitation comparison are retained separately. They are not the same evidence for added pole benefit over ordinary walking.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Standard-rehabilitation content, non-pole exercise and instruction differences, and direct comparisons against the same ordinary walking are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Whole-program results against another control
- Materials to obtain first: Standard-rehabilitation content, non-pole exercise and instruction differences, and direct comparisons against the same ordinary walking are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Standard-rehabilitation content, non-pole exercise and instruction differences, and direct comparisons against the same ordinary walking are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Whole-program results against another control must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Whole-program results against another control is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R03, R04

### N10 · Does the treadmill pilot isolate poles alone?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Cugusi's citation-only 20-person treadmill pilot and functional signals are retained. There is no separate original evidence entry or exact effect, and isolation of poles alone remains unverified.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Program details, control exercise dose and instruction, denominators, endpoints, effects and CIs, and recruitment identifiers are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Directness limits of another active control
- Materials to obtain first: Program details, control exercise dose and instruction, denominators, endpoints, effects and CIs, and recruitment identifiers are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Program details, control exercise dose and instruction, denominators, endpoints, effects and CIs, and recruitment identifiers are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Directness limits of another active control must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Directness limits of another active control is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R02, R03

### N11 · Are different trial results combined as consistent replication?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The parent records variation in added pole benefit across trials. Selected-measure signals, a null direct walking comparison and other active controls are not combined as the same independent replication.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Walking controls with matched exercise dose, replication of prespecified primary endpoints, trial-specific controls, and original effects and CIs are needed. Unique trial and participant totals remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Differences in duration, controls, endpoints and training
- Materials to obtain first: Walking controls with matched exercise dose, replication of prespecified primary endpoints, trial-specific controls, and original effects and CIs are needed. Unique trial and participant totals remain unverified.
- Further research: Material needed: Walking controls with matched exercise dose, replication of prespecified primary endpoints, trial-specific controls, and original effects and CIs are needed. Unique trial and participant totals remain unverified. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Differences in duration, controls, endpoints and training must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Differences in duration, controls, endpoints and training is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N12 · Do public funding and supplied poles verify independence?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The direct walking comparison records public funding and supplied poles. Supplier identity and roles, author relationships and analysis involvement remain unverified in the summary.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Disclosures on poles, financial support, company and author relationships, and design, analysis and publication involvement are needed. Unverified items are not labeled absent.
- Required materials and conditions: Funding, supplier, affiliation, design and analysis roles
- Materials to obtain first: Disclosures on poles, financial support, company and author relationships, and design, analysis and publication involvement are needed. Unverified items are not labeled absent.
- Further research: Material needed: Disclosures on poles, financial support, company and author relationships, and design, analysis and publication involvement are needed. Unverified items are not labeled absent. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Funding, supplier, affiliation, design and analysis roles must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Funding, supplier, affiliation, design and analysis roles is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R03

### N13 · Do functional results also answer fall prevention and durability?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original account describes weak added pole benefit over ordinary walking and incompletely established fall prevention and durability. Null functional results are not converted into a fall-prevention conclusion.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: CIs for direct functional effects, patient-important differences, separate fall events and exposure, and post-training follow-up are needed. Events are not calculated as new rates.
- Required materials and conditions: Function, meaningful differences, falls and post-training follow-up
- Materials to obtain first: CIs for direct functional effects, patient-important differences, separate fall events and exposure, and post-training follow-up are needed. Events are not calculated as new rates.
- Further research: Material needed: CIs for direct functional effects, patient-important differences, separate fall events and exposure, and post-training follow-up are needed. Events are not calculated as new rates. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Function, meaningful differences, falls and post-training follow-up must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Function, meaningful differences, falls and post-training follow-up is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R03

### N14 · Which patients does the question concern?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The parent Korean and English scope concerns mild-to-moderate Parkinson's disease. A representative trial's size and duration are not treated as eligibility criteria for all patients.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Trial-specific diagnosis, stage, medication state, freezing, orthostatic hypotension, comorbidities and exclusions are needed. The scope is not expanded to severe disease or other patients.
- Required materials and conditions: Detailed eligibility in mild-to-moderate Parkinson's disease
- Materials to obtain first: Trial-specific diagnosis, stage, medication state, freezing, orthostatic hypotension, comorbidities and exclusions are needed. The scope is not expanded to severe disease or other patients.
- Further research: Material needed: Trial-specific diagnosis, stage, medication state, freezing, orthostatic hypotension, comorbidities and exclusions are needed. The scope is not expanded to severe disease or other patients. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Detailed eligibility in mild-to-moderate Parkinson's disease must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Detailed eligibility in mild-to-moderate Parkinson's disease is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N15 · Are actual training dose and supervision known?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original intervention is supervised training with poles. A program name is not a numeric exercise dose; detailed sessions and actual participation remain unverified.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Trial-specific time, frequency, intensity, technique instruction, pole fitting, attendance and control exposure are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: Sessions, frequency, intensity, pole fitting and adherence
- Materials to obtain first: Trial-specific time, frequency, intensity, technique instruction, pole fitting, attendance and control exposure are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Trial-specific time, frequency, intensity, technique instruction, pole fitting, attendance and control exposure are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Sessions, frequency, intensity, pole fitting and adherence must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Sessions, frequency, intensity, pole fitting and adherence is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N16 · Are all active exercise controls equivalent?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original account distinguishes different exercise controls. An active-exercise label alone does not make them the same comparator or question.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Comparator-specific content, exercise dose, contact time and supervision are needed. Estimates from different comparisons are not copied or pooled.
- Required materials and conditions: Standard rehabilitation, walking, treadmill, flexibility and relaxation
- Materials to obtain first: Comparator-specific content, exercise dose, contact time and supervision are needed. Estimates from different comparisons are not copied or pooled.
- Further research: Material needed: Comparator-specific content, exercise dose, contact time and supervision are needed. Estimates from different comparisons are not copied or pooled. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Standard rehabilitation, walking, treadmill, flexibility and relaxation must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Standard rehabilitation, walking, treadmill, flexibility and relaxation is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N17 · Were medication, medication timing and concurrent rehabilitation matched?

Verification status: Unverified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original safety narrative mentions medication-timing assessment, but the summary lacks trial-specific medication changes and ON/OFF state at measurement.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Group medications, concurrent exercise and rehabilitation, medication timing, changes and withdrawal reasons are needed. Missing records are not treated as matched care.
- Required materials and conditions: Group-specific concurrent care and medication state
- Materials to obtain first: Group medications, concurrent exercise and rehabilitation, medication timing, changes and withdrawal reasons are needed. Missing records are not treated as matched care.
- Further research: Material needed: Group medications, concurrent exercise and rehabilitation, medication timing, changes and withdrawal reasons are needed. Missing records are not treated as matched care. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Group-specific concurrent care and medication state must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Group-specific concurrent care and medication state is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N18 · How do total samples differ from analysis denominators?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Reuter's 90 participants and 3 arms, Monteiro's 33 participants and 8 weeks with 32 completers in the citation, Szefler-Derela's 40 participants and 6 weeks, and Cugusi's 20-person pilot are distinguished.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Group allocation, completion, assessment and analysis counts, missing-data handling and ITT materials are needed. Differences and totals are not newly calculated or summed.
- Required materials and conditions: Allocated, completed and endpoint-specific analysis samples
- Materials to obtain first: Group allocation, completion, assessment and analysis counts, missing-data handling and ITT materials are needed. Differences and totals are not newly calculated or summed.
- Further research: Material needed: Group allocation, completion, assessment and analysis counts, missing-data handling and ITT materials are needed. Differences and totals are not newly calculated or summed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Allocated, completed and endpoint-specific analysis samples must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Allocated, completed and endpoint-specific analysis samples is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N19 · What is known about randomization and masking?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The stored evidence labels randomized trials, with single masking for Monteiro and lack of masking plus multiple endpoints for Reuter. Actual masking by role remains unverified.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Sequence generation, concealment, masking roles and maintenance, missingness, deviations and measurement procedures are needed. No new official RoB2 assessment is executed.
- Required materials and conditions: Allocation, concealment, assessors, deviations and measurement
- Materials to obtain first: Sequence generation, concealment, masking roles and maintenance, missingness, deviations and measurement procedures are needed. No new official RoB2 assessment is executed.
- Further research: Material needed: Sequence generation, concealment, masking roles and maintenance, missingness, deviations and measurement procedures are needed. No new official RoB2 assessment is executed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Allocation, concealment, assessors, deviations and measurement must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Allocation, concealment, assessors, deviations and measurement is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N20 · How do shared reports link to original trials?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Parent 3014 and its subclaims share reports. There are 3 original evidence entries and 4 citations; Cugusi is a bibliographic summary without a separate evidence entry.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Author, institution, recruitment-period, registration and cohort links are needed. Report slots and sheets are not certified as unique trials, participants or independent replications.
- Required materials and conditions: Report, cohort and participant overlap
- Materials to obtain first: Author, institution, recruitment-period, registration and cohort links are needed. Report slots and sheets are not certified as unique trials, participants or independent replications.
- Further research: Material needed: Author, institution, recruitment-period, registration and cohort links are needed. Report slots and sheets are not certified as unique trials, participants or independent replications. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Report, cohort and participant overlap must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Report, cohort and participant overlap is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N21 · Were registration and prespecified plans actually read?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Original evidence records registration as unverified. The standard-rehabilitation report's prespecified-primary UPDRS-III narrative is separate context; registration and plans for the selected ordinary-walking trial remain unread.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Trial registration, change histories, protocols, SAPs and prespecified analyses are needed. Unverified registration is not asserted to be absent.
- Required materials and conditions: Registration, protocols, SAPs and endpoint hierarchy
- Materials to obtain first: Trial registration, change histories, protocols, SAPs and prespecified analyses are needed. Unverified registration is not asserted to be absent.
- Further research: Material needed: Trial registration, change histories, protocols, SAPs and prespecified analyses are needed. Unverified registration is not asserted to be absent. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Registration, protocols, SAPs and endpoint hierarchy must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Registration, protocols, SAPs and endpoint hierarchy is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N22 · How were multiple endpoints and selective reporting handled?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The parent records small samples, lack of masking, multiple endpoints and selected functional signals. The primary endpoint and other outcomes are not combined at the same evidential level.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Original endpoint lists, analysis order, time points, multiplicity handling and complete results are needed. Selected positive findings are not expanded into recovery of every function.
- Required materials and conditions: Prespecified hierarchy, multiplicity and complete results
- Materials to obtain first: Original endpoint lists, analysis order, time points, multiplicity handling and complete results are needed. Selected positive findings are not expanded into recovery of every function.
- Further research: Material needed: Original endpoint lists, analysis order, time points, multiplicity handling and complete results are needed. Selected positive findings are not expanded into recovery of every function. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Prespecified hierarchy, multiplicity and complete results must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Prespecified hierarchy, multiplicity and complete results is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N23 · Are funding, equipment, affiliation and analysis involvement separated?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Specific Reuter funding is unverified. Monteiro records public funding and supplied poles; Szefler-Derela records no external funding and 1 author employed by Novartis. Cugusi funding remains unverified.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Disclosures on funding, equipment, company affiliation and COI, and design, analysis and publication involvement are needed. Public funding or no external funding does not certify absence of other involvement.
- Required materials and conditions: Separate checks of company involvement
- Materials to obtain first: Disclosures on funding, equipment, company affiliation and COI, and design, analysis and publication involvement are needed. Public funding or no external funding does not certify absence of other involvement.
- Further research: Material needed: Disclosures on funding, equipment, company affiliation and COI, and design, analysis and publication involvement are needed. Public funding or no external funding does not certify absence of other involvement. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Separate checks of company involvement must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Separate checks of company involvement is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N24 · What do the fall and injury records mean?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Falls in the 6-month trial were 4 with Nordic walking, 4 with ordinary walking and 1 with flexibility and relaxation. The original also records sprains, shoulder pain and heat-related hypotension.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Active collection, severity, repeated events versus affected people, harm denominators, exposure and causality are needed. Event records are not calculated as incidence rates or fall-prevention effects.
- Required materials and conditions: Harm events, affected people, exposure and denominators
- Materials to obtain first: Active collection, severity, repeated events versus affected people, harm denominators, exposure and causality are needed. Event records are not calculated as incidence rates or fall-prevention effects.
- Further research: Material needed: Active collection, severity, repeated events versus affected people, harm denominators, exposure and causality are needed. Event records are not calculated as incidence rates or fall-prevention effects. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Harm events, affected people, exposure and denominators must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Harm events, affected people, exposure and denominators is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N25 · Are safety boundaries for vulnerable patients established?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The original safety narrative states that poles do not correct freezing or orthostatic hypotension and records the need for professional assessment and a fall-prevention plan.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Vulnerable-patient eligibility and exclusions, assistance, supervision, stopping criteria and harms by medication state are needed. No new individual-care instructions or universal safety certification are created.
- Required materials and conditions: Freezing, impaired balance, orthostatic hypotension and supervision
- Materials to obtain first: Vulnerable-patient eligibility and exclusions, assistance, supervision, stopping criteria and harms by medication state are needed. No new individual-care instructions or universal safety certification are created.
- Further research: Material needed: Vulnerable-patient eligibility and exclusions, assistance, supervision, stopping criteria and harms by medication state are needed. No new individual-care instructions or universal safety certification are created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Freezing, impaired balance, orthostatic hypotension and supervision must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Freezing, impaired balance, orthostatic hypotension and supervision is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N26 · What is known about post-training durability and harms?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Training lasting weeks to 6 months is not post-training durability evidence. The separate subclaim leaves fall prevention and post-training durability unestablished.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Independent post-training follow-up, maintenance exercise, adherence, falls, injuries, rare harms and group denominators are needed.
- Required materials and conditions: During-training duration versus post-training follow-up
- Materials to obtain first: Independent post-training follow-up, maintenance exercise, adherence, falls, injuries, rare harms and group denominators are needed.
- Further research: Material needed: Independent post-training follow-up, maintenance exercise, adherence, falls, injuries, rare harms and group denominators are needed. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on During-training duration versus post-training follow-up must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on During-training duration versus post-training follow-up is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N27 · How does stored-summary reading differ from external-original reading?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The complete stored parent JSON was read. Historical citation-verification narratives and cross-check records are retained; external abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and SAPs remain unread.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Acquisition, access and reading histories for originals are needed. A URL is not promoted into actual full-text reading, successful access or completed content review.
- Required materials and conditions: Actual reading of summaries, abstracts, full texts, registration and plans
- Materials to obtain first: Acquisition, access and reading histories for originals are needed. A URL is not promoted into actual full-text reading, successful access or completed content review.
- Further research: Material needed: Acquisition, access and reading histories for originals are needed. A URL is not promoted into actual full-text reading, successful access or completed content review. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Actual reading of summaries, abstracts, full texts, registration and plans must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Actual reading of summaries, abstracts, full texts, registration and plans is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N28 · How do bilingual wording and representative facets relate?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Parent Korean, English and facets are retained. The representative 90-person, 6-month record is not used as a common value for the 40-person, 6-week or 33-person, 8-week comparisons.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Report-specific recruitment, programs, time points, endpoints and original terminology are needed. English translation is not labeled external English full-text verification.
- Required materials and conditions: Trial-specific populations, durations and comparisons
- Materials to obtain first: Report-specific recruitment, programs, time points, endpoints and original terminology are needed. English translation is not labeled external English full-text verification.
- Further research: Material needed: Report-specific recruitment, programs, time points, endpoints and original terminology are needed. English translation is not labeled external English full-text verification. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Trial-specific populations, durations and comparisons must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Trial-specific populations, durations and comparisons is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N29 · How do selected C and parent C54 differ?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: Selected C has no individual score, status or axes. Parent C54, Caution and B/P/R1/I2/E+/B2/CX remain parent context; the lower C narrative for the pole question is not converted into a new score.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: The selected-to-parent application boundary and original values must be preserved. No new grade, score or independent clinical certification is created.
- Required materials and conditions: Selected grade versus parent score, axes and safety label
- Materials to obtain first: The selected-to-parent application boundary and original values must be preserved. No new grade, score or independent clinical certification is created.
- Further research: Material needed: The selected-to-parent application boundary and original values must be preserved. No new grade, score or independent clinical certification is created. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Selected grade versus parent score, axes and safety label must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Selected grade versus parent score, axes and safety label is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

### N30 · How are evidence dates, production and correction events separated?

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Complete stored parent Korean and English summary, selected question and bibliography read; external abstracts, full text, registration, protocols and analysis plans unread

- Current findings: The existing evidence date 2026-09-07, empty corrections array and empty deliberation string are retained. The production date does not replace them as a new evidence-verification date.
- Why unverified: This state links partial information and gaps in the preserved selected and parent accounts. External verification and clinical content review remain incomplete; it does not certify fulfilled conditions, efficacy, safety, prespecification or independence.
- Reason for missing information: Material additions, condition revisions and verdict changes must remain separate events. Corrections or new evidence absent from the original are not invented.
- Required materials and conditions: Original evidence date, empty corrections and update records
- Materials to obtain first: Material additions, condition revisions and verdict changes must remain separate events. Corrections or new evidence absent from the original are not invented.
- Further research: Material needed: Material additions, condition revisions and verdict changes must remain separate events. Corrections or new evidence absent from the original are not invented. This records needed materials; no new research was executed.
- Conditions for verification: Original material on Original evidence date, empty corrections and update records must link to the same ordinary-walking control, pole component, endpoint, time point and denominators, distinguishing standard-rehabilitation programs, other controls, parent context and unread external material.
- Why this condition is needed: Material on Original evidence date, empty corrections and update records is needed to connect the selected added-pole-effect question with population, walking controls, training dose, endpoints, time points, denominators, precision and harm boundaries.
- Application exceptions: Selected pole C and absent individual score, status and axes are retained, distinguishing parent C54, separate program C and fall-and-durability D. Within-group improvement or standard-rehabilitation signals are not converted into added pole benefit; null results are not promoted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority. No new effects, CIs, denominators, totals, grades or individual-care guidance are created.
- Remaining uncertainty: Target effects, endpoint-specific denominators, measurement, prespecified hierarchy, bias, externally validated important differences, durability, harms, independence and overlap remain unverified. Original numbers, historical verification narratives and registration identifiers are not promoted into new calculations, completed content review or clinical certification.
- Referenced methods: Preserved principles distinguishing questions, direct comparisons, reports and trials, endpoints, denominators, precision and harms informed production.
- Related sources: R01, R02, R03, R04

## Evidence and sources

### R01

Reuter I et al. 2011

[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21603199/)

Materials actually read: The complete stored parent Korean and English accounts, original evidence and citations were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and SAPs remain unread.  
Findings recorded in the summary: Selected posture, stride and variability superiority was summarized in a 90-person, 6-month trial.  
Record level: These are selected-measure signals from a multi-arm trial including ordinary-walking and flexibility controls. Exact comparator-specific contrasts, time points, between-group values and CIs are unlinked; the signals are not expanded into all pole effects or used to remove another null direct walking result.  
Independent replication: Parent 3014 and the standard-rehabilitation, added-pole-effect, and falls-and-durability subclaims share reports. Reuter, Cugusi, Monteiro and Szefler-Derela are distinguished by controls, durations, endpoints and denominators; reports and sheets are not added into new unique trial, participant or independent-replication counts. Those totals remain unverified.

| Material | Public availability | Access status | Actually read | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stored existing review summary | Preserved copy of the complete parent-verdict stored summary | Stored summary | Summary read | PMID21603199 and DOI10.4061/2011/232473 are retained. Academic-study, specific-funding-unverified, multiple-endpoint and unmasked descriptions are original records. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| External abstract | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID21603199 and DOI10.4061/2011/232473 are retained. Academic-study, specific-funding-unverified, multiple-endpoint and unmasked descriptions are original records. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| External full text | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID21603199 and DOI10.4061/2011/232473 are retained. Academic-study, specific-funding-unverified, multiple-endpoint and unmasked descriptions are original records. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| Registration material | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID21603199 and DOI10.4061/2011/232473 are retained. Academic-study, specific-funding-unverified, multiple-endpoint and unmasked descriptions are original records. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| Protocol and analysis plan | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID21603199 and DOI10.4061/2011/232473 are retained. Academic-study, specific-funding-unverified, multiple-endpoint and unmasked descriptions are original records. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |

### R02

Cugusi L et al. 2017 · Bibliographic summary

[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27798812/)

Materials actually read: The complete stored parent Korean and English accounts, original evidence and citations were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and SAPs remain unread.  
Findings recorded in the summary: The original citation summarizes functional signals from a 20-person treadmill pilot.  
Record level: This is a citation-only treadmill pilot without a separate original evidence entry, exact effects or CIs. Separation of exercise dose, instruction and the pole component remains unverified. Values from other trials are not copied.  
Independent replication: Parent 3014 and the standard-rehabilitation, added-pole-effect, and falls-and-durability subclaims share reports. Reuter, Cugusi, Monteiro and Szefler-Derela are distinguished by controls, durations, endpoints and denominators; reports and sheets are not added into new unique trial, participant or independent-replication counts. Those totals remain unverified.

| Material | Public availability | Access status | Actually read | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stored existing review summary | Preserved copy of the complete parent-verdict stored summary | Stored summary | Summary read | This is the citation-only pilot with PMID27798812 and DOI10.1007/s40520-016-0648-9. No separate original evidence entry or quantitative effect is created. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| External abstract | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | This is the citation-only pilot with PMID27798812 and DOI10.1007/s40520-016-0648-9. No separate original evidence entry or quantitative effect is created. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| External full text | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | This is the citation-only pilot with PMID27798812 and DOI10.1007/s40520-016-0648-9. No separate original evidence entry or quantitative effect is created. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| Registration material | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | This is the citation-only pilot with PMID27798812 and DOI10.1007/s40520-016-0648-9. No separate original evidence entry or quantitative effect is created. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| Protocol and analysis plan | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | This is the citation-only pilot with PMID27798812 and DOI10.1007/s40520-016-0648-9. No separate original evidence entry or quantitative effect is created. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |

### R03

Monteiro EP et al. 2021

[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32529596/)

Materials actually read: The complete stored parent Korean and English accounts, original evidence and citations were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and SAPs remain unread.  
Findings recorded in the summary: The 33-person, 8-week report records no superiority with UPDRS group-by-time P=.352. The original citation separately records 32 completers.  
Record level: This is the core direct ordinary-walking comparison for the selected question. The null UPDRS group-by-time result, lack of superiority and citation's all-null narrative are retained, while exact scale scope, complete endpoint tables, effects, CIs and denominators remain unverified. Null results are not converted into exact effect 0, equivalence or noninferiority.  
Independent replication: Parent 3014 and the standard-rehabilitation, added-pole-effect, and falls-and-durability subclaims share reports. Reuter, Cugusi, Monteiro and Szefler-Derela are distinguished by controls, durations, endpoints and denominators; reports and sheets are not added into new unique trial, participant or independent-replication counts. Those totals remain unverified.

| Material | Public availability | Access status | Actually read | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stored existing review summary | Preserved copy of the complete parent-verdict stored summary | Stored summary | Summary read | PMID32529596 and DOI10.1007/s40520-020-01617-w are retained. Public-funding and supplied-pole narratives are distinguished without promotion into independence certification. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| External abstract | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID32529596 and DOI10.1007/s40520-020-01617-w are retained. Public-funding and supplied-pole narratives are distinguished without promotion into independence certification. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| External full text | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID32529596 and DOI10.1007/s40520-020-01617-w are retained. Public-funding and supplied-pole narratives are distinguished without promotion into independence certification. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| Registration material | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID32529596 and DOI10.1007/s40520-020-01617-w are retained. Public-funding and supplied-pole narratives are distinguished without promotion into independence certification. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| Protocol and analysis plan | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID32529596 and DOI10.1007/s40520-020-01617-w are retained. Public-funding and supplied-pole narratives are distinguished without promotion into independence certification. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |

### R04

Szefler-Derela J et al. 2020

[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32708938/)

Materials actually read: The complete stored parent Korean and English accounts, original evidence and citations were read. External abstracts, full texts, registration, protocols and SAPs remain unread.  
Findings recorded in the summary: Median UPDRS-III reductions of 8.5 versus 6.0, P=.047 and null DGI P=.064 in the 40-person, 6-week trial are distinguished.  
Record level: This is a separate whole-program comparison versus standard rehabilitation. The original primary UPDRS-III signal and null DGI are retained without conversion into the same evidence for added pole benefit over ordinary walking. Registration, plans, original CIs and denominators remain unread or unverified.  
Independent replication: Parent 3014 and the standard-rehabilitation, added-pole-effect, and falls-and-durability subclaims share reports. Reuter, Cugusi, Monteiro and Szefler-Derela are distinguished by controls, durations, endpoints and denominators; reports and sheets are not added into new unique trial, participant or independent-replication counts. Those totals remain unverified.

| Material | Public availability | Access status | Actually read | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stored existing review summary | Preserved copy of the complete parent-verdict stored summary | Stored summary | Summary read | PMID32708938 and DOI10.3390/medicina56070356 are retained. Both reported absence of external funding and 1 author employed by Novartis are preserved. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| External abstract | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID32708938 and DOI10.3390/medicina56070356 are retained. Both reported absence of external funding and 1 author employed by Novartis are preserved. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| External full text | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID32708938 and DOI10.3390/medicina56070356 are retained. Both reported absence of external funding and 1 author employed by Novartis are preserved. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| Registration material | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID32708938 and DOI10.3390/medicina56070356 are retained. Both reported absence of external funding and 1 author employed by Novartis are preserved. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |
| Protocol and analysis plan | Original bibliographic link or needed material; external public availability/access status unverified | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | PMID32708938 and DOI10.3390/medicina56070356 are retained. Both reported absence of external funding and 1 author employed by Novartis are preserved. The stored summary date 2026-09-07 is a historical evidence date. Dates for unread external materials were originally unrecorded; acquisition, access, reading and current completed-review dates are not filled in. Unverified registration identifiers are not converted into absence of registration. |

## Review criteria and methods

These are Chamgap's own application conditions, informed by the relevant sections of official methodological guidance. They do not constitute official assessment-tool certification or a new efficacy score.

- M03 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-03) · §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.3, MECIR C5/C7/C13 · Clearly record the question, eligibility conditions and reasons for changes, and distinguish variations in interventions. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.
- M04 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5.1 (2025), chapter updated 2025-03](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-04) · §4.5, §4.6.1–4.6.3, MECIR C42 · Distinguish studies from reports and link them; do not omit a study solely because results are unreported. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.
- M08 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-08) · §8.1–8.2.3, Table 8.2.a · Define the outcome and effect of interest, then examine randomization, deviations, missing data, measurement and selective reporting. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.
- M15 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-15) · §15.2.4, §15.3.1–15.3.3 · Distinguish effect estimates, intervals, importance and applicability. Sample size alone does not determine precision. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.
- M19 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-19) · §19.1.2, §19.2.1–19.2.4 · Harm questions may require different designs, populations and follow-up from efficacy questions. Case reports do not establish incidence rates. · Existing methodological links were reused for production. External originals were not reread and methodological content was not reassessed.

## What the statuses mean

- Partly verified: Partial information from the stored summary is linked; detailed originals and content review remain incomplete.
- Unverified: Required details cannot be established within the preserved scope. This does not establish absence of effects or studies, or safety.
- Review incomplete: Review of existing content remains incomplete.
- Met: This state is used only within the relevant conditions after material verification and content review. It was not automatically assigned in this work.
- Not reported: Unreported within material actually read. Unread external material is not relabeled as unreported.
- Inaccessible: This means actual access failure. External access was not attempted in this work, so this state was not assigned.
- Not applicable: Used only with an application exception and reason based on the question scope.
- Conflicting data: This requires actual comparison of materials; no new conflict judgment was made in this work.
- Insufficient evidence for the conditions: This indicates gaps in additional material for the selected conditions. Unread material as a whole is not converted into an efficacy grade.

## Change history

2026-10-21 · Public page/materials 1.0. Public-facing views and materials were prepared from the existing 30 items. No new clinical search, verification-status change or scoring was performed.