# Winter cod liver oil × Reduced other acute respiratory infections

Verdict 2972 · Evidence Check

Stored-material review date: Not recorded  
Original evidence cut-off: 2026-08-26  
Review-criteria version: 1.0  
Public page/material preparation date: 2026-10-14

Clinical papers were not read directly; existing review summaries were checked. No new clinical-literature search was performed. Unverified does not mean that research is absent or that there is no effect.

## Assessment scope

- Population: Winter trial in Norwegian adults not taking vitamin D supplements daily. Original randomized denominators: 34,601 adults, 17,278/17,323. Detailed eligibility, baseline vitamin D/conditions, indicator-specific observations/denominators and missingness/withdrawals remain unverified.
- Ingredient, formulation and route: Combination cod-liver-oil study product 5 mL/day supplied vitamin D 10 µg and about 1 g n-3 fatty acids. It is not repurposed as single-ingredient, deficiency-treatment or high-dose vitamin D effects; no new intake/prevention/treatment instructions or dose conversion.
- Dose: Original 5 mL/day, median 164 days of use and about six winter months are preserved separately. Identical/complete exposure in every participant, daily adherence/discontinuation and follow-up windows remain unverified; no new duration/exposure conversion.
- Comparator: Quadruple-blinded randomized comparison with flavour-matched corn-oil placebo. Independent-department allocation, role-specific masking, all-randomized ITT and 0.05% key-variable missingness are preserved historical descriptions, not current procedural/original-text verification. Actual sensory matching, concurrent exposures and variable-specific missingness/observation remain unverified.
- Measured outcome: Two selected other-ARI-related indicators: negative SARS-CoV-2 tests, 8,546 versus 8,565, RR 1.00 (0.97–1.04), and self-reported ARI, 3,964 versus 3,834, RR 1.04 (0.97–1.11). Negative tests are not converted to other-pathogen/clinician-confirmed ARI. PCR infection 227/228, RR 1.00 (0.82–1.22), and serious outcomes 121/101, RR 1.20 (0.87–1.65), remain separate related outcomes. Original four-coprimary/fallback/adjusted-CI descriptions are preserved; no new people/event/test/symptom-day totals, proportions/effects/CI.
- Duration: Winter use for a median 164 days/about six months. Actual individual observations/tests/reports/discontinuation, repetitions/symptom days and later/other-season effects remain unverified.
- Questions outside this scope: Converting negative SARS tests to the same infection endpoint as other-pathogen/clinician-confirmed ARI or self-reported ARI; Repurposing PCR/serious counts, RR or CI as selected ARI events/effects; Combining four indicators/tests/symptom days/repeated counts into new people/events/period effects; Converting no baseline daily supplements to confirmed normal/deficient status or repurposing combination 5 mL/vitamin D 10 µg/about 1 g n-3 as high-dose/deficiency-treatment/single-ingredient effects; Treating ITT/0.05% key-variable missingness as complete observation or identical denominators for all variables/indicators; Converting original RR/adjusted CI/fallback/null findings into new exactly-zero-effect/equivalence/all-population-null certification; Summing people/groups/tests/events/timepoints/bibliographies, registrations or sibling sheets as new independent trials/participants; Inheriting original parent values/axes or historical verification/registration/allocation/masking/analysis wording as subclaim scores or current content review/full-text reading; New calculations, invented quantities, effects/CI, grades/independence certification or cod-liver-oil/vitamin/product-use/testing/infection-prevention/respiratory-management/treatment-replacement instructions

## Checklist items

### N01 · Selected ARI question and original grade

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: The selected subclaim is reduced other acute respiratory infections, grade D, with a note that both indicators were null. Subclaim score/status/axes are absent; parent D with 34 points is not used to fill the subclaim score.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Subclaim score/status/axes are absent; PCR/serious results are not transferred to the same ARI outcome. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Subclaim score/status/axes are absent; PCR/serious results are not transferred to the same ARI outcome.
- Required materials and conditions: Existing question/grade/note versus the parent coprimary verdict
- Materials to obtain first: Original selected-subclaim/parent records and user correction comments
- Further research: Proposed follow-up comparative research specifying the ARI question/indicators; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Existing question/grade/note versus the parent coprimary verdict should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Existing question/grade/note versus the parent coprimary verdict to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M03 §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.4 question-clarification principles; detailed separation rules are custom design; M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptation is custom design; M04 §4.5, §4.6.3; limits on current material conversion reflect the review scope and custom design
- Related sources: S01

### N02 · Norwegian adults and routine supplementation

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: This was a winter trial in Norwegian adults not routinely taking vitamin D daily. Do not extend the effect to every population/season or those taking daily supplements.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Age/baseline conditions, eligibility/recruitment, diet/baseline supplement amounts and balance by population remain unverified. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Age/baseline conditions, eligibility/recruitment, diet/baseline supplement amounts and balance by population remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Actual population, eligibility, routine vitamin D exposure and season
- Materials to obtain first: Population/recruitment and baseline characteristics/supplement-exposure tables
- Further research: Proposed follow-up research specifying population and prior exposure; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Actual population, eligibility, routine vitamin D exposure and season should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Actual population, eligibility, routine vitamin D exposure and season to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.1; Detailed population conditions are Chamgap design; M03 §3.2.1–3.2.4; Dose, duration and effect-modifier details are Chamgap design
- Related sources: S01

### N03 · Baseline vitamin D status and treatment scope

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: Not taking daily vitamin D supplements is not converted to confirmed normal vitamin D or deficiency. The original verdict records that deficiency treatment is outside scope.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Baseline vitamin D measurements/distribution, deficiency diagnoses and status-specific analyses remain unverified. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Baseline vitamin D measurements/distribution, deficiency diagnoses and status-specific analyses remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Supplement habits versus deficiency diagnosis/baseline status
- Materials to obtain first: Baseline status, measurement/subgroup analyses and eligibility materials
- Further research: Proposed research separating baseline status from the selected combination-product scope; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Supplement habits versus deficiency diagnosis/baseline status should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Supplement habits versus deficiency diagnosis/baseline status to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.1; Detailed population criteria are designed by CHAMGAP; M03 §3.2.1–3.2.4; Dose, duration and effect-modification details are designed by CHAMGAP; M03 §3.2.2–3.2.3; Reverse labels and test adaptations are designed by CHAMGAP
- Related sources: S01

### N04 · Combination-study product identity

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: Cod liver oil 5 mL/day supplied vitamin D 10 µg and about 1 g n-3 fatty acids. The combination result is not transferred to vitamin D/omega-3 alone or high-dose treatment; no new dose conversion is made.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Product/batches, full ingredient/specification details and direct single-ingredient effects remain unverified. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Product/batches, full ingredient/specification details and direct single-ingredient effects remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Cod-liver-oil product/combination ingredients versus single-ingredient attribution
- Materials to obtain first: Study-product ingredients/manufacture and combination/individual attribution materials
- Further research: Proposed follow-up research separating the same combination product from ingredient attribution; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Cod-liver-oil product/combination ingredients versus single-ingredient attribution should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Cod-liver-oil product/combination ingredients versus single-ingredient attribution to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.2–3.2.3; Reverse-direction labels and assessment adaptation are Chamgap design; M03 §3.2.3 and M08 §8.2.2–8.2.3; Chamgap application
- Related sources: S01

### N05 · Flavour-matched corn-oil placebo

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: The comparator was flavour-matched corn-oil placebo. The name does not establish matching of every ingredient/sensory/contact feature or absence of biological placebo effects.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Placebo composition/specifications, maintained masking, contact/instructions and other exposure differences remain unverified. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Placebo composition/specifications, maintained masking, contact/instructions and other exposure differences remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Actual placebo, ingredients/sensory features and contact comparison
- Materials to obtain first: Placebo/sensory, manufacture and contact/masking data
- Further research: Proposed follow-up trial disclosing actual comparison conditions; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Actual placebo, ingredients/sensory features and contact comparison should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Actual placebo, ingredients/sensory features and contact comparison to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.2–3.2.3; reverse-direction labels and testing adaptations are internally designed; M08 Table 8.2.a, M03 §3.2.4; internal application
- Related sources: S01

### N06 · Winter and a median 164 days

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: Original median 164 days of use and about six winter months are preserved. Do not turn this into identical exact duration/complete intake for everyone or a sustained year-round effect.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Individual durations, start/end/assessment windows, actual exposure/discontinuation and follow-up periods remain unverified. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Individual durations, start/end/assessment windows, actual exposure/discontinuation and follow-up periods remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Duration/median versus individual exposure/observation windows
- Materials to obtain first: Duration/visits, exposure/discontinuation and follow-up materials
- Further research: Proposed follow-up research separating planned/actual duration and season; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Duration/median versus individual exposure/observation windows should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Duration/median versus individual exposure/observation windows to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4 and M15 §§15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptation is Chamgap-designed; M03 §3.2.3 and M08 §§8.2.2–8.2.3; Chamgap adaptation; M03 §§3.2.1–3.2.4; dose, durability and effect-modification details are Chamgap-designed
- Related sources: S01

### N07 · Independent allocation department and concealment

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: The original text records randomization by Oslo University Hospital’s research-support department without investigator involvement. This is not upgraded to current allocation/concealment verification.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Sequence/concealment, implementation/exceptions, baseline balance and original protocol remain unread. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Sequence/concealment, implementation/exceptions, baseline balance and original protocol remain unread.
- Required materials and conditions: Historical randomization procedures versus actual original-text access
- Materials to obtain first: Original allocation/concealment, baseline and protocol materials
- Further research: Proposed follow-up trial disclosing allocation procedures; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Historical randomization procedures versus actual original-text access should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Historical randomization procedures versus actual original-text access to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M08 §8.1–8.2.3; internal application; M04 §4.5–4.6 collection/selection principles; access/reading separation and hyperlink specifications are internally designed
- Related sources: S01

### N08 · Quadruple masking and each role

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: The original text records quadruple masking and masking of several roles to assignment. Historical descriptions do not establish current verification of maintenance/unmasking or expectation effects on self-reports.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Original masking success/maintenance, unmasking, measurement/analysis roles and expectation effects remain unread. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Original masking success/maintenance, unmasking, measurement/analysis roles and expectation effects remain unread.
- Required materials and conditions: Masking of participants, researchers/care and data/assessment/analysis personnel
- Materials to obtain first: Original masking roles/maintenance and measurement/analysis materials
- Further research: Proposed follow-up research specifying masking and self-reported measurement; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Masking of participants, researchers/care and data/assessment/analysis personnel should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Masking of participants, researchers/care and data/assessment/analysis personnel to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M03 §3.2.4; CHAMGAP adaptation; Material collection/selection principles in M04 §4.5–4.6; Separating access from reading and defining hyperlink behavior are designed by CHAMGAP
- Related sources: S01

### N09 · Self-reported ARI definition

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: One selected indicator is self-reported acute respiratory infection. It is not converted to test/clinician-confirmed other-pathogen infection, PCR COVID-19 or serious outcomes.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Symptom/question definitions, recall/report windows, medical/test confirmation and first/repeated-event handling remain unverified. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Symptom/question definitions, recall/report windows, medical/test confirmation and first/repeated-event handling remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Self-report, symptoms, diagnostic confirmation and first/repeated infections
- Materials to obtain first: Self-reported ARI definitions, questionnaires/adjudication and event-handling data
- Further research: Proposed follow-up research separating self-reports from confirmed infections; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Self-report, symptoms, diagnostic confirmation and first/repeated infections should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Self-report, symptoms, diagnostic confirmation and first/repeated infections to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are internally designed; M08 Table 8.2.a, M03 §3.2.4; internal application; M08 §8.2.2, M15 §15.3.1; internal application
- Related sources: S01

### N10 · Self-reported ARI counts and RR

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: Original self-reported ARI was 3,964 versus 3,834, RR 1.04 (0.97–1.11). No new proportions/absolute differences/CI or symptom-day/event totals are calculated.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Whether counts concern people/first/repeated events, effective denominators, adjustments/models and exact P values remain unverified. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Whether counts concern people/first/repeated events, effective denominators, adjustments/models and exact P values remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Original counts/effects/CI and exact units/denominators
- Materials to obtain first: ARI result tables, units/denominators and model/CI materials
- Further research: Proposed research disclosing units/denominators together with effects; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Original counts/effects/CI and exact units/denominators should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Original counts/effects/CI and exact units/denominators to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3, M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are internally designed; M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; internal application; M08 §8.2.2, M15 §15.3.1; internal application
- Related sources: S01

### N11 · Negative SARS-CoV-2 test indicator

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: Negative SARS-CoV-2 tests were a separate coprimary indicator: 8,546 versus 8,565, RR 1.00 (0.97–1.04). They are not treated as other-pathogen diagnoses or the same outcome as self-reported ARI.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Testing populations/reasons, units/repetition, test types, accompanying symptoms and other-pathogen confirmation remain unverified. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Testing populations/reasons, units/repetition, test types, accompanying symptoms and other-pathogen confirmation remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Negative tests versus ARI/other-pathogen confirmation
- Materials to obtain first: Negative-test definitions and testing/symptom/confirmation materials
- Further research: Proposed follow-up research separating negative tests from actual ARI confirmation; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Negative tests versus ARI/other-pathogen confirmation should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Negative tests versus ARI/other-pathogen confirmation to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are internally designed; M08 Table 8.2.a, M03 §3.2.4; internal application; M08 §8.2.2, M15 §15.3.1; internal application
- Related sources: S01

### N12 · Testing selection and confirmed-ARI gaps

Verification status: Unverified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: Original materials record negative tests and self-reported ARI separately. The indicators are not combined into new clinician/pathogen-confirmed ARI counts.
- Why unverified: Required current information remains unverified in the preserved summary. Testing/reporting flow, symptom/test timing, sensitivity/adjudication and separate confirmed non-COVID ARI results remain unverified. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Testing/reporting flow, symptom/test timing, sensitivity/adjudication and separate confirmed non-COVID ARI results remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Self-report/testing and confirmed/unconfirmed infection scope
- Materials to obtain first: Testing/reporting flow and confirmed-ARI definitions/results
- Further research: Proposed research separating self-report/testing selection from confirmed results; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Self-report/testing and confirmed/unconfirmed infection scope should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Self-report/testing and confirmed/unconfirmed infection scope to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M03 §3.2.4; own application; M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptation is independently designed; M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3, M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptation is independently designed
- Related sources: S01

### N13 · PCR COVID-19 is a related outcome

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: Original PCR infection was 227 versus 228, RR 1.00 (adjusted 95% CI 0.82–1.22). This is not transferred to events/effects for self-reported ARI or negative tests.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Specific PCR tests/denominators/models and ARI overlap/exclusion remain unverified. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Specific PCR tests/denominators/models and ARI overlap/exclusion remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: PCR-confirmed COVID-19 versus other ARI endpoints
- Materials to obtain first: PCR/ARI definitions, overlap/denominators and models
- Further research: Proposed follow-up research reporting related endpoints separately; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for PCR-confirmed COVID-19 versus other ARI endpoints should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing PCR-confirmed COVID-19 versus other ARI endpoints to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are internally designed; M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 distinguishes studies from reports; cohort/outcome links are an internal application; M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; internal application
- Related sources: S01

### N14 · Serious COVID-19 is a related outcome

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: Original serious COVID-19 was 121 versus 101, RR 1.20 (0.87–1.65). Do not combine this as selected ARI severity/effects or all infection events.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Serious components/adjudication, effective denominators, overlap/models and selected ARI severity remain unverified. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Serious components/adjudication, effective denominators, overlap/models and selected ARI severity remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Serious-outcome definitions/events/ratios versus other ARI
- Materials to obtain first: Serious/PCR/ARI definitions, components/overlap and results
- Further research: Proposed follow-up research separating endpoint components/overlap; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Serious-outcome definitions/events/ratios versus other ARI should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Serious-outcome definitions/events/ratios versus other ARI to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are internally designed; M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 distinguishes studies from reports; cohort/outcome links are an internal application; M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; internal application
- Related sources: S01

### N15 · Four coprimary outcomes and fallback

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: Original descriptions of four coprimary endpoints, prespecified fallback multiplicity control and all-null findings are preserved. Each indicator is not turned into an independent trial or new success/exactly-zero-effect verdict for a single subclaim.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Fallback rules/order, full adjustment/testing specifications and SAP/amendments remain unread. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Fallback rules/order, full adjustment/testing specifications and SAP/amendments remain unread.
- Required materials and conditions: Coprimary outcomes/multiplicity, adjusted CI and prespecified hierarchy
- Materials to obtain first: Original registration/protocol/SAP and multiplicity/CI materials
- Further research: Proposed follow-up research specifying coprimary outcomes and adjusted results; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Coprimary outcomes/multiplicity, adjusted CI and prespecified hierarchy should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Coprimary outcomes/multiplicity, adjusted CI and prespecified hierarchy to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M04 §4.6.3; internal application; M04 §4.6.3, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; status separation is internally designed; M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 distinguishes studies from reports; cohort/outcome links are an internal application
- Related sources: S01

### N16 · 34,601·17,278/17,323

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: Original randomization of 34,601 adults and arm sizes 17,278/17,323 are preserved. They are not automatically filled in as every indicator’s observation/person/event denominator.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Indicator-specific effective/observed/at-risk denominators, repeated tests/reports and unobserved-data definitions remain unverified. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Indicator-specific effective/observed/at-risk denominators, repeated tests/reports and unobserved-data definitions remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Randomized population versus indicator-specific observations/denominators
- Materials to obtain first: Randomized/indicator-specific denominators and observation/report flow
- Further research: Proposed follow-up research distinguishing recruitment/observation/analysis denominators; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Randomized population versus indicator-specific observations/denominators should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Randomized population versus indicator-specific observations/denominators to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3 and M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; Design-specific adaptation is Chamgap design; M08 §8.2.2 and M15 §15.3.1; Chamgap application
- Related sources: S01

### N17 · ITT and 0.05% key-variable missingness

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: Original ITT for all randomized participants and 0.05% key-variable missingness are preserved. They do not verify no missingness or complete observation for every questionnaire/test/symptom-day outcome.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Variable/arm/period-specific missingness, handling/models, follow-up/sensitivity and actual original text remain unread. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Variable/arm/period-specific missingness, handling/models, follow-up/sensitivity and actual original text remain unread.
- Required materials and conditions: Analysis by assignment and variable-specific missingness/handling scope
- Materials to obtain first: Variable-specific missingness, analysis populations and handling/sensitivity data
- Further research: Proposed research reporting differences between variable-specific observation and ITT estimation; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Analysis by assignment and variable-specific missingness/handling scope should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Analysis by assignment and variable-specific missingness/handling scope to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3, M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are internally designed; M08 §8.2.2, M15 §15.3.1; internal application; M04 §4.5–4.6 collection/selection principles; access/reading separation and hyperlink specifications are internally designed
- Related sources: S01

### N18 · People, symptom days, repetitions and tests

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: The four original counts/indicators are preserved separately. People, infection episodes, symptom days, tests and related sheets are not counted as new participant/event/independent-trial totals.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. First/all/repeated-event definitions, symptom days, individual overlap and period-specific observation/time remain unverified. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: First/all/repeated-event definitions, symptom days, individual overlap and period-specific observation/time remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Outcome units and repetition/time overlap handling
- Materials to obtain first: Indicator-specific units/repetition, time and overlap data
- Further research: Proposed research separately reporting people/events/days/test units; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Outcome units and repetition/time overlap handling should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Outcome units and repetition/time overlap handling to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 distinguishes studies from reports; cohort/outcome links are an internal application; M03 §3.2.4, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; question-specific outcome adaptations are internally designed; M08 Table 8.2.a, M15 §15.3, M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; design-specific adaptations are internally designed
- Related sources: S01

### N19 · Actual intake and concurrent exposures

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: 5 mL/day and a median 164 days describe study exposure/duration. Actual complete intake or matching of concurrent vitamins/medications and lifestyle/prevention/testing conditions are not confirmed.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Adherence/discontinuation, additional supplements/medications, lifestyle/prevention, testing/contact and their analyses remain unverified. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Adherence/discontinuation, additional supplements/medications, lifestyle/prevention, testing/contact and their analyses remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Original exposure/duration versus adherence, vitamins and behaviour/testing differences
- Materials to obtain first: Actual exposure, adherence/discontinuation and concurrent-condition data
- Further research: Proposed follow-up research specifying actual exposure and concurrent conditions; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Original exposure/duration versus adherence, vitamins and behaviour/testing differences should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Original exposure/duration versus adherence, vitamins and behaviour/testing differences to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.3, M08 §8.2.2–8.2.3; own application; M03 §3.2.2–3.2.3; reverse-direction labels and test adaptations are our own design
- Related sources: S01

### N20 · Between-arm RR/CI and the scope of null findings

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: Original ARI-related RRs/CI are retained. Within-arm symptom changes, RR near 1.00 or nonsignificance do not newly establish exactly zero effect, equivalence or absence of benefit/harm in every population.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Exact contrasts/models, adjustments, P, importance/equivalence criteria and indicator-specific estimation specifications remain unread. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Exact contrasts/models, adjustments, P, importance/equivalence criteria and indicator-specific estimation specifications remain unread.
- Required materials and conditions: Original relative effects/adjusted CI, within/between-arm and zero/equivalence distinctions
- Materials to obtain first: Indicator-specific models, contrasts/CI and prespecified criteria
- Further research: Proposed follow-up research reporting effects/precision and applicability; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Original relative effects/adjusted CI, within/between-arm and zero/equivalence distinctions should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Original relative effects/adjusted CI, within/between-arm and zero/equivalence distinctions to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M08 §8.2.2, M15 §15.3.1; internal application; M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; internal application; M04 §4.6.3, M15 §15.3.1–15.3.3; status separation is internally designed
- Related sources: S01

### N21 · NCT, prespecified dates and original plans

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: Original NCT04609423, posted 2020-10-30 and started 2020-11-10, are retained. Prospective/matching-coprimary descriptions are not upgraded to current full registration/plan verification.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Registration amendments, protocol/SAP and full indicator definition/testing/plans remain unread. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Registration amendments, protocol/SAP and full indicator definition/testing/plans remain unread.
- Required materials and conditions: Registration identifier/dates and preserved prespecified coprimary scope
- Materials to obtain first: Registration history, protocol, and SAP
- Further research: Proposed research linking and disclosing prespecified coprimary outcomes and actual analysis; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Registration identifier/dates and preserved prespecified coprimary scope should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Registration identifier/dates and preserved prespecified coprimary scope to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M08 Table 8.2.a, M04 §4.6.3; custom application; M04 §4.5–4.6 material-collection/selection principles; separation of access/reading and hyperlink conventions are custom design; M04 §4.5, §4.6.3; limits on current material conversion reflect the review scope and custom design
- Related sources: S01

### N22 · Manufacturer funding and products/placebo

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: Möller’s Tran manufacturer Orkla Health AS supplied funding, cod liver oil and placebo. Original context of a large null report for its own product is retained; funding alone does not yield a new independence/effect verdict.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Contracts, design/analysis/data/publication authority, original support text and full product/batch details remain unread. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Contracts, design/analysis/data/publication authority, original support text and full product/batch details remain unread.
- Required materials and conditions: Orkla support items/roles and product identity
- Materials to obtain first: Funding, product/placebo supply and role disclosures
- Further research: Proposed follow-up trial disclosing support/research roles; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Orkla support items/roles and product identity should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Orkla support items/roles and product identity to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: Chamgap’s own independence/attribution conditions. Official methodological sections used in this pilot do not guarantee every detailed item; M03 §3.2.2–3.2.3; reverse-direction labels and testing adaptations are internally designed
- Related sources: S01

### N23 · University/hospital and other support

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: Original Oslo University Hospital/University of Oslo support is retained. Public/university support does not replace manufacturer support or establish absence of all other support/COI.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Cash/in-kind support, institutional roles, external analysis/medical writing/publication costs and full support disclosures remain unread. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Cash/in-kind support, institutional roles, external analysis/medical writing/publication costs and full support disclosures remain unread.
- Required materials and conditions: Oslo institutional support and item-specific roles
- Materials to obtain first: Institutional/other support and role/writing/publication disclosures
- Further research: Proposed research separately disclosing support items and roles; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Oslo institutional support and item-specific roles should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Oslo institutional support and item-specific roles to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: Chamgap's own conditions for independence and attribution. The official methodological sections used in this example do not validate every detail of these items.
- Related sources: S01

### N24 · Outside relationships and employee authors

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: Original KBH relationships with Olympic Seafood/Amgen/Sanofi, SMU with Olympic Seafood outside this study, and AS/KTK employment at Age Laboratories AS are retained. They are not converted to the same relationship as trial funding/product supply.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Relationships/contributions, contemporaneous contracts, diagnostic/analysis/data/publication roles and full COI disclosures remain unread. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Relationships/contributions, contemporaneous contracts, diagnostic/analysis/data/publication roles and full COI disclosures remain unread.
- Required materials and conditions: KBH/SMU outside relationships and AS/KTK affiliation scope
- Materials to obtain first: Original author affiliations/contributions and outside relationships/COI
- Further research: Proposed research distinguishing and disclosing relationships inside/outside the study and roles; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for KBH/SMU outside relationships and AS/KTK affiliation scope should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing KBH/SMU outside relationships and AS/KTK affiliation scope to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: Chamgap’s own independence/attribution conditions. Official methodological sections used in this pilot do not guarantee every detailed item; M04 §4.5, §4.6.3; current material-conversion limits follow review scope and internal design
- Related sources: S01

### N25 · One trial, four indicators and related sheets

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: S01 Brunvoll 2022 concerns the same trial of 34,601 adults. Four coprimary indicators, people/tests/time points, citations/registration and related sheets are not added as new independent trials/participants.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Independent replication matching formulation/population/ARI specifications and unique clinical totals are not established. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Independent replication matching formulation/population/ARI specifications and unique clinical totals are not established.
- Required materials and conditions: Report→cohort→indicator/time links and independent replication
- Materials to obtain first: Report/cohort/registration relationships and separate original studies
- Further research: Proposal for later independent comparative research on the same selected question; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in that production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Report→cohort→indicator/time links and independent replication should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Report→cohort→indicator/time links and independent replication to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: Study/report distinction in M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2; Cohort/outcome linkage is Chamgap application; M04 §4.6.1–4.6.2 and M15 §15.3.1; Chamgap application
- Related sources: S01

### N26 · Deficiency, high dose, ingredients and long-term scope

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: The original verdict does not address deficiency treatment, high-dose vitamin D or omega-3 alone. A null combination product is not transferred to direct verdicts for those conditions/other seasons/long-term outcomes or to intake/treatment guidance.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Direct comparisons for other formulations/exposures/populations, persistence afterwards and clinical outcomes remain unverified. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Direct comparisons for other formulations/exposures/populations, persistence afterwards and clinical outcomes remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Winter combination product versus other ingredient/treatment/duration applications
- Materials to obtain first: Direct formulation/population/duration-specific trials and follow-up data
- Further research: Proposed research distinguishing combination product from other application specifications; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Winter combination product versus other ingredient/treatment/duration applications should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Winter combination product versus other ingredient/treatment/duration applications to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M03 §3.2.1–3.2.4; dose/duration/effect-modification details are internally designed; M03 §3.2.2–3.2.3; reverse-direction labels and testing adaptations are internally designed; M03 §3.2.4; internal extension boundaries
- Related sources: S01

### N27 · Original safety record and low-grade reporting

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: Original parent good safety and low-grade side effects in both arms are retained. Scope is limited to tested dose/participants; rare/long-term harms or other-product safety are not verified.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Types/frequencies/denominators, collection/adjudication, discontinuation/causality and long-term/vulnerable-population harms remain unverified. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Types/frequencies/denominators, collection/adjudication, discontinuation/causality and long-term/vulnerable-population harms remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Low-grade side effects, arm-specific frequencies/denominators and long-term harms
- Materials to obtain first: Safety collection, adverse-event/discontinuation and long-term follow-up data
- Further research: Proposed research specifying harm collection/scope and follow-up; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Low-grade side effects, arm-specific frequencies/denominators and long-term harms should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Low-grade side effects, arm-specific frequencies/denominators and long-term harms to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Supplements safety-information gaps for the selected subclaim. ARI/test/PCR/serious results or parent safety wording do not yield safety verdicts, harm incidence or new use instructions.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; detailed distinctions are Chamgap’s own design; M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; Chamgap application; M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; Chamgap application; M19 §19.1.2–19.2.4; Chamgap application
- Related sources: S01

### N28 · Original axes, bilingual text, dates and history

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: Parent D with 34 points, B/H/R1/I0/E0/B0/C0, true large-hard-endpoint-RCT and two false indicators, empty override reasons and subclaim D/note are preserved. Bilingual text, 2026-08-26, empty corrections/deliberation and cross-checking are not inherited as completed clinical review now or subclaim scores.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. Absent subclaim score/status/axes are not filled with parent values; no new coprimary/method certification. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: Absent subclaim score/status/axes are not filled with parent values; no new coprimary/method certification.
- Required materials and conditions: Original parent/subclaim values, axes, corrections and historical verification
- Materials to obtain first: Original corrections, versions and user correction comments
- Further research: Proposed research distinguishing original values/history from new-update scope; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in this production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Original parent/subclaim values, axes, corrections and historical verification should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Original parent/subclaim values, axes, corrections and historical verification to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M04 §4.5, §4.6.3; limits of this material conversion follow the review scope and internal design; M03 §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.4 question-clarification principles; detailed separation rules are internally designed
- Related sources: S01

### N29 · Actual summary reading, links and gaps

Verification status: Partly verified  
Reading scope: Summary read; external material unread

- Current findings: The full preserved summary/citations were used for production and links retained. Original papers/registration/protocol/SAP/support/COI materials remain unread, access unattempted and external links untested.
- Why unverified: Only relevant preserved-summary information is recorded; detailed originals remain unread and existing content review incomplete. External original content, exact definitions/denominators/models and accessibility remain unverified. Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Reason for missing information: External original content, exact definitions/denominators/models and accessibility remain unverified.
- Required materials and conditions: Reading preserved summaries versus external text/registration/plan access
- Materials to obtain first: Original paper, registration, protocol, SAP and support materials or user comments
- Further research: Proposal for updating while distinguishing actual acquisition/timing/scope; no new investigation, calculation or trial was performed in that production.
- Conditions for verification: Relevant originals and analysis scope for Reading preserved summaries versus external text/registration/plan access should be available, with unverified items distinguished. Preserved wording is linked here; existing content review remains incomplete.
- Why this condition is needed: An application item distinguishing Reading preserved summaries versus external text/registration/plan access to connect materials needed for the selected question with available materials.
- Application exceptions: Limited to the stored summary for the selected formulation, population, endpoint and period. It does not substitute for numbers from other formulations/trials/endpoints or unread external material.
- Remaining uncertainty: This record links preserved-summary statements; it does not establish external-paper comparison, a new efficacy verdict or completed content review.
- Referenced methods: M04 §4.5–4.6 material collection/selection principles; acquisition/reading separation and hyperlink specifications are internally designed; M04 §4.5, §4.6.3; limits of this material conversion follow the review scope and internal design
- Related sources: S01

## Evidence and sources

### S01

Brunvoll SH et al. 2022

[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36215222/)

Materials actually read: Summary read; external material unread  
Findings recorded in the summary: 227 vs 228, RR 1.00 (0.82–1.22); 121 vs 101, RR 1.20 (0.87–1.65); 8,546 vs 8,565, RR 1.00 (0.97–1.04); 3,964 vs 3,834, RR 1.04 (0.97–1.11)  
Record level: Outcome wording in the stored summary  
Independent replication: S01 Brunvoll 2022 reports a quadruple-blinded winter trial in 34,601 Norwegian adults (17,278/17,323) not routinely taking vitamin D daily, comparing cod liver oil 5 mL/day with flavour-matched corn oil. Median 164 days/about six months, four coprimary outcomes/fallback/ITT and 0.05% key-variable missingness are original descriptions. Selected ARI-related negative tests 8,546/8,565, RR 1.00 (0.97–1.04), are distinguished from self-reports 3,964/3,834, RR 1.04 (0.97–1.11); negative tests are not converted to other-pathogen/clinician-confirmed infection. PCR 227/228, RR 1.00 (0.82–1.22), and serious outcomes 121/101, RR 1.20 (0.87–1.65), remain separate related endpoints. Combination-product vitamin D 10 µg/about 1 g n-3 is not repurposed as single-ingredient/deficiency-treatment/high-dose effects. People, arms, tests, events, time points, citations/registration and related sheets are not added as new independent trials/participants. Report-item counts are not unique clinical totals; no new calculations, independence certification or implementation guidance.

| Material | Public availability | Access status | Actually read | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stored summary | Stored file | Stored summary | Summary read | Only stored-summary and bibliographic content was used for production. External material verification/review is not complete. |
| External paper | Public availability unverified; only bibliography links preserved | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | No external access or click testing was performed in the original preparation. URLs or registration identifiers alone do not upgrade acquisition/reading status. |
| Registration material | Public availability unverified; only bibliography links preserved | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | No external access or click testing was performed in the original preparation. URLs or registration identifiers alone do not upgrade acquisition/reading status. |
| Protocol | Public availability unverified; only bibliography links preserved | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | No external access or click testing was performed in the original preparation. URLs or registration identifiers alone do not upgrade acquisition/reading status. |
| Statistical analysis plan | Public availability unverified; only bibliography links preserved | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | No external access or click testing was performed in the original preparation. URLs or registration identifiers alone do not upgrade acquisition/reading status. |
| Funding, product-support and COI material | Public availability unverified; only bibliography links preserved | Unread; access not attempted | Not read | No external access or click testing was performed in the original preparation. URLs or registration identifiers alone do not upgrade acquisition/reading status. |

## Review criteria and methods

These are Chamgap's own application conditions, informed by the relevant sections of official methodological guidance. They do not constitute official assessment-tool certification or a new efficacy score.

- M03 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-03) · §3.1, §3.2.1–3.2.3, MECIR C5/C7/C13 · Clearly record the question, eligibility conditions and reasons for changes, and distinguish variations in interventions. · Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution
- M04 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5.1 (2025), chapter updated 2025-03](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-04) · §4.5, §4.6.1–4.6.3, MECIR C42 · Distinguish studies from reports and link them; do not omit a study solely because results are unreported. · Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution
- M08 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-08) · §8.1–8.2.3, Table 8.2.a · Define the outcome and effect of interest, then examine randomization, deviations, missing data, measurement and selective reporting. · Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution
- M15 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2023-08](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-15) · §15.2.4, §15.3.1–15.3.3 · Distinguish effect estimates, intervals, importance and applicability. Sample size alone does not determine precision. · Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution
- M19 [Cochrane Handbook 6.5 (2024), chapter updated 2019-10](https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-19) · §19.1.2, §19.2.1–19.2.4 · Harm questions may require different designs, populations and follow-up from efficacy questions. Case reports do not establish incidence rates. · Preserved method HTML copies; no current method-content re-review or official tool execution

## What the statuses mean

- Met: Status for necessary evidence confirmed after existing content review. No completion is declared in the current presentation.
- Partly verified: Some information in the stored summary is linked into the table. External comparison/content review is not complete.
- Unverified: The article leaves this unverified, or required material is absent from the current stored summary. This is distinct from zero, absence or safety.
- Review incomplete: Existing content review remains incomplete.
- Not reported: Not reported within the stored material actually read; not extended to the entire primary paper.
- Inaccessible: Means an actual access failure. Access not attempted here is not assigned this state.
- Not applicable: Not used as a substitute for an evidence gap.
- Conflicting data: Requires an observed disagreement under the same comparison criteria; not automatically judged in this production.
- Insufficient evidence for the conditions: Marks a gap in additional material required by the selected conditions; not a new efficacy grade.

## Change history

2026-10-14 · Public page/materials 1.0. Public pages and materials were created from the existing 29 items. No new clinical search, verification-status change or scoring was performed.